Physician adoption of a practice guideline: Effect on the cost of medical care for adult patients with diabetes

In the demanding environment of healthcare reform, reduction of unwanted physician practice variation is promoted, often through evidence-based guidelines. Guidelines represent innovations that direct change(s) in physician practice; however, compliance has been disappointing. Numerous studies have analyzed guideline development and dissemination, while few have evaluated the consequences of guideline adoption. The primary purpose of this study was to explore and analyze the relationship between physician adoption of the glycated hemoglobin test guideline for management of adult patients with diabetes, and the cost of medical care. The study also examined six personal and organizational characteristics of physicians and their association with innovativeness, or adoption of the guideline. ^ Cost was represented by approved charges from a managed care claims database. Total cost, and diabetes and related complications cost, first were compared for all patients of adopter physicians with those of non-adopter physicians. Then, data were analyzed controlling for disease severity based on insulin dependency, and for high cost cases. There was no statistically significant difference in any of eight cost categories analyzed. This study represented a twelve-month period, and did not reflect cost associated with future complications known to result from inadequate management of glycemia. Guideline compliance did not increase annual cost, which, combined with the future benefit of glycemic control, lends support to the cost effectiveness of the guideline in the long term. Physician adoption of the guideline was recommended to reduce the future personal and economic burden of this chronic disease. ^ Only half of physicians studied had adopted the glycated hemoglobin test guideline for at least 75% of their diabetic patients. No statistically significant relationship was found between any physician characteristic and guideline adoption. Instead, it was likely that the innovation-decision process and guideline dissemination methods were most influential. ^ A multidisciplinary, multi-faceted approach, including interventions for each stage of the innovation-decision process, was proposed to diffuse practice guidelines more effectively. Further, it was recommended that Organized Delivery Systems expand existing administrative databases to include clinical information, decision support systems, and reminder mechanisms, to promote and support physician compliance with this and other evidence-based guidelines. ^

Use of contraception and contraceptive services among U.S. Hispanic women: 2006--2008

This study investigates the association between race/ethnicity and acculturation variables (language preference and nativity) with use of contraception and contraceptive services among Mexican/Mexican American and “other” Hispanic women aged 15-44 when compared to non- Hispanic white women.^ Data was analyzed from the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth. The sample contained 3357 women aged 15-44. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between race/ethnicity and acculturation variables and contraceptive-related behaviors adjusted for other known covariates. ^ After multivariate analysis, neither nativity nor language preference were significantly associated with contraception use or contraceptive services. Mexican/Mexican American women did not differ in their contraception-related behaviors when compared to non-Hispanic whites. Other Hispanic women, however, were less likely to obtain contraceptive services than non-Hispanic whites (OR=0.67, 95% CI=0.45-1.00). Women aged 30-39 and 40-44 were less likely to obtain contraception and contraceptive services than those aged 15-19. Single women were less likely to use contraception (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.56-0.92) and contraceptive services (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.53-0.89) than married/co-habiting women. Women with healthcare coverage were more likely to use contraception and contraceptive services than uninsured women.^ Among Hispanic women of different origin groups, age, marital status, and healthcare coverage were stronger indicators of contraception-related behavior than race/ethnicity, language preference, and nativity. Reproductive health programs that target increased use of contraception and contraceptive services among Hispanic origin groups should specifically target women who are over 30, single, and uninsured.^

DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL METHODS TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF SEQUENCING ERRORS IN THE NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING DATA ANALYSIS

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has become a prominent tool in biological and biomedical research. However, NGS data analysis, such as de novo assembly, mapping and variants detection is far from maturity, and the high sequencing error-rate is one of the major problems. . To minimize the impact of sequencing errors, we developed a highly robust and efficient method, MTM, to correct the errors in NGS reads. We demonstrated the effectiveness of MTM on both single-cell data with highly non-uniform coverage and normal data with uniformly high coverage, reflecting that MTM’s performance does not rely on the coverage of the sequencing reads. MTM was also compared with Hammer and Quake, the best methods for correcting non-uniform and uniform data respectively. For non-uniform data, MTM outperformed both Hammer and Quake. For uniform data, MTM showed better performance than Quake and comparable results to Hammer. By making better error correction with MTM, the quality of downstream analysis, such as mapping and SNP detection, was improved. SNP calling is a major application of NGS technologies. However, the existence of sequencing errors complicates this process, especially for the low coverage (

Geochemistry and stratigraphy on sediment cores from Leg198 and Leg 208

The first complete cyclic sedimentary successions for the early Paleogene from drilling multiple holes have been retrieved during two ODP expeditions: Leg 198 (Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific Ocean) and Leg 208 (Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic Ocean). These new records allow us to construct a comprehensive astronomically calibrated stratigraphic framework with an unprecedented accuracy for both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans covering the entire Paleocene epoch based on the identification of the stable long-eccentricity cycle (405-kyr). High resolution X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanner and non-destructive core logging data from Sites 1209 through1211 (Leg 198) and Sites 1262, 1267 (Leg 208) are the basis for such a robust chronostratigraphy. Former investigated marine (ODP Sites 1001 and 1051) and land-based (e.g., Zumaia) sections have been integrated as well. The high-fidelity chronology is the prerequisite for deciphering mechanisms in relation to prominent transient climatic events as well as completely new insights into Greenhouse climate variability in the early Paleogene. We demonstrate that the Paleocene epoch covers 24 long eccentricity cycles. We also show that no definite absolute age datums for the K/Pg boundary or the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) can be provided by now, because of still existing uncertainties in orbital solutions and radiometric dating. However, we provide two options for tuning of the Paleocene which are only offset by 405-kyr. Our orbitally calibrated integrated Leg 208 magnetostratigraphy is used to revise the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) for Chron C29 to C25. We established a high-resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for the South Atlantic which allows a much more detailed relative scaling of stages with biozones. The re-evaluation of the South Atlantic spreading rate model features higher frequent oscillations in spreading rates for magnetochron C28r, C27n, and C26n.

Estimación y estructura de los ingresos de familias mapuches rurales de zonas periurbanas de Temuco, Chile

Hasta mediados del siglo XX, las familias campesinas mapuches obtenían la mayor parte de sus ingresos de la agricultura. Hoy las fuentes de ingresos se han diversificado, incorporando salarios, transferencias gubernamentales y actividades no agrarias. Con datos aportados por una encuesta de ingresos, se analizan las estrategias de generación de ingresos de familias mapuches localizadas en zonas peri-urbanas de la comuna de Temuco, relacionando la estructura de ingresos con características de las familias y de las fincas. Los resultados muestran la importancia que aún tiene la agricultura en familias cuya fuerza de trabajo sólo logra insertarse en empleos temporales de bajos salarios

Estimación y estructura de los ingresos de familias mapuches rurales de zonas periurbanas de Temuco, Chile

Hasta mediados del siglo XX, las familias campesinas mapuches obtenían la mayor parte de sus ingresos de la agricultura. Hoy las fuentes de ingresos se han diversificado, incorporando salarios, transferencias gubernamentales y actividades no agrarias. Con datos aportados por una encuesta de ingresos, se analizan las estrategias de generación de ingresos de familias mapuches localizadas en zonas peri-urbanas de la comuna de Temuco, relacionando la estructura de ingresos con características de las familias y de las fincas. Los resultados muestran la importancia que aún tiene la agricultura en familias cuya fuerza de trabajo sólo logra insertarse en empleos temporales de bajos salarios

Estimación y estructura de los ingresos de familias mapuches rurales de zonas periurbanas de Temuco, Chile

Hasta mediados del siglo XX, las familias campesinas mapuches obtenían la mayor parte de sus ingresos de la agricultura. Hoy las fuentes de ingresos se han diversificado, incorporando salarios, transferencias gubernamentales y actividades no agrarias. Con datos aportados por una encuesta de ingresos, se analizan las estrategias de generación de ingresos de familias mapuches localizadas en zonas peri-urbanas de la comuna de Temuco, relacionando la estructura de ingresos con características de las familias y de las fincas. Los resultados muestran la importancia que aún tiene la agricultura en familias cuya fuerza de trabajo sólo logra insertarse en empleos temporales de bajos salarios

Linked Data at the Spanish National Library and the application of IFLA RDFS models

The Spanish National Library (Biblioteca Nacional de España1. BNE) and the Ontology Engineering Group2 of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid are working on the joint project ?Preliminary Study of Linked Data?, whose aim is to enrich the Web of Data with the BNE authority and bibliographic records. To this end, they are transforming the BNE information to RDF following the Linked Data principles3 proposed by Tim Berners Lee.

A Generalized Regression Methodology for Bivariate Heteroscedastic Data

We present a methodology for reducing a straight line fitting regression problem to a Least Squares minimization one. This is accomplished through the definition of a measure on the data space that takes into account directional dependences of errors, and the use of polar descriptors for straight lines. This strategy improves the robustness by avoiding singularities and non-describable lines. The methodology is powerful enough to deal with non-normal bivariate heteroscedastic data error models, but can also supersede classical regression methods by making some particular assumptions. An implementation of the methodology for the normal bivariate case is developed and evaluated.

Using Provenance for Quality Assessment and Repair in Linked Open Data

As the number of data sources publishing their data on the Web of Data is growing, we are experiencing an immense growth of the Linked Open Data cloud. The lack of control on the published sources, which could be untrustworthy or unreliable, along with their dynamic nature that often invalidates links and causes conflicts or other discrepancies, could lead to poor quality data. In order to judge data quality, a number of quality indicators have been proposed, coupled with quality metrics that quantify the “quality level” of a dataset. In addition to the above, some approaches address how to improve the quality of the datasets through a repair process that focuses on how to correct invalidities caused by constraint violations by either removing or adding triples. In this paper we argue that provenance is a critical factor that should be taken into account during repairs to ensure that the most reliable data is kept. Based on this idea, we propose quality metrics that take into account provenance and evaluate their applicability as repair guidelines in a particular data fusion setting.

Map4rdf - Faceted Browser for Geospatial Datasets

Recently we have seen a large increase in the amount of geospatial data that is being published using RDF and Linked Data principles. Eorts such as the W3C Geo XG, and most recently the GeoSPARQL initiative are providing the necessary vocabularies to pub- lish this kind of information on the Web of Data. In this context it is necessary to develop applications that consume and take advantage of these geospatial datasets. In this paper we present map4rdf, a faceted browsing tool for exploring and visualizing RDF datasets enhanced with geospatial information.

SSONDE: Semantic Similarity On liNked Data Entities

Linked data offers a promising setting to encode, publish and share metadata of resources. As the matter of fact, it is already adopted by data producers such as European Environment Agency, US and some EU Governs, whose first ambition is to share (meta)data making their processes more effective and transparent. Such as an increasing interest and involvement of data providers surely represents a genuine witness of the web of data success, but in a longer perspective, frameworks supporting linked data consumers in their decision making processes will be a compelling need. In this respect, the talk is introducing SSONDE, a framework enabling in detailed comparison, ranking and selection of linked data resources through the analysis of their RDF ontology driven metadata. SSONDE implements an instance similarity especially designed to support in resource selection, namely the process stakeholders engage to choose a set of resources suitable for a given analysis purpose: (i) it deploys an asymmetric similarity assessment to emphasize information about gains and losses the stakeholders get adopting a resource in place of another; (ii) it relies on an explicit formalization of contexts to tailor the similarity assessment with respect to specific user-defined selection goals. The talk aims at providing an insight on SSONDE instance similarity and it will briefly describe some examples of SSONDE deployment in the context of linked data consumption.

Le Corbusier y el proyecto para Saint Marie de la Tourette: De la celda al espacio inefable

El convento de la Tourette se concibe en un marco temporal concreto. Sin embargo sería erróneo limitarse a él a la hora de intentar desentrañar las claves del proyecto y llegar a un entendimiento completo del mismo. Es necesario analizarlo atendiendo al conjunto global de la producción del arquitecto, la cual ha ido forjando una forma propia de hacer que condicionará en gran medida las decisiones tomadas en cada momento. Esta tesis realiza una investigación de doble sentido (recogida en los dos volúmenes que la componen). Por un lado analiza el proceso evolutivo en el que se enhebra la obra intentando desentrañar la influencia de aquel en ésta, pero por otro, invirtiendo el sentido, también desvela ciertas claves de la arquitectura de Le Corbusier a través del preciso análisis de proyecto de la Tourette. Pero aún más, la pertenencia del convento de la Tourette al “tipo monacal” introduce la presencia de un tiempo histórico “ab origine, in hillo tempore” del que la investigación se hace eco. Un tiempo al que Le Corbusier siempre volverá la mirada, y que en este caso se encuentra muy presente, determinando el devenir del proyecto de una forma particular y definitiva. Por tanto este trabajo pretende convocar los dos tiempos que conviven en el proyecto del convento de la Tourette, el corto, concreto y cerrado de su génesis y desarrollo, que se circunscribe al periodo de proyecto comprendido entre los años 1953 y 1956, y el más dilatado, abstracto y abierto, que enlaza el proyecto con la producción de Le Corbusier, y aún más atrás, con el tiempo histórico. En la primera parte del trabajo (A. “PROYECTO”) se realiza un análisis cronológico de la documentación gráfica ‐incluyendo su re‐dibujo‐ y escrita del proyecto, desde los croquis que el arquitecto esboza en su primera visita al valle del Turdine hasta el documento final del project d’exécution, a partir del cual se materializará la obra. El objetivo de la investigación no es describir la realidad construida, sino participar del secreto de su génesis analizando y intentando comprender los dibujos o el pensamiento de sus creadores. Frente a la multitud de escritos sobre la obra del convento de la Tourette el foco de atención de la tesis se centra en el proyecto. Es en esta fase de elaboración y desarrollo de las ideas, previa a la acción de construir, donde pensamos que La deriva de la propia actividad del arquitecto avala esta decisión. A lo largo de su carrera Le Corbusier va reduciendo progresivamente su presencia en la obra centrándose cada vez más en las fases de la concepción y proyecto arquitectónico. Considera que en ellas se produce lo “esencial” mientras que deja las decisiones de obra en manos de sus colaboradores y de los diversos “operadores”, participando tan solo en el visto bueno final de las mismas (esta posición contrasta con la entrega de los constructores para quienes el arquitecto encarna la innovación tecnológica). En la Tourette realiza exclusivamente tres visitas de obra en las que actúa como un mero escenógrafo, ajustando aquí y allá pequeñas decisiones de la construcción. Esta distancia refuerza su posición en el proceso y subraya su búsqueda de un ideal teórico desarrollado sobre todo en la fase de proyecto frente a lo subsidiario de la realidad práctica. En la segunda parte de la tesis, denominada “RE‐VISIONES”, se abre el campo de acción a otras facetas de la ingente actividad de Le Corbusier como la pintura, la escritura o incluso la escultura; una nueva MIRADA bajo el prisma de una serie de conceptos‐llave recurrentes en su Petit vocabulaire (l’homme, la céllule, la bôite, l’organisme). Se amplía, por tanto, el marco temporal, repasando de modo genérico y transversal la evolución de los mismos en la trayectoria del arquitecto, comprobándose como el convento de la Tourette es un eslabón característico y clave en todos ellos. ABSTRACT The Convent of La Tourette is conceived in a specific time frame. However, it would be erroneous to limit oneself simply to this when trying to unravel the keys to the project and to fully understand it. It is necessary to analyse the project attending to the entire production of the architect, who progressively shaped his own way of doing things which would condition to a large extent the decisions taken at each point in time. This thesis carries out its research in a dual sense (brought together in both its volumes). On the one hand, it analyses the development process threading the work attempting to fathom the influence of the former on the latter but, on the other hand, inverting the sense which also reveals certain keys to the architecture of Le Corbusier by means of a detailed analysis of the project for La Tourette. Even more so, the Convent of La Tourette belonging to the “monastic type” introduces the presence of a historical period “ab origine, in hillo tempore" reflected in the research. A period to which Le Corbusier would always look back on and which is extremely present in this case, determining the evolution of the project in a particular and definitive manner. Therefore, this piece of work attempts to bring together both time periods co‐existing in the project for the Convent of La Tourette, the short, specific and closed one regarding its genesis development, encompassing the project period going from 1953 to 1956, and the broader, more abstract and open one linking the project with the production by Le Corbusier, and even further back, with the historical period. The first part of this work (A. “PROJECT") performs a chronological analysis of the graphic – including its re‐drawing –and written documentation of the project, from the outlines the architect sketched in his first visit to the Turdine valley up to the final document of the project d’exécution from which the works would materialise. The main object of the investigation is not intend to describe the reality constructed, but to participate in the secret of its genesis, analysing and trying to understand the drawings or the thoughts of its creators. As opposed to the many writings on the work of the Convent of La Tourette, the attention of this thesis focusses on the project. It is in this preparation and development stage, previous to the construction action, where it is believed the real keys to understand and explain it lie. The enormous work collecting, ordering and analysing the abundant graphic and written information reveals “a multidirectional process, full of regrets and securities, errors and certainties, leaps backwards and tremendous foresight in the process” directed not only by the conditions of the assignment, but also by the way of doing things of Le Corbusier and his collaborator I. Xenakis. A web of hidden relationships is weaved in this open space of the process, often distant in time, allowing us to draw a new route, not only towards the constructed works of the Convent of La Tourette, but towards understanding his entire production. It is in the creation of this new path of knowledge, and not only in its conclusion, where the “thesis” acquires its true meaning. In second place, the drift in the actual activity of the architect backs this decision. Throughout his career, Le Corbusier progressively reduced his presence on site, focussing more and more on the conception and architectural project stages. He considered that which was “essential” took place in these, while leaving the on‐site decisions to his collaborators and the different “operators”, only participating in their final approval (this position is in contrast with the delivery by the constructors for whom the architect embodies the technological innovation). In La Tourette he exclusively made three on‐site visits, in which acted as a pure stage designer, adjusting small construction decisions here and there. This distance reinforces his position in the process and underlines his search for a theoretical ideal developed primarily in the project stage as opposed to that which is secondary of the practical reality. The second part of the thesis, called “RE‐VISIONS”, widens the scope of action to other aspects of the huge activity by Le Corbusier, encompassing painting, writing or even sculpture; a new VIEW under the prism of a series of recurrent key concepts in his Petit vocabulaire (l’homme, la céllule, la bôite, l’organisme). The time frame is therefore extended, revising in a generic and transversal manner the development of these concepts throughout the career of Le Corbusier, confirming how the Convent of La Tourette is a characteristic and key link to each of them.

Nanoinformatics approaches for information extraction and text mining in nanomedical research texts

La nanotecnología es un área de investigación de reciente creación que trata con la manipulación y el control de la materia con dimensiones comprendidas entre 1 y 100 nanómetros. A escala nanométrica, los materiales exhiben fenómenos físicos, químicos y biológicos singulares, muy distintos a los que manifiestan a escala convencional. En medicina, los compuestos miniaturizados a nanoescala y los materiales nanoestructurados ofrecen una mayor eficacia con respecto a las formulaciones químicas tradicionales, así como una mejora en la focalización del medicamento hacia la diana terapéutica, revelando así nuevas propiedades diagnósticas y terapéuticas. A su vez, la complejidad de la información a nivel nano es mucho mayor que en los niveles biológicos convencionales (desde el nivel de población hasta el nivel de célula) y, por tanto, cualquier flujo de trabajo en nanomedicina requiere, de forma inherente, estrategias de gestión de información avanzadas. Desafortunadamente, la informática biomédica todavía no ha proporcionado el marco de trabajo que permita lidiar con estos retos de la información a nivel nano, ni ha adaptado sus métodos y herramientas a este nuevo campo de investigación. En este contexto, la nueva área de la nanoinformática pretende detectar y establecer los vínculos existentes entre la medicina, la nanotecnología y la informática, fomentando así la aplicación de métodos computacionales para resolver las cuestiones y problemas que surgen con la información en la amplia intersección entre la biomedicina y la nanotecnología. Las observaciones expuestas previamente determinan el contexto de esta tesis doctoral, la cual se centra en analizar el dominio de la nanomedicina en profundidad, así como en el desarrollo de estrategias y herramientas para establecer correspondencias entre las distintas disciplinas, fuentes de datos, recursos computacionales y técnicas orientadas a la extracción de información y la minería de textos, con el objetivo final de hacer uso de los datos nanomédicos disponibles. El autor analiza, a través de casos reales, alguna de las tareas de investigación en nanomedicina que requieren o que pueden beneficiarse del uso de métodos y herramientas nanoinformáticas, ilustrando de esta forma los inconvenientes y limitaciones actuales de los enfoques de informática biomédica a la hora de tratar con datos pertenecientes al dominio nanomédico. Se discuten tres escenarios diferentes como ejemplos de actividades que los investigadores realizan mientras llevan a cabo su investigación, comparando los contextos biomédico y nanomédico: i) búsqueda en la Web de fuentes de datos y recursos computacionales que den soporte a su investigación; ii) búsqueda en la literatura científica de resultados experimentales y publicaciones relacionadas con su investigación; iii) búsqueda en registros de ensayos clínicos de resultados clínicos relacionados con su investigación. El desarrollo de estas actividades requiere el uso de herramientas y servicios informáticos, como exploradores Web, bases de datos de referencias bibliográficas indexando la literatura biomédica y registros online de ensayos clínicos, respectivamente. Para cada escenario, este documento proporciona un análisis detallado de los posibles obstáculos que pueden dificultar el desarrollo y el resultado de las diferentes tareas de investigación en cada uno de los dos campos citados (biomedicina y nanomedicina), poniendo especial énfasis en los retos existentes en la investigación nanomédica, campo en el que se han detectado las mayores dificultades. El autor ilustra cómo la aplicación de metodologías provenientes de la informática biomédica a estos escenarios resulta efectiva en el dominio biomédico, mientras que dichas metodologías presentan serias limitaciones cuando son aplicadas al contexto nanomédico. Para abordar dichas limitaciones, el autor propone un enfoque nanoinformático, original, diseñado específicamente para tratar con las características especiales que la información presenta a nivel nano. El enfoque consiste en un análisis en profundidad de la literatura científica y de los registros de ensayos clínicos disponibles para extraer información relevante sobre experimentos y resultados en nanomedicina —patrones textuales, vocabulario en común, descriptores de experimentos, parámetros de caracterización, etc.—, seguido del desarrollo de mecanismos para estructurar y analizar dicha información automáticamente. Este análisis concluye con la generación de un modelo de datos de referencia (gold standard) —un conjunto de datos de entrenamiento y de test anotados manualmente—, el cual ha sido aplicado a la clasificación de registros de ensayos clínicos, permitiendo distinguir automáticamente los estudios centrados en nanodrogas y nanodispositivos de aquellos enfocados a testear productos farmacéuticos tradicionales. El presente trabajo pretende proporcionar los métodos necesarios para organizar, depurar, filtrar y validar parte de los datos nanomédicos existentes en la actualidad a una escala adecuada para la toma de decisiones. Análisis similares para otras tareas de investigación en nanomedicina ayudarían a detectar qué recursos nanoinformáticos se requieren para cumplir los objetivos actuales en el área, así como a generar conjunto de datos de referencia, estructurados y densos en información, a partir de literatura y otros fuentes no estructuradas para poder aplicar nuevos algoritmos e inferir nueva información de valor para la investigación en nanomedicina. ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is a research area of recent development that deals with the manipulation and control of matter with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. At the nanoscale, materials exhibit singular physical, chemical and biological phenomena, very different from those manifested at the conventional scale. In medicine, nanosized compounds and nanostructured materials offer improved drug targeting and efficacy with respect to traditional formulations, and reveal novel diagnostic and therapeutic properties. Nevertheless, the complexity of information at the nano level is much higher than the complexity at the conventional biological levels (from populations to the cell). Thus, any nanomedical research workflow inherently demands advanced information management. Unfortunately, Biomedical Informatics (BMI) has not yet provided the necessary framework to deal with such information challenges, nor adapted its methods and tools to the new research field. In this context, the novel area of nanoinformatics aims to build new bridges between medicine, nanotechnology and informatics, allowing the application of computational methods to solve informational issues at the wide intersection between biomedicine and nanotechnology. The above observations determine the context of this doctoral dissertation, which is focused on analyzing the nanomedical domain in-depth, and developing nanoinformatics strategies and tools to map across disciplines, data sources, computational resources, and information extraction and text mining techniques, for leveraging available nanomedical data. The author analyzes, through real-life case studies, some research tasks in nanomedicine that would require or could benefit from the use of nanoinformatics methods and tools, illustrating present drawbacks and limitations of BMI approaches to deal with data belonging to the nanomedical domain. Three different scenarios, comparing both the biomedical and nanomedical contexts, are discussed as examples of activities that researchers would perform while conducting their research: i) searching over the Web for data sources and computational resources supporting their research; ii) searching the literature for experimental results and publications related to their research, and iii) searching clinical trial registries for clinical results related to their research. The development of these activities will depend on the use of informatics tools and services, such as web browsers, databases of citations and abstracts indexing the biomedical literature, and web-based clinical trial registries, respectively. For each scenario, this document provides a detailed analysis of the potential information barriers that could hamper the successful development of the different research tasks in both fields (biomedicine and nanomedicine), emphasizing the existing challenges for nanomedical research —where the major barriers have been found. The author illustrates how the application of BMI methodologies to these scenarios can be proven successful in the biomedical domain, whilst these methodologies present severe limitations when applied to the nanomedical context. To address such limitations, the author proposes an original nanoinformatics approach specifically designed to deal with the special characteristics of information at the nano level. This approach consists of an in-depth analysis of the scientific literature and available clinical trial registries to extract relevant information about experiments and results in nanomedicine —textual patterns, common vocabulary, experiment descriptors, characterization parameters, etc.—, followed by the development of mechanisms to automatically structure and analyze this information. This analysis resulted in the generation of a gold standard —a manually annotated training or reference set—, which was applied to the automatic classification of clinical trial summaries, distinguishing studies focused on nanodrugs and nanodevices from those aimed at testing traditional pharmaceuticals. The present work aims to provide the necessary methods for organizing, curating and validating existing nanomedical data on a scale suitable for decision-making. Similar analysis for different nanomedical research tasks would help to detect which nanoinformatics resources are required to meet current goals in the field, as well as to generate densely populated and machine-interpretable reference datasets from the literature and other unstructured sources for further testing novel algorithms and inferring new valuable information for nanomedicine.

HDTourist: exploring urban data on Android

The Web of Data currently comprises ? 62 billion triples from more than 2,000 different datasets covering many fields of knowledge3. This volume of structured Linked Data can be seen as a particular case of Big Data, referred to as Big Semantic Data [4]. Obviously, powerful computational configurations are tradi- tionally required to deal with the scalability problems arising to Big Semantic Data. It is not surprising that this ?data revolution? has competed in parallel with the growth of mobile computing. Smartphones and tablets are massively used at the expense of traditional computers but, to date, mobile devices have more limited computation resources. Therefore, one question that we may ask ourselves would be: can (potentially large) semantic datasets be consumed natively on mobile devices? Currently, only a few mobile apps (e.g., [1, 9, 2, 8]) make use of semantic data that they store in the mobile devices, while many others access existing SPARQL endpoints or Linked Data directly. Two main reasons can be considered for this fact. On the one hand, in spite of some initial approaches [6, 3], there are no well-established triplestores for mobile devices. This is an important limitation because any po- tential app must assume both RDF storage and SPARQL resolution. On the other hand, the particular features of these devices (little storage space, less computational power or more limited bandwidths) limit the adoption of seman- tic data for different uses and purposes. This paper introduces our HDTourist mobile application prototype. It con- sumes urban data from DBpedia4 to help tourists visiting a foreign city. Although it is a simple app, its functionality allows illustrating how semantic data can be stored and queried with limited resources. Our prototype is implemented for An- droid, but its foundations, explained in Section 2, can be deployed in any other platform. The app is described in Section 3, and Section 4 concludes about our current achievements and devises the future work.