Alimentação dos marrecos: III sôro de leite (Líquido)

The author studied in this paper the influence of liquid whey in feeding Pekin ducklings. Wet mash, either by liquid whey or water, was given to the ducklings during the whole day. Green feed was added to the ration just once a day. The statistical analysis did not show significant differences between the use of water and liquid whey but the results obtained with wet mash proved to be statistically better than the results obtained with dry mash.

Estudos sôbre a coloração da gema de ôvo de galinhas - IV. Efeito da raça e da quantidade de milho amarelo na ração

This paper deals with experiments on the yolk color of chicken eggs. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: a) no differences were observed when different breeds (S. C. W. Leghorn and Rhode Island Red) were fed whith the same ration: yellow corn grains or green feed. b) 30% of yellow corn grain (orange or yellow) in the ration are sufficient to give satisfactory color to the yolk eggs.

O cereal de Adlay: estudo de seu valor agrícola e nutricional para aves

Both experiments confirm Job's tears are inadequate as poultry feed due the low growing and high mortality shown on the groups receiving Job's tears meal. Considerations are done by the authors about Coix crops, that do not seem economical on the general condition of the country.

Contribuição a história natural do «Pararu» Scardafella squammata squammata(Lesson) (1)

The main wild doves of the region of Piracicaba (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) are Columba cayennensis sylvestris Vieillot, Oreopeleia montana montana (L.), Leptotila verreauxi decipiens Salvadori, Columbigallina talpacoti talpacoti. (Temminck) and Scardafella squammata squammata (Lesson). The last one is well known for the beauty of the coloration of its feathers and for the characteristic sounds produced when flying up. Of common occurrence around the local farms, that species can easily be recognized not only for the mentioned peculiarities as for the voice of the adults, which was translated into the Brazilian onomatopoeia by the expression "fogo-apagou". S. squammata's biology being not well known, the Author presents some notes on its nidification, behaviour of both sexes and of the young birds. The data were gotten in nature and with specimens kept in captivity, where the reproduction took place. In such a situation, the male dove used thin and small wooden shavings to build the nest, an artificial material unknown by him when in nature. This fact may be considered as another proof of the plasticity of the instinctive conduct of birds, not so marked as the one given by SCHIRCH (1931) concerning Synallaxis sp. (Furnariidae), which made use of wire pieces and also barbed wires in confectioning the nest. The copulation was sometimes verified, being preceded by the phenomena well known in other Columbidae species. The nest had its building ready just on the day in which the first egg was laid. As it generally happens amongst doves, the nest was not carefully made - a simple and shallow bowl (diameter = 10 cm), where two entirely white eggs were put.. .. ..(22,5-24,5 x 18,0-19,0 mm). The eclosion took place 14 days after the laying of the last egg. As soon as the young doves (at least the male one) can feed by themselves, they try to produce the characteristic species sounds. "Pararu", a common name oly applied to another species - Claravis godefrida (Temminck) - is reported, which is preferably used by people in this region to call the studied dove. No differences between the coloration of the fathers of the two sexes were observed. The female dove seemed to be a little thinner than the male. In addition, the slight differences between the sounds produced by the male and female are pointed out.

Comparação da soja germinada, com a soja em grão e com o farelo de soja na alimentação de suínos em crescimento

Three groups of 6 pigs, three months old, were fed the same basal ration of corn and mineral mixture ad libitum. The control group received soybeans oil meal (solvent proc.), the second group raw soybeans and the third one, sprouted soybeans. The feed intake, daily gain and conversion were practically the same in the three groups as the analisis of variance revealed. Conclusion is it does not pay to sprout soybeans for pigs.

O farelinho de trigo fermentado com Bacta-Mon e excremento de vaca na alimentação de pintos

Bacta-mon, produced by Bacta-mon S. A., São Paulo, Brazil, is recommended as a microbiological, and suggested as a supplement for animal rations. This experiment deals with this product in chicken feeding. Four lots of baby chicken received, during 6 weeks the following treatments: a control ration Rl; a ration R2 containing 10 per cent of wheat standard middlings fermented by Bacta-mon, substituting equal weight of wheat standard middlings of the control ration Rl; two rations R3 and R4, both without meat meal and containing 10 per cent of wheat standard middlings fermented respectively by Bactamon and fresh cow manure, substituting equal weight of wheat standard middlings of the control. The results may be so summarized: (1) On the basis of the weights of the chicks at 6 weeks age, we concluded that there was not any advantage in the addition of the wheat standard middlings fermented by Bacta-mon. (2) The rations R3 and R4 were considered statistically equivalents and lower the control ration Rl. (3) It seems that the main difference observed in these results may be atributed to lack of animal protein. (4) The highest mortality and the lowest consumption of feed by the lots receiving ration R3 and R4, seem to indicate, in addition, that this prejudice was due the lack of animal protein and the unpalatability of these rations.

Emprego de fezes de pintos na alimentação de leitões

The author studied the application of chick's feces from battery brooder in the feeding of weaning pigs. He employed a basal ration and substituted 5%, 10% and 15% of that basal ration with similar proportions of chicks' feces. He did not observe statistical significance among the treatments. The results measured in terms of average daily gain and feed conversion indicated that the substitution of 5% to 10% by equal proportions of chicks' feces produced satisfactory results, the 5% proportion being the most advantageous.

Contribuição para o conhecimento do lepidóptero saturnídeo Rothschildia arethusa (Walker, 1855)

In this paper, the writers present a summary of their investigations on Rothschildia arethusa (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera, Saturniidae ) performed at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The larva was found to feed on "bacupari do mato" (Rheedia sp.) ( Guttiferae ). Some bionomical notes on the larval and pupal stages and the description of the adult are the mainly subject.

Buccal apparatus and gastrointestinal tract dimensions associated to the diet of early life stages of Centropomus undecimalis (Centropomidae, Actinopterygii)

The present study aims to compare the buccal apparatus and gastrointestinal tract of early life stages of Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792), and relate them to its diet. A total of 190 individuals collected with a channel net in the Catuama estuary (07º40'9.9''S, 34º50'36.7''W), northern coast of the state of Pernambuco, were examined. Morphometrical and meristic data were analyzed for the two initial developmental periods (larval and juvenile). Their digestive tube was morphologically characterized and its content identified. The longest transverse axis of food items was measured, and compared to the standard length (SL) and mouth gape size (D) of the individuals. Body measurement regressions differed significantly (p<0.001) between larvae and juveniles. The stomachs with food content (n=118 individuals) presented a proportion of 62% full and 30% empty (being 8% damaged). They differed in relation to the fullness level and presented a coiled shape when empty. The number of food items in relation to SL and D did not present an evident correlation. Larvae (SL<10 mm) feed on small copepods, while juveniles (SL=11.1 to 64.7 mm) ingest larvae of various decapod species, showing a distinct diet between these initial developmental stages.

Trophic ecology of Lontra longicaudis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) in lotic and semilotic environments in southeastern Brazil

Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) (Carnivora, Mustelidae) is a semi-aquatic animal spread through the Central and South America, except in Chile. The implantation of a hydroelectric power plant along a river alters the dynamics of the watercourse, transforming a lotic environment into a lentic or semilotic one, what can damage the otter's feeding. From April 2008 to March 2009 we analysed the otter's food habits in lotic (streamlet) and semilotic (hydroelectric reservoir) environments of Paranapanema Valley, in southeastern Brazil. Aiming to compare the otter's diet of these two environments, we analyzed statistically the frequency of occurrence of main items in the scats. Fishes represent the base of the diet both in the reservoir and in the streamlet and, despite of the total otter's diet showing up similarities in the two environments, the results evidenced modifications on the fish species consumed between them. In the reservoir the otters ate more exotic fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) probably because it is an easy capture prey in this place. The fact that the otters get established and feed in the reservoir doesn't mean that this structure is benefic to the species because the food supplied for it consists mainly of exotic fish species.

Biologia do saguirú (Characidae, Curimatinae)

In Brazil all the fishes belonging to the sub-family Curimatinae are called « saguirú ». The present work gives a biological study of the Curimatus elegans Steind., a small fish without any economical importance, which is to be found along the whole brazilian coast, down till Paraguay. The specimens utilized for the present study come from Fortaleza (Ceará, north-eastern Brazil). The C. elegans is « ilyophagus », that means, it feeds itself exclusively with those organic materials to be found in mud, specially with microscopical algae. The intestines are very extent, some of them measuring about 9 to 11 times body's length. Studies have been made about growth and age of the C. elegans; the biggest sizes found were of 153 mm. for females and 88 mm. for males. The C. elegans shows developed sexual glands during a long period (April to September). The movements of the spermatozoa, in contact with water is of 40 to 50 seconds of intense movements, ceasing after 70 to 100 seconds. In contact with 0.5% NaCl-solution spermatozoa show a big increase in movements-time, that can last till about 25 minutes. The eggs' diameter measures 0.70 to 0.73 mm., mature and hydrated it attains 0.93 to 1,00 mm. There is a certain correlation between the size of the body and the quantity of eggs. Big specimens can produce a total of 200.000 eggs. The average quantity contained in 1 gr. and 1 cc. is 6018 and 6229 eggs, respectively. Maturity and spawning in laboratory has been obtained due to injections of suspension of fish-hypophysis. Three or four hours after the injection, fishes show more movement and evident signs of excitation, proceeding spawning after 5 to 6 hours. Males, persecuting females, describe successive circles (merry-go-round) - carroussel), swimming side by side with females up to water's surface, where sexual products are start beating dry, for there is no blood yet. Circulation-scheme is to be found on fig. 4 and 5. The swim-bladder and the stomach are but delineated; the intestine is formed by a cylindric tube, all closed. At the place, where later on there will open the mouth, we find a group of ciliary hairs that produce a liquid current, very evident by the semi-circle formed by attached solid particles. After 36 hours, opening of the mouth and formation of the gill slits begin. At the age of 90 hours (4 mm.) the larvas swim well and start to feed themselves; the digestive tube is now all open and the swimbladder works already. During the first days of life, larvas have an adhesive organ situated at their frontal region (fig. 7) in form of a crescent, by means of which they hang to surrounding vegetation (fig. 6). When the larva begins to swim and to feed itself and its yolk are having been absorbed. the adhesive organ retracts and disappears. While larvas and alevins feed themselves with plancton, they have small eye-teeth, which disappear,. when fishes become « ilyophagus ». There exist too, during their life as larvas, pharyngeal-teeth. The lateral line appears in the larva after 16 to 18 days; more or less at the same time all fins are completely developed. Shortly after, first scales appear (20 to 23 days). Evolution of intestines twisting followed (fig. 9). Larvas show at different parts of their bodies small of organs excretory functions, that are constituted by bottons in serial disposition, every one with an excretory canal that opens towards the outside. These formations disappear suddenly when larvas attain their phase of alevin. The existence of a great number of said formations at the caudal fin (fig. 12) is of great interest. In our experiences of breeding we have employed several thousands of C. elegans larvas in different environs and we made conditions of surrounding change (illumination), depth of water, temperature, presence of sand at bottom of aquariums and without sand, food). In this way we could compare the results obtained, estimate the action of each factor for the realisation of a good bring-up of larvas.

Degradació en planta pilot de colorants reactius mitjançant el procés de foto-Fenton assistit amb llum solar: aplicació del procés com a pre-tractament d'un procés biològic

Estudi elaborat a partir d’una estada a la Plataforma Solar de Almería entre desembre del 2006 i gener del 2007. S’ha dut a terme la degradació en planta pilot dels colorants reactius Procion Red H-E7B i Cibacron Red FN-R mitjançant el procés de foto-Fenton aplicat com a tractament únic i com a pretractament d’un procés biològic. El procés de foto-Fenton, assistit amb llum solar, es va realitzar en un fotoreactor solar tipus Col•lector Parabòlic Compost (CPC) i el tractament biològic en un Reactor de Biomassa Immobilitzada (RBI). Com a punt de partida, i amb l’objectiu d’estudiar la reproductibilitat del sistema, es van prendre resultats obtinguts d’experiments realitzats prèviament a escala de laboratori i amb llum artificial. El paràmetre Carboni Orgànic Total (COT) es va emprar com a indicador de l’eliminació dels colorants i dels seus intermedis. En aplicar únicament el procés de foto-Fenton com a tractament, concentracions de 10 mg•l-1 de Fe (II) i 250 mg•l-1 de H2O2 per degradar 250 mg•l-1 Procion Red H-E7B, i de 20 mg•l-1 de Fe (II) i 500 mg•l-1 de H2O2 per degradar 250 mg•l-1 Cibacron Red FN-R, van reproduir els resultants obtinguts al laboratori, amb uns nivells d’eliminació de COT del 82 i 86%, respectivament. A més, l’ús beneficiós de la llum solar en el procés de foto-Fenton, juntament amb la configuració del CPC, van incrementar la velocitat de degradació respecte als resultats previs, permetent la reducció de la concentració de Fe (II) de 10 a 2 mg•l-1 (Procion Red H-E7B) i de 20 a 5 mg•l-1 (Cibacron Red FN-R) sense pèrdues d’efectivitat. D’altre banda, el sistema combinat foto-Fenton/tractament biològic en planta pilot, unes concentracions d’oxidant de 225 mg•l-1 H2O2 per Cibacron Red FN-R i 65 mg•l-1 H2O2 per Procion Red H-E7B van ser suficients per generar solucions intermèdies biodegradables i alimentar així el RBI, millorant inclús els resultats obtinguts prèviament al laboratori.

Subsistemas input-output y contaminación: una aplicación al sector servicions y las emisiones de CO2 en España

El análisis de subsistemas input-output nos proporciona una herramienta de gran utilidad para estudiar la estructura productiva de los diferentes sectores que componen una economía. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado este análisis para estudiar las emisiones de CO2 relacionadas con el conjunto de ramas productivas que conforman el sector servicios. La descomposición de la producción total del subsistema servicios nos permite obtener las emisiones de CO2 relacionadas con diferentes efectos (escala, propio, feed-back y spill over). De los resultados obtenidos, destaca el diferente papel de las distintas ramas productivas de servicios. Las actividades de transporte serían las responsables de las mayores emisiones generadas directamente en el sector. Estas actividades son demandadas por el resto de sectores de la economía en mayor grado que su propia demanda final, teniendo mayor responsabilidad la producción vendida a otros sectores que la propia demanda final. No obstante, para el resto de actividades las emisiones directas e indirectas asociadas a la demanda final son mucho más importantes, por el fuerte efecto de arrastre sobre otras ramas de la economía que ejercen las actividades de servicios. A este respecto, destacan los servicios de Comercio, Hostelería, Inmobiliarias y servicios empresariales y la Administración pública, actividades que reciben escasa atención en el diseño de políticas orientadas a reducir las emisiones, pero que tienen una responsabilidad muy destacable en el fuerte aumento de emisiones experimentado en los últimos años.

Utilización de alimentos líquidos para el ganado porcino

La distribución de alimentos líquidos al ganado porcino es un sistema alternativo en el cual el alimento se prepara y distribuye a través de un equipo totalmente informatizado y automatizado. Además de materias primas y piensos permite también el uso de co-productos líquidos de la industria agroalimentaria o productos fermentados. Su utilización evita el coste de su transformación o eliminación permitiendo rebajar el coste de producción del cerdo porque su precio es altamente competitivo. La aplicación de alimentos líquidos fermentados tiene efectos benéficos sobre el epitelio intestinal, la microflora digestiva y el estado sanitario de los lechones, reduciendo la morbilidad y aumentando los resultados de crecimiento. Este sistema de alimentación facilita igualmente la aplicación de programas multifase ajustando diariamente el aporte a las necesidades en nutrientes del cerdo reduciendo la excreción (N, P, metales pesados) y con ello, el riesgo de contaminación medioambiental. The distribution of liquid diets for swine is an alternative system where feed is prepared and distributed by an automatic computerized device. In addition to feedstuffs and complementary dry feed, this system allows the use of fresh or fermented agri-food liquid by-products. These products are cheaper and its use as feed avoids the cost of its transformation or elimination, reducing the environmental load and the cost per kg of pig meat. The fermented liquid feed protects the intestinal epithelium, helps to control digestive microflora and animal health improving piglet growth performance after weaning. This feeding device also helps implementation of multiphase feeding programs, adjusting nutrient supplies to requirements daily, and consequently reducing the nutrient excretion (N, P, heavy metals) and the risk of environmental pollution.

The vertical dispersión of Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzi in a forest in southern Brazil suggests that human cases of malaria of simian origin might be expected

By staining females of Anopheles cruzi with fluorescent coloured powders in a forest in the State of Santa Catarina, we showed that they move from canopy to ground and vice-versa to feed. This suggests that in areas where this mosquito is a vector of human and simian malarias sporadic infections of man with monkey plasmodia might be expected.