Polar gradients of the DYRK-family kinase Pom1 couple cell length with the cell cycle.

Cells normally grow to a certain size before they enter mitosis and divide. Entry into mitosis depends on the activity of Cdk1, which is inhibited by the Wee1 kinase and activated by the Cdc25 phosphatase. However, how cells sense their size for mitotic commitment remains unknown. Here we show that an intracellular gradient of the dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase (DYRK) Pom1, which emanates from the ends of rod-shaped Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, serves to measure cell length and control mitotic entry. Pom1 provides positional information both for polarized growth and to inhibit cell division at cell ends. We discovered that Pom1 is also a dose-dependent G2-M inhibitor. Genetic analyses indicate that Pom1 negatively regulates Cdr1 and Cdr2, two previously described Wee1 inhibitors of the SAD kinase family. This inhibition may be direct, because in vivo and in vitro evidence suggest that Pom1 phosphorylates Cdr2. Whereas Cdr1 and Cdr2 localize to a medial cortical region, Pom1 forms concentration gradients from cell tips that overlap with Cdr1 and Cdr2 in short cells, but not in long cells. Disturbing these Pom1 gradients leads to Cdr2 phosphorylation and imposes a G2 delay. In short cells, Pom1 prevents precocious M-phase entry, suggesting that the higher medial Pom1 levels inhibit Cdr2 and promote a G2 delay. Thus, gradients of Pom1 from cell ends provide a measure of cell length to regulate M-phase entry.

Littérature contemporaine et engagement : quand les textes interpellent la réalité postmoderne et néolibérale

La littérature peut‐elle s'engager pour un monde où le néolibéralisme s'est érigé en triomphe sur les décombres des idéologies rivales ? Où la postmodernité a laissé la société orpheline de ses anciens repères collectifs ? Fondée sur des questions liant le roman français contemporain et des courants de pensée tels que la postmodernité ou le néolibéralisme, cette thèse de doctorat propose une réflexion autour de l'engagement littéraire, dans son acception à la fin du XXe siècle ; autrement dit, une redéfinition de la notion en accord avec les enjeux socio‐économiques contemporains. « Que peut la littérature ? » demandait Sartre en 1947 : cette question, nous la portons sur la fin du XXe siècle. La première partie de cette étude s'intéresse aux écrivains contemporains et mesure les similitudes qui attestent d'une filiation avec la compréhension sartrienne de l'engagement littéraire ou, au contraire, les distinctions qui entérinent une rupture. La deuxième partie témoigne qu'il ne peut y avoir d'engagement littéraire sans prise en considération du monde. La postmodernité et le néolibéralisme : ces deux courants sont interrogés tour à tour dans leur spécificité propre, avant d'interroger la pertinence du rapprochement entre discours littéraire et socio‐économique. L'originalité de cette thèse est de proposer ensuite une définition de l'engagement littéraire contemporain, ainsi qu'une réflexion sur les conditions nécessaires à son expression. La troisième partie est consacrée aux formes littéraires. L'hypothèse faisant de la littérature le révélateur du « surplomb problématique » d'une époque (Wolfgang Iser) s'impose comme le fil conducteur qui relie les textes du corpus : l'agencement des thèmes, les personnages, les emprunts à différentes traditions et les registres de langue constituent autant de variations possibles inscrivant l'hypothèse d'un « individu travaillant » aliéné au sein du texte. Ouvriers, mais aussi employés du secteur tertiaire, ou cadres, reconquièrent par l'entremise de la fiction - qui les met en vedette - une partie de leur visibilité perdue dans la sphère publique.

Evaluation of two minimally invasive techniques for electroencephalogram recording in wild or freely behaving animals.

Insight into the function of sleep may be gained by studying animals in the ecological context in which sleep evolved. Until recently, technological constraints prevented electroencephalogram (EEG) studies of animals sleeping in the wild. However, the recent development of a small recorder (Neurologger 2) that animals can carry on their head permitted the first recordings of sleep in nature. To facilitate sleep studies in the field and to improve the welfare of experimental animals, herein, we test the feasibility of using minimally invasive surface and subcutaneous electrodes to record the EEG in barn owls. The EEG and behaviour of four adult owls in captivity and of four chicks in a nest box in the field were recorded. We scored a 24-h period for each adult bird for wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep using 4 s epochs. Although the quality and stability of the EEG signals recorded via subcutaneous electrodes were higher when compared to surface electrodes, the owls' state was readily identifiable using either electrode type. On average, the four adult owls spent 13.28 h awake, 9.64 h in SWS, and 1.05 h in REM sleep. We demonstrate that minimally invasive methods can be used to measure EEG-defined wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep in owls and probably other animals.

Procedures to characterize and study P2Z/P2X7 purinoceptor: flow cytometry as a promising practical, reliable tool

The expression of P2Z/P2X7 purinoceptor in different cell types is well established. This receptor is a member of the ionotropic P2X receptor family, which is composed by seven cloned receptor subtypes (P2X1 - P2X7). Interestingly, the P2Z/P2X7 has a unique feature of being linked to a non-selective pore which allows the passage of molecules up to 900 Da depending on the cell type. Early studies of P2Z/P2X7 purinoceptor were exclusively based on classical pharmacological studies but the recent tools of molecular biology have enriched the analysis of the receptor expression. The majority of assays and techniques chosen so far to study the expression of P2Z/P2X7 receptor explore directly or indirectly the effects of the opening of P2Z/P2X7 linked pore. In this review we describe the main techniques used to study the expression and functionality of P2Z/P2X7 receptor. Additionally, the increasing need and importance of a multifunctional analysis of P2Z/P2X7 expression based on flow cytometry technology is discussed, as well as the adoption of a more complete analysis of P2Z/P2X7 expression involving different techniques.

Residential Family Centres Standards

This document sets out the minimum standards which providers of Residential Family Centre services are expected to meet.

Family Friendly Guide - May 2007 (PDF 550 KB)

Provides Details of Family Friendly Policies for Staff With Caring Responsibilities

Telomere characterization in the Asteraceae family

Asteraceae or Compositae constitute one of the largest families of the angiosperms, distributed over all continents but in Antarctica, particularly well represented in temperate zones and less frequent in tropical regions. The Asteraceae have been the object of a great deal of attention from all viewpoints for their scientific as well as economic interest. Telomeres sequences are highly conservated at the ends of chromosomes across the eukaryotes. In plants, generally are formed by tandemly repeated sequences named Arabidopsis type but several exceptions have been described. The objective of the present work is to study the telomeric characterization along the whole Asteraceae family and to find, if any, the relationships between these results and the evolutionary history in this family.