Feldspar Pb-isotope ratios for earliest Pleistocene sediments of the sub-polar North Atlantic Ocean

Relatively little is known in detail about the locations of the early Pleistocene ice-sheets responsible for ice-rafted debris (IRD) inputs to the sub-polar North Atlantic Ocean during intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation (iNHG). To shed new light on this problem, we present the first combined in-depth analysis of IRD flux and geochemical provenance of individual sand-sized IRD deposited in the sub-polar North Atlantic Ocean during the earliest large amplitude Pleistocene glacial, marine isotope stage (MIS) 100 (~2.52 Ma), arguably the key glacial during iNHG. IRD provenance is assessed using laser ablation lead (Pb) isotope analyses of single feldspar grains. We find that the Pb-isotope composition (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb) of individual ice-rafted (>150 µm) feldspars deposited at DSDP Site 611A, ODP Site 981 and IODP Site U1308 during MIS 100 records a shift from predominantly Archaean-aged circum-North Atlantic Ocean continental sources during early glacial ice-rafting events to dominantly Palaeozoic and Proterozoic-aged sources during full glacial conditions. The distribution of feldspars in Pb-Pb space for full glacial MIS 100 more closely resembles that documented for feldspars deposited at the centre of the last glacial IRD belt (at IODP/DSDP Site U1308/609) during ambient (non-Heinrich-event) ice-rafting episodes of MIS 2 (~23.8 ka) than that documented for MIS 5d (~106 ka). Comparison of our early Pleistocene and last glacial cycle datasets suggests that MIS 100 was characterised by abundant iceberg calving from large ice-sheets on multiple continents in the high northern latitudes (not just on Greenland).

Ferromagnetic fraction of Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments at DSDP Holes 72-515B and 72-516F

Investigation of the ferromagnetic fraction of sediments from the Brazil Basin and Rio Grande Rise shows that its main constituents are magnetite and hematite. The magnetite is detrital, but the hematite is both detrital and chemical in origin. Magnetite is the main carrier of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM); therefore, the NRM is detrital remanent magnetization (DRM). In a number of cases, the change of magnetic parameters along the stratigraphic column permits some refinement of the previously defined boundaries of the lithologic units.

Acid-soluble sulfides in upper layer bottom sediments from the Tsemess and Gelendzhik bays and adjacent shelf area of the Black Sea

Contents of labile (acid-soluble) sulfides were determined in the upper layer of bottom sediments at 80 stations on the Caucasian shelf of the Black Sea. Maximum values of this parameter occurred in black mud accumulated in zones of intense pollution in the Gelendzhik and Tsemess bays and in shelf areas adjacent to large health resort objects and to seaports. Contents of acid-soluble sulfides in sediments varied from 400 to 900 mg S/dm**3 of wet mud. In zones of moderate pollution they varied from 200 to 400 mg S/dm**3. Rate of sulfate reduction was 10-40 mg S/dm**3 of wet sediment per day. Obtained data show that accumulation of labile sulfides in the upper layer of shelf bottom sediments is directly related to anthropogenic pollution and is one of the most hazardous environmental aftereffects.

Chemical composition of bottom sediments from the Discovery Deep, Red Sea rift zone

Hot brines in depressions of the central Red Sea contain thousands of times more iron, manganese and other metals than . After removal of salts, approximately half of sediments from these depressions consists of iron hydroxides and they are enriched in zinc, copper, lead and molybdenum. Hydrothermal deposits with the same complex of metals, located along the coast of the Red Sea, are correlated with faults and may be due to occurrences of Tertiary volcanism. Brines of similar composition are known in the Cheleken Peninsula. Certain geological and geochemical data indicate that such brines are of relatively deep origin.

Fauna composition of benthos communities in bottom sediments from the edge and the central part of the shelf in the California upwelling zone

Two shelf communities from the central part off the California Peninsula are described. The community of Amphiodia urtica - Nephtys ferruginea develops in the central part of the shelf within the depth range 95-105 m. The community of Nephtys ferruginea - Amphiura acrystata develops on the shelf edge at depth 110 m. Biomasses of both communities are very low (about 10 g/m**2). Species richness of the shelf community is high; more than 60 species occur in samples (43-51 species per a community). Various echinoderms and some other groups are abundant on the Californian shelf; these groups are absent in shelf areas of Peruvian and Benguela upwellings. Species structures of the communities were analyzed; the communities were shown to consist of coexisting, but not interacting guilds; this indicates that the communities are undersaturated with individuals. At the same time values of ABC-indices indicate that the communities are stable. We suggest that in this case adaptation to unfavorable but stable environment is observed (selection of species-stressolarents). An explanation seems to lie in the penetrating type of the upwelling in the Californian upwelling zone. Low biomass values seem to result from mass development of necto-benthic carnivorous crustaceans-galateids Pleuroncodes planiceps.

Geochemistry of Late Paleocene thermal maximum sediments

The late Paleocene thermal maximum (LPTM) was a dramatic, short-term global warming event that occurred ~55 Ma. Warming of high-latitude surface waters and global deep waters during the LPTM has been well documented; however, current data suggest that subtropical and tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) did not change during the event. Conventional paradigms of global climate change, such as CO2-induced greenhouse warming, predict greater warming in the high latitudes than in the tropics or subtropics but, nonetheless, cannot account for the stable tropical/subtropical SSTs. We measured the stable isotope values of well-preserved late Paleocene to early Eocene planktonic foraminifera from South Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 527 to evaluate the subtropical response to the climatic and environmental changes of the LPTM. Planktonic foraminiferal d18O values at Site 527 decrease by ~0.94 per mil from pre-LPTM to excursion values, providing the first evidence for subtropical warming during the LPTM. We estimate that subtropical South Atlantic SSTs warmed by at least ~1°-4°C, on the basis of possible changes in evaporation and precipitation. The new evidence for subtropical SST warming supports a greenhouse mechanism for global warming involving elevated atmospheric CO2 levels.

Chemical composition of interstitial waters from sediments of brine-bearing deeps of the Red Sea

Data on concentrations of the major ions (Cl, SO4, Alk, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4) in interstitial waters from sediments of three brine-bearing deeps of the Red Sea rift zone are reported. Interstitial waters of the Atlantis-II Deep have the highest salinity (310.1 g/l), of the Discovery Deep - slightly lower (298.8 g/l), and of the Suakin Deep - the lowest (159.9 g/l). Interstitial waters of all three deeps are characterized by low, compared with sea water, absolute and relative concentrations of Mg and SO4 ions and have extremely low alkaline reserve (0.15-0.64 meq/l). Concentrations of K, Ca and especially Na and Cl ions, as compared with sea water, are highly increased. Interstitial waters from the deeps in study have high, compared with sea water, concentrations of NH4 (12-62 mg/l).

Oxygen isotope record of Globorotalia tumida and Globigerinoides sacculifer in sediments at ODP Site 130-806

Planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records from the western and eastern tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans suggest a southward shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone toward its modern location between 4.4 and 4.3 Ma. A concomitant shift in the carbon isotope compositions of Atlantic benthic foraminifera provides strong evidence for an increased thermohaline overturn at this time. We suggest that the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and associated change in trade-wind circulation altered equatorial surface hydrography, increased the advection of warmer and more saline surface waters into the subtropical and North Atlantic, and contributed to thermohaline overturn.

Chemical element contents and accumulation rates in metalliferous sediments from DSDP Hole 34-319, Bauer Deep, Southeast Pacific

Marked variations in the chemical and mineralogical composition of sediments at Site 319 have occurred during the 15 My history of sedimentation at this site. The change in composition through time parallels the variability observed in surface sediments from various parts of the Nazca Plate and can be related to variations in the proportion of hydrothermal, hydrogenous, detrital and biogenous phases reaching this site at different times. Metal accumulation rates at Site 319 reach a maximum near the basement for most elements, suggesting a strong hydrothermal contribution during the early history of this site. The hydrothermal contribution decreased rapidly as Site 319 moved away from the spreading center, although a subtle increase in this source is detectable about the time spreading began on the East Pacific Rise. The most recent sedimentation exhibits a strong detritalhydrogenous influence. Post-depositional diagenesis of amorphous phases has converted them to ironrich smectite and well-crystallized goethite without significantly altering the bulk composition of the sediment.

(Table 1) Abundance of radiolarians in the surface layer of bottom sediments from the Peru-Chile trench and shelf

Two radiolarian assemblages are distinguished: an equatorial sub-assemblage of the tropical assemblage in the East Pacific Ocean, which differs somewhat from association of radiolarians in the western part of the ocean, and an assemblage close to transitional one between the tropical and the boreal. The latter is characterized by presence of considerable number of species typical for cold-water regions. Some criteria are presented for distinguishing radiolarian associations in nearshore regions from similar associations in regions of the open ocean.

Chemical composition of DSDP cherts and associated host sediments

Chert and associated host sediments from Monterey Formation and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sequences were analyzed in order to assess chemical behavior during diagenesis of biogenic sediments. The primary compositional contrast between chert and host sediment is a greater absolute SiO2 concentration in chert, often with final SiO2 >=98 wt%. This contrast in SiO2 (and Si/Al) potentially reflects precursor sediment heterogeneity, diagenetic chemical fractionation, or both. SiO2 concentrations and Si/Al ratios in chert are far greater than in modern siliceous oozes, however and often exceed values in acid-cleaned diatom tests. Compositional contrasts between chert and host sediment are also orders-of-magnitude greater than between multiple samples of the host sediment. Calculations based on the initial composition of adjacent host, observed porosity reductions from host to chert and a postulated influx of pure SiO2, construct a chert composition which is essentially identical to observed SiO2 values in chert. Thus, precursor heterogeneity does not seem to be the dominant factor influencing the current chert composition for the key elements of interest. In order to assess the extent of chemical fractionation during diagenesis, we approximate the precursor composition by analyzing host sediments adjacent to the chert. The SiO2 concentration contrast seems caused by biogenic SiO2 dissolution and transport from the local adjacent host sediment and subsequent SiO2 reprecipitation in the chert. Along with SiO2, other elements are often added (with respect to Al) to Monterey and DSDP chert during silicification, although absolute concentrations decrease. The two Monterey quartz chert nodules investigated, in contrast to the opal-CT and quartz chert lenses, formed primarily by extreme removal of carbonate and phosphate, thereby increasing relative SiO2 concentrations. DSDP chert formed by both carbonate/phosphate dissolution and SiO2 addition from the host. Manganese is fractionated during chert formation, resulting in MnO/Al2O3 ratios that no longer record the depositional signal of the precursor sediment. REE data indicate only subtle diagenetic fractionation across the rare earth series. Ce/Ce* values do not change significantly during diagenesis of either Monterey or DSDP chert. Eu/Eu* decreases slightly during formation of DSDP chert. Normative La/Yb is affected only minimally as well. During formation of one Monterey opal-CT chert lens, REE/Al ratios show subtle distribution changes at Gd and to a lesser extent near Nd and Ho. REE compositional contrasts between diagenetic states of siliceous sediment and chert are of a vastly smaller scale than has been noted between different depositional environments of marine sediment, indicating that the paleoenvironmental REE signature is not obscured by diagenetic overprinting.