Étude du goulot d’étranglement dans la transmission mère-enfant du virus de l’hépatite C.

La transmission mère-enfant (TME) du virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) est la première cause d’acquisition de l’infection chez les enfants des pays développés. Celle-ci prend place dans <10% des cas. Toutefois, dans le cas d’une coinfection maternelle avec le virus de l’immunodéficience de type 1 (VIH-1), ce taux est accru alors qu’il n’existe aucune intervention préventive de la TME du VHC. Le VHC arbore une diversité importante qui est le résultat d’une réplication exempte de mécanisme de correction. Il est donc retrouvé chez son hôte sous la forme d’un spectre de virions génétiquement apparentés mais différents qu’on appelle quasiespèce. Lorsque le VHC est transmis entre adultes, seulement un nombre limité de variantes sont responsables de l’infection, c’est ce qu’on appelle un goulot d’étranglement génétique. L’existence d’un tel profil de transmission lors de la TME du VHC restait, jusqu’à maintenant, à confirmer. En se basant sur la détection par RT-PCR de la virémie à la naissance, la TME du VHC est réputée prendre place in utero et peripartum, une dynamique de transmission qui reste à démontrer. Ici, nous rapportons une analyse longitudinale de la TME du VHC par séquençage de nouvelle génération chez 5 paires mère-enfant dont 3 mères sont également coinfectées avec le VIH-1. L’analyse de l’identité des variantes virales basée sur la séquence nucléotidique des régions hypervariables 1-2 de la glycoprotéine E2 (positions 1491-1787 de l’isolat H77) révèle qu’un nombre limité de variantes virales sont transmises de la mère à l’enfant lorsque la mère est seulement infectée par le VHC (n = 1-4 variantes transmises). Dans le cas de la coinfection maternelle avec le VIH-1, ce nombre est toutefois drastiquement plus important (n = 111-118). La détection de variantes retrouvées chez la mère au deuxième trimestre et l’enfant mais non détectées subséquemment chez la mère témoigne que la TME du VHC peut prendre place aussi tôt que lors du deuxième trimestre de grossesse. Finalement, nous montrons que la dynamique d’infection chez l’enfant implique une augmentation transitoire de la virémie concomitante avec une perte de diversité de la quasiespèce. Dans l’ensemble ces résultats sont les premiers à démontrer directement l’existence d’un goulot d’étranglement lors de la TME du VHC. Celui-ci serait moins restringent dans le cas de la coinfection maternelle avec le VIH-1. Cette transmission peut prendre place aussi tôt que lors du deuxième trimestre de grossesse et il semblerait qu’un spectre limité de variantes soit responsable pour l’établissement de l’essentiel de la production virale chez le jeune enfant.

Altération de l’interaction entre la PTH et LRP6 dans les ostéoblastes humains arthrosiques via DKK2

L’ostéoarthrose (OA) se caractérise par une perte du cartilage articulaire, une sclérose osseuse, et une inflammation de la membrane synoviale. Des études in vivo et in vitro indiquent que les modifications du tissu osseux sont responsables de la perte du cartilage articulaire. Les ostéoblastes (Ob) OA présentent une réduction de la réponse à l’hormone parathyroïdienne (PTH), un signal anabolique important pour le tissu osseux, versus les Ob normaux. Le récepteur à la PTH (PTH-R) interagit avec le LRP6, le récepteur des ligands Wnts, et les antagonistes Dickkopf (DKK) bloquent cette interaction. Puisque le niveau de DKK2 est élevé en réponse au TGF-β1 dans les OA Ob, nous proposons que DKK2 altère l’interaction LRP6/PTH-R, le recyclage de PTH-R, et inhibe la réponse à la PTH. Nous avons utilisé des Ob OA et normaux humains en culture primaire. L’expression de PTH-R, LPR6 et DKK2 est mesurée par RT-PCR. Les niveaux protéiques de LRP6, PTH-R et DKK2 ont été déterminés par immunobuvardage. L’inhibition de DKK2 s’est effectuée par siRNA et l’AMP cyclique (AMPc) a été mesurée par ELISA. L’effet de TGF-β1 sur l’expression de DKK2 et PTH-R a été testé sur des cellules d’ostéosarcome SaOS-2. L’expression de PTH-R et LRP6 est similaire entre Ob normaux et OA, mais le niveau protéique de PTH-R est réduit dans les Ob OA. Par contre, l’expression et la production de DKK2 sont plus élevées dans les Ob OA. L’inhibition de DKK2 ne modifia pas l’expression de LRP6 et PTH-R dans les Ob OA mais a augmenté le niveau protéique de PTH-R détecté par immunobuvardage alors que celui de LRP-6 demeura inchangé. L’inhibition de DKK2 dans les Ob OA entraîna une augmentation de PTH-R dans la fraction membranaire et une diminution de la fraction intracellulaire. Les résultats de l'inhibition de la voie de clathrine par le triflupromazine ont montré une expression accrue du récepteur PTH dans la fraction membranaire qui peut être due à l'inhibition de sa dégradation par la voie de clathrine. L’induction de DKK2 dans les cellules SaOS-2 par TGF-β1 entraîna l’inhibition de PTH-R mais non celle de LRP6. L’inhibition de DKK2 dans les Ob OA a stimulé la production d’AMPc en réponse à la PTH par les Ob OA. En outre, le traitement de TGF-β1 dans les cellules SaOS-2 réduit la production d'AMPc en réponse à la PTH.Ces résultats démontrent que les niveaux élevés de DKK2, via l’inhibition de la signalisation Wnt/bcaténine, sont aussi responsables de l’altération de la réponse à la PTH observée dans les Ob OA. Le niveau élevé de DKK2 diminue spécifiquement l’affichage membranaire de PTH-R dans ces cellules et non son expression. Ces résultats suggèrent donc une altération du cross-talk entre LRP6 et PTH-R dans les Ob OA en lien avec leur niveau de DKK2.

Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents lipid peroxidation in cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Emerging evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO), which is increased in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, plays a role in 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) generation through peroxynitrite formation. HNE is considered as the most reactive product of lipid peroxidation (LPO). We have previously reported that HNE levels in synovial fluids are more elevated in knees of OA patients compared to healthy individuals. We also demonstrated that HNE induces a panoply of inflammatory and catabolic mediators known for their implication in OA cartilage degradation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, L-NIL (L-N6-(L-Iminoethyl)Lysine), to prevent HNE generation through NO inhibition in human OA chondrocytes. METHOD: Cells and cartilage explants were treated with or without either an NO generator (SIN or interleukin 1beta (IL-1β)) or HNE in absence or presence of L-NIL. Protein expression of both iNOS and free-radical-generating NOX subunit p47 (phox) were investigated by western blot. iNOS mRNA detection was measured by real-time RT-PCR. HNE production was analysed by ELISA, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. S-nitrosylated proteins were evaluated by Western Blot. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) levels as well as glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were each assessed with commercial kits. NO release was determined using improved Griess method. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was revealed using fluorescent microscopy with the use of commercial kits. RESULTS: L-NIL prevented IL-1β-induced NO release, iNOS expression at protein and mRNA levels, S-nitrosylated proteins and HNE in a dose dependent manner after 24h of incubation. Interestingly, we revealed that L-NIL abolished IL-1β-induced NOX component p47phox as well as ROS release. The HNE-induced PGE2 release and both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and MMP-13 expression were significantly reduced by L-NIL addition. Furthermore, L-NIL blocked the IL-1β induced inactivation of GST, an HNE-metabolizing enzyme. Also, L-NIL prevented HNE induced cell death at cytotoxic levels. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our findings support a beneficial effect of L-NIL in OA by preventing LPO process in NO-dependent and/or independent mechanisms.

Analyse préliminaire du rôle des "Ubiquitin specific peptidases" et de l'axe USP7-MDM2-TP53-CDKN1A dans les leucémies myéloïdes aiguës

On note un taux élevé de résistance aux traitements dans la leucémie myéloïde aiguë (LMA). Cette résistance peut être associée aux altérations de TP53. Les « ubiquitin specific peptidases » (USP) sont impliquées dans plusieurs cancers mais leurs rôles ne sont pas élucidés dans les LMA. L’analyse de l’expression génique par RT-PCR quantitative de 21 USP et des gènes de l’axe USP7-MDM2-TP53-CDKN1A dans 111 échantillons de LMA a montré une dérégulation de USP44, USP1, USP28 et CDKN1A dans respectivement 72%, 44%, 25% et 42% des cas. CDKN1A, une cible importante de TP53, pourrait avoir un rôle dans la résistance au traitement. Nous avons développé un modèle expérimental pour évaluer la réponse des cellules leucémiques à la doxorubicine et au nutlin 3, un modulateur non génotoxique de TP53, selon l’expression initiale de CDKN1A. Ce travail préliminaire suggère que certains membres de la famille des USP et CDKN1A pourraient représenter de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans les LMA.

Alterations in the muscarinic M I and M3 receptor gene expression in the brain stem during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion in weanling rats

Muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor changes in the brain stem during pancreatic regeneration were investigated. Brain stem acetylcholine esterase activity decreased at the time of regeneration . Sympathetic activity also decreased as indicated by the norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) content of adrenals and also in the plasma. Muscarinic Ml and M3 receptors showed reciprocal changes in the brain stem during regeneration. Muscairnic M1 receptor number decreased at time of regeneration without any change in the affinity. High affinity M3 receptors showed an increase in the number. The affinity did not show any change . The number of low affinity receptors decreased with decreased Kd at 72 hours after partial pancreatectomy. The Kd reversed to control value with a reversal of the number of receptors to near control value . Gene expression studies also showed a similar change in the mRNA level of Ml and M3 receptors . These alterations in the muscarinic receptors regulate sympathetic activity and maintain glucose level during pancreatic regeneration. Central muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor subtypes functional balance is suggested to regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, which in turn control the islet cell proliferation and glucose homeostasis.

Establishment and characterization of India's first marine fish cell line (SISK) from the kidney of sea bass (Lates calcarifer)

A continuous cell line (SISK) from kidney of sea bass, Lates calcarifer, has been established and characterized. The cell line was maintained in Leibovitz' L-15 supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. This cell line has been subcultured more than 100 times over a period of 2 years. The SISK cell line consists of predominantly of epithelial-like cells. These cells showed strong positive for epithelial markers such as cytokeratin 19 and pancytokeratin. The cells were able to grow at temperature between 25 and 32 °C with optimum temperature of 28 °C. The growth rate of sea bass kidney cells increased as the FBS proportion increased from 2% to 20% at 28 °C with optimum growth at the concentrations of 15% or 20% FBS. The distribution of chromosome number was 30 to 56 with a modal peak at 48 chromosomes. Polymerase chain reaction products were obtained from SISK cells and tissues of sea bass with primer sets of microsatellite markers of sea bass. Five fish viruses were tested on this cell line to determine its susceptibility to these viruses and this was found to be susceptible to MABV NC1 and nodavirus, and the infection was confirmed by RT-PCR and CPE. This suggests that the SISK cell line has good potential for the isolation of various fish viruses. This cell line has been shown to be susceptible to bacterial extracellular products. The SISK cell line is the India's first marine fish cell line.

Anti-lipopolysaccharide factor and crustin-III, the anti-white spot virus peptides in Penaeus monodon: Control of viral infection by up-regulation

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most devastating disease affecting shrimp culture around the world. Though, considerable progress has been made in the detection and molecular characterization of WSSV in recent years, information pertaining to immune gene expression in shrimps with respect to WSSV infection remains limited. In this context, the present study was undertaken to understand the differential expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in the haemocytes of Penaeus monodon in response to WSSV infection on a time-course basis employing semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The present work analyzes the expression profile of six AMP genes (ALF, crustin-1, crustin-2, crustin-3, penaeidin-3 and penaeidin-5), eight WSSV genes (DNA polymerase, endonuclease, immediate early gene, latency related gene, protein kinase, ribonucleotide reductase, thymidine kinase and VP28) and three control genes (18S rRNA, β-actin and ELF) in P. monodon in response to WSSV challenge. Penaeidins were found to be up-regulated during early hours of infection and crustin-3 during late period of infection. However, ALF was found to be up-regulated early to late period of WSSV infection. The present study suggests that AMPs viz. ALF and crustin-3 play an important role in antiviral defense in shrimps. WSSV gene transcripts were detected post-challenge day 1 itself and increased considerably day 5 onwards. Evaluation of the control genes confirmed ELF as the most reliable control gene followed by 18S rRNA and β-actin for gene expression studies in shrimps. This study indicated the role of AMPs in the protection of shrimps against viral infection and their possible control through the up-regulation of AMPs

Lymphoid organ cell culture system from Penaeus monodon (Fabricius) as a platform for white spot syndrome virus and shrimp immune-related gene expression

Shrimp cell lines are yet to be reported and this restricts the prospects of investigating the associated viral pathogens, especially white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In this context, development of primary cell cultures from lymphoid organs was standardized. Poly-l-lysine-coated culture vessels enhanced growth of lymphoid cells, while the application of vertebrate growth factors did not, except insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Susceptibility of the lymphoid cells to WSSV was confirmed by immunofluoresence assay using monoclonal antibody against the 28 kDa envelope protein of WSSV. Expression of viral and immunerelated genes in WSSV-infected lymphoid cultures could be demonstrated by RT-PCR. This emphasizes the utility of lymphoid primary cell culture as a platform for research in virus–cell interaction, virus morphogenesis, up and downregulation of shrimp immune-related genes, and also for the discovery of novel drugs to combat WSSV in shrimp culture

DNA methylation in Dictyostelium discoideum

DNA methyltransferases of type Dnmt2 are a highly conserved protein family with enigmatic function. The aim of this work was to characterize DnmA, the Dnmt2 methyltransferase in Dictyostelium discoideum, and further to investigate its implication in DNA methylation and transcriptional gene silencing. The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium encodes DnmA as the sole DNA methyltransferase. The enzyme bears all ten characteristic DNA methyltransferase motifs in its catalytic domain. The DnmA mRNA was found by RT-PCR to be expressed during vegetative growth and down regulated during development. Investigations using fluorescence microscopy showed that both DnmA-myc and DnmA-GFP fusions predominantly localised to the nucleus. The function of DnmA remained initially unclear, but later experiment revealed that the enzyme is an active DNA methyltransferase responsible for all DNA (cytosine) methylation in Dictyostelium. Neither in gel retardation assays, nor by the yeast two hybrid system, clues on the functionality of DnmA could be obtained. However, immunological detection of the methylation mark with an α - 5mC antibody gave initial evidence that the DNA of Dictyostelium was methylated. Furthermore, addition of 5-aza-cytidine as demethylating agent to the Dictyostelium medium and subsequent in vitro incubation of the DNA isolated from these cells with recombinant DnmA showed that the enzyme binds slightly better to this target DNA. In order to investigate further the function of the protein, a gene knock-out for dnmA was generated. The gene was successfully disrupted by homologous recombination, the knock-out strain, however, did not show any obvious phenotype under normal laboratory conditions. To identify specific target sequences for DNA methylation, a microarray analysis was carried out. Setting a threshold of at least 1.5 fold for differences in the strength of gene expression, several such genes in the knock-out strain were chosen for further investigation. Among the up-regulated genes were the ESTs representing the gag and the RT genes respectively of the retrotransposon skipper. In addition Northern blot analysis confirmed the up-regulation of skipper in the DnmA knock-out strain. Bisufite treatment and sequencing of specific DNA stretches from skipper revealed that DnmA is responsible for methylation of mostly asymmetric cytosines. Together with skipper, DIRS-1 retrotransposon was found later also to be methylated but was not present on the microarray. Furthermore, skipper transcription was also up-regulated in strains that had genes disrupted encoding components of the RNA interference pathway. In contrast, DIRS 1 expression was not affected by a loss of DnmA but was strongly increased in the strain that had the RNA directed RNA polymerase gene rrpC disrupted. Strains generated by propagating the usual wild type Ax2 and the DnmA knock-out cells over 16 rounds in development were analyzed for transposon activity. Northern blot analysis revealed activation for skipper expression, but not for DIRS-1. A large number of siRNAs were found to be correspondent to the DIRS-1 sequence, suggesting concerted regulation of DIRS-1 expression by RNAi and DNA methylation. In contrast, no siRNAs corresponding to the standard skipper element were found. The data show that DNA methylation plays a crucial role in epigenetic gene regulation in Dictyostelium and that different, partially overlapping mechanisms control transposon silencing for skipper and DIRS-1. To elucidate the mechanism of targeting the protein to particular genes in the Dictyostelium genome, some more genes which were up-regulated in the DnmA knock-out strain were analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. The chosen genes are involved in the multidrug response in other species, but their function in Dictyostelium is uncertain. Bisulfite data showed that two of these genes were methylated at asymmetrical C-residues in the wild type, but not in DnmA knock-out cells. This suggested that DNA methylation in Dictyostelium is involved not only in transposon regulation but also in transcriptional silencing of specific genes.

Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der PKA für die Spermatogenese in Drosophila melanogaster

Für die cAMP-abhängige Proteinkinase (Proteinkinase A, PKA) in Drosophila melanogaster sind zwei regulatorische Untereinheiten (R1 und R2) und drei katalytische Untereinheiten (C1, C2 und C3) beschrieben. Außerdem gibt es eine weitere mögliche katalytische Untereinheit mit einer auffälligen Ähnlichkeit zu C2, dementsprechend C2-like genannt. Für R2, C2 und C2-like konnte bereits gezeigt werden, dass sie im Hodengewebe synthetisiert werden. Die Expression der verbleibenden PKA-Untereinheiten im Hodengewebe wurde in dieser Arbeit mit Hilfe von RT-PCR, Northern-Hybridisierungen, GFP-Reporter- bzw. GFP-Fusionskonstrukten untersucht. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass alle PKA-Untereinheiten im Hoden exprimiert werden. Dabei wird von jeder Untereinheit mindestens eine Isoform in den Keimzellen synthetisiert. R2 und C1 treten außerdem in den die Keimzellen umschließenden Zystenzellen auf, wobei R2 während der gesamten Spermatogenese exprimiert wird, C1 jedoch nur am Ende des Prozesses während des Stadiums der elongierten Spermatiden. In BRET-Analysen sind die beiden Untereinheiten in der Lage, miteinander zu interagieren. Somit könnten sie zusammen eine Funktion in den Zystenzellen vermitteln, die während der Differenzierungsphase stattfindet. Die katalytischen Untereinheiten C2, C2-like und zwei Isoformen von C3 (B und B') werden keimzellspezifisch exprimiert. Die BRET-Analysen lassen darauf schließen, dass C2 und C3 B’ möglicherweise keine funktionellen PKA-Untereinheiten sind. Auch der Versuch, durch Antisense- und RNAi-Konstrukte einen mutanten Phänotyp zu erzeugen, schlug fehl. Das könnte ein Hinweis darauf sein, dass die beiden Untereinheiten C2 und C3 B’ gar keine oder zumindest keine essentielle Funktion während der Spermatogenese haben. Das C2-like as-Konstrukt führte hingegen zu einem starken Phänotyp. Schon eine geringe Reduktion der endogenen c2-like-mRNA führte zu einer starken Beeinträchtigung der männlichen Fertilität. Die elongierten Spermatiden zeigten einen Defekt in der Kernmorphologie und waren nicht in der Lage, Individualisierungskomplexe auszubilden. Dementsprechend fand keine Individualisierung statt und es konnten keine reifen Spermien in die Samenblase entlassen werden. Der mutante Phänotyp weist darauf hin, dass C2-like an mehreren Prozessen während der Keimzelldifferenzierung beteiligt ist. Gao et al. veröffentlichten 2008 Listen mit potentiellen PKA-Substraten für alle bekannten katalytischen Untereinheiten verschiedener Organismen. Zwei Substrat-Kandidaten für C2-like sind die testisspezifischen Serin/Threonin-Kinasen (TSSK) CG9222 und CG14305. Beide Proteine werden exklusiv im Hoden exprimiert. CG9222-GFP lokalisierte in die Individualisierungskomplexe (ICs) elongierter Spermatiden. Das entsprechende RNAi-Konstrukt zeigte allerdings keinen Effekt auf den Zusammenbau der ICs. Dagegen zeigte CG14305-GFP keine subzelluläre Lokalisierung, sondern war cytoplasmatisch über die gesamten Spermatiden verteilt. Das entsprechende RNAi-Konstrukt führte aber dazu, dass keine ICs ausgebildet werden. Beide Proteine spielen dementsprechend eine Rolle während der Individualisierung. Dies ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem Phänotyp der C2-like as-mutanten Männchen. So ist es vorstellbar, dass CG9222 und CG14305 von C2-like phosphoryliert werden müssen, um ihre Funktion während der Individualisierung der Spermatiden erfüllen zu können. Ein direkter Nachweis, dass C2-like die beiden Proteine tatsächlich phosphorylieren kann, steht allerdings noch aus.

Detección de la proteína mamoglobina en pacientes colombianos con cáncer de seno

Entre los años 2003 y 2004, según datos recolectados por el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC) de Bogotá, hubo un incremento del 13% de los casos de cáncer registrados, siendo el de seno el segundo más frecuente en la población colombiana femenina. La principal prueba de tamizaje utilizada para detectar la aparición de lesiones mamarias malignas es la mamografía, pero su sensibilidad puede variar entre el 68 y el 90% (Diaz, et al., 2005). Algunos estudios han postulado como un candidato a marcador celular para el diagnóstico y seguimiento a la glicoproteína Mamoglobina humana que se expresa de manera específica en la glándula mamaria y se sobre-expresa en la mayoría de los tumores primarios y metastásico de pacientes con cáncer de seno (Fleming, et al., 2000). Desde el año 1996 cuando se identificó la Mamoglobina varios autores han reportado la especificidad de la expresión de esta proteína hacía la glándula mamaria a través de estudios de RT-PCR e inmunohistoquímica analizando muestras de tejido normal y tumoral (Watson, et al, 1996; Watson, et al, 1999; Suchy, et al, 2000; O`Brien, et al, 2002; Zehentner, et al, 2004). La Mamoglobina humana por ser una glicoproteína secretada por las células de la glándula mamaria, sobre-expresada en células tumorales y presente en el suero de mujeres con o sin cáncer, se ha identificado como un posible candidato para marcador tumoral celular sérico (Fanger, et al, 2002; Bernstein, et al., 2005; Zehentner, et al., 2004). Este estudio evaluó la presencia de la proteína Mamoglobina en muestras de suero de pacientes con cáncer de seno, estableció la concentración de esta y la comparó con un grupo control constituido por personas sin ningún tipo de cáncer, mediante el Ensayo Inmunoabsorbente Ligado a Enzima.

Evaluación de la condición sanitaria del departamento del Tolima con respecto a Peste Porcina Clásica

Introducción: La Peste Porcina Clásica es una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria de la OIE que limita el comercio internacional. El Tolima tiene restringida la comercialización de animales con el 48% del país por no tener el mismo estatus de Zona Libre; la inclusión del departamento dentro de la zona en proceso de declaración mejoraría la condición sanitaria y permitiría la admisibilidad comercial a los productores. Metodología: Es un estudio descriptivo con dos componentes; el primero incluye la caracterización y evaluación cualitativa de las condiciones sanitarias relacionadas con PPC y el segundo la caracterización virológica mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple para determinar circulación viral. Resultados: se encontró que la atención de las notificaciones se realiza en ≤ 1 día, mientras que entre la atención y resultados existen demoras en el 84% de los casos; las coberturas vacunales son ≥90% que evidencian inmunidad poblacional prolongada y sostenida; en el departamento no se presentan focos desde hace mas de 8 años, no han tenido importaciones de animales con riesgo sanitario, no cuenta barreras geográficas en los limites con la Zona Control que permitan aislamiento y en el muestreo todos los resultados fueron negativos a PPC por RT PCR, con un VPN de 0.99. Discusión: El Tolima cumple con las condiciones sanitarias para incluirse en la próxima zona en proceso de declaración, sin embargo es necesario mejorar las rutas cítricas para la atención de sospechas de PPC e instaurar puestos de control para aislar el departamento y controlar las movilizaciones de porcinos.

Characterizing PvARP, a novel Plasmodium vivax antigen

Background Plasmodium vivax continues to be the most widely distributed malarial parasite species in tropical and sub-tropical areas, causing high morbidity indices around the world. Better understanding of the proteins used by the parasite during the invasion of red blood cells is required to obtain an effective vaccine against this disease. This study describes characterizing the P. vivax asparagine-rich protein (PvARP) and examines its antigenicity in natural infection. Methods The target gene in the study was selected according to a previous in silico analysis using profile hidden Markov models which identified P. vivax proteins that play a possible role in invasion. Transcription of the arp gene in the P. vivax VCG-1 strain was here evaluated by RT-PCR. Specific human antibodies against PvARP were used to confirm protein expression by Western blot as well as its subcellular localization by immunofluorescence. Recognition of recombinant PvARP by sera from P. vivax-infected individuals was evaluated by ELISA. Results VCG-1 strain PvARP is a 281-residue-long molecule, which is encoded by a single exon and has an N-terminal secretion signal, as well as a tandem repeat region. This protein is expressed in mature schizonts and is located on the surface of merozoites, having an apparent accumulation towards their apical pole. Sera from P. vivax-infected patients recognized the recombinant, thereby suggesting that this protein is targeted by the immune response during infection.

PvRON2, a new Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck antigen

Background: Rhoptries are specialized organelles from parasites belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa; they secrete their protein content during invasion of host target cells and are sorted into discrete subcompartments within rhoptry neck or bulb. This distribution is associated with these proteins’ role in tight junction (TJ) and parasitophorous vacuole (PV) formation, respectively. Methods: Plasmodium falciparum RON2 amino acid sequence was used as bait for screening the codifying gene for the homologous protein in the Plasmodium vivax genome. Gene synteny, as well as identity and similarity values, were determined for ron2 and its flanking genes among P. falciparum, P. vivax and other malarial parasite genomes available at PlasmoDB and Sanger Institute databases. Pvron2 gene transcription was determined by RT-PCR of cDNA obtained from the P. vivax VCG-1 strain. Protein expression and localization were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence using polyclonal anti-PvRON2 antibodies. Co-localization was confirmed using antibodies directed towards specific microneme and rhoptry neck proteins. Results and discussion: The first P. vivax rhoptry neck protein (named here PvRON2) has been identified in this study. PvRON2 is a 2,204 residue-long protein encoded by a single 6,615 bp exon containing a hydrophobic signal sequence towards the amino-terminus, a transmembrane domain towards the carboxy-terminus and two coiled coil a-helical motifs; these are characteristic features of several previously described vaccine candidates against malaria. This protein also contains two tandem repeats within the interspecies variable sequence possibly involved in evading a host’s immune system. PvRON2 is expressed in late schizonts and localized in rhoptry necks similar to what has been reported for PfRON2, which suggests its participation during target cell invasion. Conclusions: The identification and partial characterization of the first P. vivax rhoptry neck protein are described in the present study. This protein is homologous to PfRON2 which has previously been shown to be associated with PfAMA-1, suggesting a similar role for PvRON2.

Identification, characterization and antigenicity of the Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein 1 (PvRON1)

Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria remains a major health problem in tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. Several rhoptry proteins which are important for interaction with and/or invasion of red blood cells, such as PfRONs, Pf92, Pf38, Pf12 and Pf34, have been described during the last few years and are being considered as potential anti-malarial vaccine candidates. This study describes the identification and characterization of the P. vivax rhoptry neck protein 1 (PvRON1) and examine its antigenicity in natural P. vivax infections. Methods: The PvRON1 encoding gene, which is homologous to that encoding the P. falciparum apical sushi protein (ASP) according to the plasmoDB database, was selected as our study target. The pvron1 gene transcription was evaluated by RT-PCR using RNA obtained from the P. vivax VCG-1 strain. Two peptides derived from the deduced P. vivax Sal-I PvRON1 sequence were synthesized and inoculated in rabbits for obtaining anti-PvRON1 antibodies which were used to confirm the protein expression in VCG-1 strain schizonts along with its association with detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs) by Western blot, and its localization by immunofluorescence assays. The antigenicity of the PvRON1 protein was assessed using human sera from individuals previously exposed to P. vivax malaria by ELISA. Results: In the P. vivax VCG-1 strain, RON1 is a 764 amino acid-long protein. In silico analysis has revealed that PvRON1 shares essential characteristics with different antigens involved in invasion, such as the presence of a secretory signal, a GPI-anchor sequence and a putative sushi domain. The PvRON1 protein is expressed in parasite's schizont stage, localized in rhoptry necks and it is associated with DRMs. Recombinant protein recognition by human sera indicates that this antigen can trigger an immune response during a natural infection with P. vivax. Conclusions: This study shows the identification and characterization of the P. vivax rhoptry neck protein 1 in the VCG-1 strain. Taking into account that PvRON1 shares several important characteristics with other Plasmodium antigens that play a functional role during RBC invasion and, as shown here, it is antigenic, it could be considered as a good vaccine candidate. Further studies aimed at assessing its immunogenicity and protection-inducing ability in the Aotus monkey model are thus recommended.