Effect of deposition conditions on the chemical bonding in sputtered carbon nitride films

A balanced planar r.f. powered magnetron sputter source has been used to deposit carbon nitride films from a graphite target under various conditions. Sample temperature, bias voltage and nitrogen content in the gas mixture were varied. The effects of oxygen, methane and ammonia on the film growth were also studied. Special attention was paid to the effects of the deposition parameters on the structure of the films, in particular the hybridisation of the carbon and nitrogen bonding. The chemical bonding of the carbon and nitrogen atoms was studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The chemical composition was evaluated by Rutherford back-scattering. The intensity of transitions to π antibonding orbitals, as revealed by EELS, was found to increase with the nitrogen content in the films. Ion bombardment of the films during growth and the addition of oxygen or hydrogen-rich gases further increased the proportion of π bonds of both the carbon and nitrogen atoms. It is suggested that the increase in the transitions to μ antibond orbitals is to be explained by increased sp2 or possibly sp hybridisation of the carbon and nitrogen. Also, the effect of annealing on the bonding of nitrogen rich films after deposition was tested. The changes caused by nitrogen and deposition conditions are consistent with previous reports on the formation of paracyanogen structures.

两种真核微藻逆境响应关键基因的调控机理研究

非生物逆境胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物的产量。解析逆境下植物体基 因表达及信号传导网络调控机制对于阐明植物的适应性反应及培育耐逆性作物具有 重要理论和现实意义。 雨生红球藻（Haematoccoccus pluvialis）通过累积虾青素来适应胁迫环境，茉莉 酮酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate，MJ）和赤霉素（gibberellins，GA）对植物胁迫适应过 程中相关基因的诱导表达起到重要的调控作用。本文选取 H. pluvialis 作为出发株， 研究了 MJ 和 GA 对虾青素合成途径关键酶 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶基因的调控作用。 在其中一种 H. pluvialis 中克隆获得了三种不同的 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶基因。通过基 因组步移，获得了三种 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶的5’ 侧翼序列（5’-flanking region），其 中存在着多样的顺式作用元件，包括 MJ 和 GA 的顺式作用位点。进一步的实验 表明，MJ 和 GA 的诱导处理，可以促进 H. pluvialis 中虾青素的累积；同时，MJ 和 GA 调控了三种 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶基因的转录水平。 南极小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris NJ-7）可以在较大温度和盐度变化范围内存活， 是研究生物胁迫适应机理的理想模式生物。对数期的 C. vulgaris NJ-7 主要的脂肪酸

Towards topology-free optimization - An application to turbine internal cooling geometries

The application of automated design optimization to real-world, complex geometry problems is a significant challenge - especially if the topology is not known a priori like in turbine internal cooling. The long term goal of our work is to focus on an end-to-end integration of the whole CFD Process, from solid model through meshing, solving and post-processing to enable this type of design optimization to become viable & practical. In recent papers we have reported the integration of a Level Set based geometry kernel with an octree-based cut- Cartesian mesh generator, RANS flow solver, post-processing & geometry editing all within a single piece of software - and all implemented in parallel with commodity PC clusters as the target. The cut-cells which characterize the approach are eliminated by exporting a body-conformal mesh guided by the underpinning Level Set. This paper extends this work still further with a simple scoping study showing how the basic functionality can be scripted & automated and then used as the basis for automated optimization of a generic gas turbine cooling geometry. Copyright © 2008 by W.N.Dawes.

Sequencing, annotation and comparative analysis of nine BACs of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

A 10-fold BAC library for giant panda was constructed and nine BACs were selected to generate finish sequences. These BACs could be used as a validation resource for the de novo assembly accuracy of the whole genome shotgun sequencing reads of giant panda newly generated by the Illumina GA sequencing technology. Complete sanger sequencing, assembly, annotation and comparative analysis were carried out on the selected BACs of a joint length 878 kb. Homologue search and de novo prediction methods were used to annotate genes and repeats. Twelve protein coding genes were predicted, seven of which could be functionally annotated. The seven genes have an average gene size of about 41 kb, an average coding size of about 1.2 kb and an average exon number of 6 per gene. Besides, seven tRNA genes were found. About 27 percent of the BAC sequence is composed of repeats. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-join algorithm across five species, including giant panda, human, dog, cat and mouse, which reconfirms dog as the most related species to giant panda. Our results provide detailed sequence and structure information for new genes and repeats of giant panda, which will be helpful for further studies on the giant panda.

Breathers and thermal relaxation as a temporal process: A possible way to detect breathers in experimental situations

Breather stability and longevity in thermally relaxing nonlinear arrays is investigated under the scrutiny of the analysis and tools employed for time series and state reconstruction of a dynamical system. We briefly review the methods used in the analysis and characterize a breather in terms of the results obtained with such methods. Our present work focuses on spontaneously appearing breathers in thermal Fermi-Pasta-Ulam arrays but we believe that the conclusions are general enough to describe many other related situations; the particular case described in detail is presented as another example of systems where three incommensurable frequencies dominate their chaotic dynamics (reminiscent of the Ruelle-Takens scenario for the appearance of chaotic behavior in nonlinear systems). This characterization may also be of great help for the discovery of breathers in experimental situations where the temporal evolution of a local variable (like the site energy) is the only available/measured data. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Plasmonic band gaps and waveguide effects in carbon nanotube arrays based metamaterials.

Highly dense periodic arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes behave like low-density plasma of very heavy charged particles, acting as metamaterials. These arrays with nanoscale lattice constants can be designed to display extended plasmonic band gaps within the optical regime, encompassing the crucial optical windows (850 and 1550 nm) simultaneously. We demonstrate an interesting metamaterial waveguide effect displayed by these nanotube arrays containing line defects. The nanotube arrays with lattice constants of 400 nm and radius of 50 nm were studied. Reflection experiments conducted on the nanoscale structures were in agreement with numerical calculations.