Historia militar y política de Zumalacárregui, y de los sucesos de la guerra de las provincias del Norte, enlazados a su época y a su nombre / por Francisco de Paula Madrazo.

Ed. de lujo / bajo la dirección de José Vallejo

Supersonic regime of the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics resistive tearing instability

An earlier analysis of the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) tearing instability [E. Ahedo and J. J. Ramos, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 51, 055018 (2009)] is extended to cover the regime where the growth rate becomes comparable or exceeds the sound frequency. Like in the previous subsonic work, a resistive, two-fluid Hall-MHD model with massless electrons and zero-Larmor-radius ions is adopted and a linear stability analysis about a force-free equilibrium in slab geometry is carried out. A salient feature of this supersonic regime is that the mode eigenfunctions become intrinsically complex, but the growth rate remains purely real. Even more interestingly, the dispersion relation remains of the same form as in the subsonic regime for any value of the instability Mach number, provided only that the ion skin depth is sufficiently small for the mode ion inertial layer width to be smaller than the macroscopic lengths, a generous bound that scales like a positive power of the Lundquist number

Neutron features at the UPM neutronics hall

The neutronics hall of the Nuclear Engineering Department at the Polytechnical University of Madrid has been characterized. The neutron spectra and the ambient dose equivalent produced by an 241AmBe source were measured at various source-to-detector distances on the new bench. Using Monte Carlo methods a detailed model of the neutronics hall was designed, and neutron spectra and the ambient dose equivalent were calculated at the same locations where measurements were carried out. A good agreement between measured and calculated values was found.

Teoría y práctica del Generador Hall

El efecto Hall fue descubierto en 1879 por el físico americano del mismo nombre. Durante muchos años ha permanecido en la oscuridad hasta que, históricamente,ha adquirido importancia en el dominio de la física de semiconductores porque condujo a postular la existencia de los huecos y por tanto a construir nuevas teorías no basadas exclusivamente en el flujo electrónico. Actualmente es una prueba corriente en los laboratorios para la determinación de algunas características de los materiales.

Dispositivos basados en el efecto Hall. Parte I

Se presenta aquí un elemento pasivo, de reciente desarrollo, el generador Hall. Este elemento de pequeñísimo tamaño, se basa en un efecto descubierto en 1789 por Hall. En primer lugar, se estudia el efecto, que tiene lugar en los metales, en los semiconductores e incluso en los gases ionizados. El coeficiente de Hall Rh o bien la sensitividad K0 representan en cierto modo la, capacidad de funcionamiento del generador, y por esto resulta muy interesante profundizar un poco en ello y ver qué factores influyen sobre los valores de aquellos parámetros. Se citan algunas de las muchas propiedades de aplicación del elemento. Para terminar esta primera parte, dedicada al efecto en los semiconductores, presentamos un circuito equivalente, cuyo margen de validez vendrá en cada caso determinado por los valores máximos establecidos por el fabricante. Por último, se expone el principio del multiplicador, y sobre un multiplicador comercial se tratan de explicar algunos resultados del mismo que parecen pobres, dada la posibilidad teórica de la cápsula en sí. Aunque comprendemos que gran parte de los inconvenientes provienen de los mismos circuitos, como no conocemos éstos,nos ceñimos más bien a los errores que provienen de la propia cápsula. Parece más honrado y quizás añada algo de luz sobre el conocimiento del elemento considerado

Dispositivos basados en el efecto Hall. Parte II

La medida de un campo magnético con un generador Hall reposa sobre el hecho de que, si se mantiene la corriente de control constante y se consigue una adaptación lineal, la tensión Hall es directamente proporcional a la componente del campo magnético normal a la pastilla semiconductora. La idea de aplicar el efecto Hall a la medida de los campos magnéticos es antigua, pero la resolución práctica sólo ha sido posible a partir de la consecución de las uniones inter metálicas, hacia el año 1952.

Structure of intermediate shocks in collisionsless anisotropic Hall-magnetohydrodynamics plasma models

The existence of discontinuities within the double-adiabatic Hall-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model is discussed. These solutions are transitional layers where some of the plasma properties change from one equilibrium state to another. Under the assumption of traveling wave solutions with velocity C and propagation angle θ with respect to the ambient magnetic field, the Hall-MHD model reduces to a dynamical system and the waves are heteroclinic orbits joining two different fixed points. The analysis of the fixed points rules out the existence of rotational discontinuities. Simple considerations about the Hamiltonian nature of the system show that, unlike dissipative models, the intermediate shock waves are organized in branches in parameter space, i.e., they occur if a given relationship between θ and C is satisfied. Electron-polarized (ion-polarized) shock waves exhibit, in addition to a reversal of the magnetic field component tangential to the shock front, a maximum (minimum) of the magnetic field amplitude. The jumps of the magnetic field and the relative specific volume between the downstream and the upstream states as a function of the plasma properties are presented. The organization in parameter space of localized structures including in the model the influence of finite Larmor radius is discussed

Un siglo de historia de la enseñanza de los materiales de construcción en la escuela de arquitectura de Madrid (1844-1946)

Un siglo de historia de la enseñanza de los materiales de construcción en la escuela de arquitectura de Madrid (1844-1946)

Señor, En otro Memorial he representado las razones para que se propague en el Reyno de Aragón la cosecha de la Seda ... pero ... hallè otras [para la conveniencia de la construcción de la Acequia real]

Autor tomado del final del texto

Extension of Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall: A Contemporary Application of Irregular Reciprocal Frames

Reciprocal frame structures, formed by a set of self-supported elements in a closed circuit, have long been used since antiquity to cover large spans with small elements. The roof structure of the Euskalduna conference centre and concert hall extension in Bilbao, covering an irregu- lar geometry of 3000 m2 with a maximum span of 45 m, presented an interesting opportunity to revisit the concept and to apply these classical systems. Furthermore, its analysis and develop- ment led to an interesting discussion on reciprocal frames. They showed great sensitivity of these systems to the local modification of a particular element, establishment of irregular load paths, mobilisation of almost the entire sys- tem when locally applying a punctual load and, finally, its large deformability. Besides, reciprocal frames present particular construction complexities and possibilities due to the moderate length of the structural elements, the predominance of shear-only connec- tions and the necessity of the entire system to be completely erected to guarantee its stability. Euskalduna extension, completed in 2012, is one of the largest and a very par- ticular case of irregular reciprocal frame structures built in the world. It shows the formal possibilities and potentiality of reciprocal frames to respond to free and irregular geometries.

City Hall, Fene, La Coruña (1981)

Ayuntamiento de Fene, La Coruña

Electron transport and azimuthal oscillations in hall thrusters

The Hall Effect Thruster (HET) is a type of satellite electric propulsion device initially developed in the 1960’s independently by USA and the former USSR. The development continued in the shadow during the 1970’s in the Soviet Union to reach a mature status from the technological point of view in the 1980’s. In the 1990’s the advanced state of this Russian technology became known in western countries, which rapidly restarted the analysis and development of modern Hall thrusters. Currently, there are several companies in USA, Russia and Europe manufacturing Hall thrusters for operational use. The main applications of these thrusters are low-thrust propulsion of interplanetary probes, orbital raising of satellites and stationkeeping of geostationary satellites. However, despite the well proven in-flight experience, the physics of the Hall Thruster are not completely understood yet. Over the last two decades large efforts have been dedicated to the understanding of the physics of Hall Effect thrusters. However, the so-called anomalous diffusion, short name for an excessive electron conductivity along the thruster, is not yet fully understood as it cannot be explained with classical collisional theories. One commonly accepted explanation is the existence of azimuthal oscillations with correlated plasma density and electric field fluctuations. In fact, there is experimental evidence of the presence of an azimuthal oscillation in the low frequency range (a few kHz). This oscillation, usually called spoke, was first detected empirically by Janes and Lowder in the 1960s. More recently several experiments have shown the existence of this type of oscillation in various modern Hall thrusters. Given the frequency range, it is likely that the ionization is the cause of the spoke oscillation, like for the breathing mode oscillation. In the high frequency range (a few MHz), electron-drift azimuthal oscillations have been detected in recent experiments, in line with the oscillations measured by Esipchuk and Tilinin in the 1970’s. Even though these low and high frequency azimuthal oscillations have been known for quite some time already, the physics behind them are not yet clear and their possible relation with the anomalous diffusion process remains an unknown. This work aims at analysing from a theoretical point of view and via computer simulations the possible relation between the azimuthal oscillations and the anomalous electron transport in HET. In order to achieve this main objective, two approaches are considered: local linear stability analyses and global linear stability analyses. The use of local linear stability analyses shall allow identifying the dominant terms in the promotion of the oscillations. However, these analyses do not take into account properly the axial variation of the plasma properties along the thruster. On the other hand, global linear stability analyses do account for these axial variations and shall allow determining how the azimuthal oscillations are promoted and their possible relation with the electron transport.

Manifiesto que hizo a... Carlos 3º en 30 de Septiembre de 1788, sobre lo mui combeniente que seria la creación de un tribunal... y Audiencia de todas las causas de Tercias Reales de las dos Castillas con inclusión de las Andalucias... [Manuscrito]

Incipit : "Señor D. Francisco Rojo, Archivero... del Marqués de Valdecanzana..."

València (Reino). Mapas generales. 1788

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