Evolución de la teoría de la organización.

Este artículo analiza la evolución de la teoría de la organización en los últimos cien años. Luego de revisar los libros clásicos sobre el tema y el estado del arte reportado en las principales bases de datos electrónicas internacionales sobre teorías de la organización entre los años 2000 y 2008, se propone una matriz de clasificación con tres variables: el grado de complejidad, la universalidad de la teoría y el determinismo de sus conceptos. Como resultado de este trabajo de revisión se propone un mapa de teorías de la organización que permite entender la evolución de este campo del conocimiento.

Women, rights and the city: notes for the construction of a state of art from the feminist thought and theory

The modern citieshave been born of the processes of industrialization, urbanization, which have been characterized by violence, resulting in social inequality, spatial segregation, the struggle for survival, the authoritarianism of the government and the establishment of exclusive orders genre, which has  prevented the enjoyment of the rights differential. In order to understand these complexities and  transform power relations that develop and reproduce it, this article analyzes the main theoretical  contributions and methodological approaches that feminist and gender studies have been conducted on the city, urban space and the right to city, which are valuable contributions to the definition of  the right to the city of women as a collective right to universal construction

Solid waste management in metropolitan areas: barriers and opportunities for intermunicipal arrangements in Brazil

Municipal solid waste issue has acquired a growing importance into urban management discussions, particularly in metropolitan areas. Although metropolitan regions were created for integrating public functions of common interest, it appears that the structures, in general, are limited to planning  activities. In this context, the democratization process occurred in Brazil during 1980’s led to the  strengthening of inter-municipal arrangements of voluntary cooperation, acquiring great expressiveness  in metropolitan areas, responsible for 60% of waste generated in Brazil. However, despite the  consortia emergence as an alternative management of metropolitan territory, its process of setting up and operation is not free of challenges and dilemmas. This paper starts with the hypothesis that  inter-municipal consortia in metropolitan areas have high strength asymmetry and weak regional  identity among municipalities, conditions that tend to create barriers to its concretization. In this  context, this research aim  to develop a comparative study of inter-municipal arrangements for solid  waste management in the metropolitan areas of Curitiba (pr), Belo Horizonte (bh) and Salvador  (ba), by identifying influence degree of regional identity and strength asymmetry in these arrangements. The multiple case study reveals an inverse proportionality relationship between regional  identity and strength asymmetry among the municipalities, deeply influenced by political interinstitutional  arrangement and the metropolitan area in which they are is inserted.

Editorial

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La casa burguesa. En la consolidación de un nuevo modelo de ciudad latinoamericana Bogotá, 1930-1948

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The region: territorial organization of modernity

Region is a concept that has been used to describe, analyze and organize spaces. The concept has classical roots, and throughout history has been adapted to serve academic, governmental and planning purposes. This article analyzes the concept’s evolution, from social sciences in general, with an emphasis on a geographical focus. It also frames Latin American ideas in an international  discussion where the French, German and Anglo-Saxon school have been important. And in order  to understand the various theoretical and methodological approaches, it follows an historical overview. Finally, the text explores the way in which the concept was received and used in Latin  America, both by scholars and planners.

Social housing and land use planning in Medellin during the period 2006-2011. Steps towards socio economic and residential segregation

This paper presents an approach to the relationship between land use planning and socioeconomic residential segregation, from the location of social housing in Medellin, Colombia, during the period 2006-2011. The first part introduces the land use regulations regarding the location of social housing, identifying ambiguities in the current spatial plan. Next, we present the intersection of  regulatory information and the location of the projects that were under construction during the  study period, highlighting the need to consider the location as an important characteristic of social housing and residential segregation as a phenomenon that must be recognized and worked on land  use planning in our cities.

The avatars of housing in Latin American urban and regional research (1990-2012)

The review of the terms used as keywords in three journals (published in Mexico and Chile) and the Brazilian meetings of regional and urban research are used to analyze the trends in housing research. Their dynamics are interpreted in the light of the general changes identified for urban and regional  research, synthesized by other authors as the emergence of new research topics and agents of urban change (civil society, participation, environment, gender) and the process of globalization (in its facets  of productive restructuration, job flexibility, social exclusion) as a general framework of analysis. It is found that the central themes of research in housing relate primarily to government action in  housing. New concerns, such as citizen participation, the environment or gender are linked to these actions as normative elements to the evaluation of programs or policies, but not as autonomous fields of study of the housing.In addition to this central concern, a significant growth of academic  production and  ome indication of the internationalization of research are mentioned

Restauración de un vehículo práctico.

El proyecto nace con la idea de crear una unidad didáctica interdisciplinar que enlace todas las unidades de competencia del módulo de Carrocería. Pretende atender a la diversidad con la idea principal de que los alumnos, al finalizar esta unidad didáctica hayan desarrollado al máximo aquellas capacidades en las que presentaban alguna necesidad concreta. La actividad entorno a la que gira se divide en dos fases: la primera en la que los alumnos redactan un programa de trabajo y un presupuesto, y la segunda en la que ponen en práctica el programa de trabajo desarrollado. Esta consiste en reparar y restaurar un vehículo clásico que posteriormente no va a ser destruído, sino que servirá como coche de exposición. Los objetivos son: Enlazar las unidades de competencia de ciclo; aplicación en la reparación de vehículos de las nuevas tecnologías; análisis del estado del vehículo y determinación del modo de reparación; la toma de conciencia por parte de los alumnos del trabajo en equipo; realización de un presupuesto, valorando el coste de la mano de obra y materiales, para valorar así los tiempos de reparación y la realización por parte de los alumnos de fichas de trabajo y gamas de control.

The municipality and neighborhood associative entities in argentine cities: its resignification after the decentralization of the ‘80s A case study: The municipality of Río Cuarto and their neighborhood associations

In Argentina, the restructuring of the State initially raised as a public policy in the 1980s and in-depth in the ‘ 90s under the neoliberal model accentuated - between other processes, of the administrative  decentralization, which also resulted in new roles awarded to municipalities. That’s how various actors in society charged leadership. The local and urban were the subject of renewed interpretations,  scenarios where practices more fully participatory citizen could be settled. In the neighborhoods  of cities, grass-roots organizations cultivated his role as space intermediation. This article discusses  and reflects on these new roles that launched from the changes in articulation with the municipality  since the mid-’ 80s and ‘ 90s, and problematizes particularly about the contents and scope of participatory practices inside and outside of organizations of civil society in the neo-liberal situation.

Informal housing in the XXI century. Characteristics of the informal land and housing supply in Bogota during the first decade of the XXI century

This article characterizes the conditions of the informal land and housing supply during the first decade of the xxi century in Bogota, regarding magnitude and location of the informal urban growth (new occupations in the periphery and informal densification of consolidated areas), housing  conditions in recent occupations and the characteristics of the land market. The situation of the  last decade has been reconstructed based in aerial photography analysis, census data quantification  and data analysis from planning and control public entities. Results suggest that due to the relative  land scarcity in Bogotá, among other aspects, the informal market dynamics have experimented changes compared to previous decades, because the growth in consolidated urban areas becomes  more important than the informal urbanization of the peripheries, but at the same time informality  transcends the municipal perimeter to the neighboring municipalities.

Autonomía y relaciones internacionales: un análisis de las propuestas desarrolladas en América Latina

Una gran parte de la producción académica desarrollada en América Latina desde la disciplina de las relaciones internacionales y, en particular, desde el campo de la política exterior, se ha concentrado en la autonomía. En efecto, reconocidos académicos se han aproximado a este concepto utilizando diversos enfoques teóricos en la búsqueda de su posible aplicación a la realidad latinoamericana. Este artículo pretende estudiar las principales propuestas de autonomía; para tal fin se utilizan las herramientas analíticas que proporciona la discusión entre racionalistas y reflectivistas. Este debate se remonta a los aspectos más profundos del proceso de elaboración del conocimiento, el método y la visión de mundo. Aquello que subyace a los supuestos o premisas de toda teoría y que la sostiene de principio a fin. La intención de ello es superar las reflexiones tradicionales que se enfocan en clasificar dichas nociones en virtud de su afiliación teórica o alrededor de supuestos similares. De esta manera, se presenta un estado del arte con una nueva perspectiva analítica que desnuda y cuestiona nuestra forma tradicional de comprender la realidad internacional. Lo anterior permite descubrir los efectos de adoptar métodos y visiones de mundo específicas para resolver problemas que revisten una enorme complejidad y que exigen ampliar el espectro analítico y teórico para su solución.-----A major portion of the academic production developed in Latin America by the international affairs discipline and, in particular, by the foreign policy field, has focused on the autonomy. Indeed, renowned scholars have approached this concept by using different theoretical methods in search of the potential application to the Latin American reality. The article intends to study the main autonomy proposals, using the analytic tools provided by the discussion between rationalists and reflectivists. This debate addresses the deepest aspects of the knowledge creation, the method and the world vision; what underlies the assumptions or premises of any theory and supports it from end to end. The purpose is to overcome the traditional thoughts focused on classifying such notions according to their theoretical affiliations or around similar assumptions. In this way, a state-of-the-art is submitted with a new analytic perspective, which unveils and challenges our traditional way of understanding the international reality. The foregoing allows finding out the effects of adopting methods and world visions specific for solving problems of huge complexity which demand the expansion of the analytical and theoretical spectrum for such purpose.

La seguridad humana: descifrando una nueva noción de seguridad

El artículo presenta una aproximación analítica de la noción de seguridad humana, que no se encuentra inscrita dentro de los estudios tradicionales de seguridad y que se erige como un enfoque polémico en el debate académico y político en las últimas décadas.En este sentido, el artículo presenta, en una primera fase, el estado del arte del desarrollo histórico y conceptual de la seguridad humana, seguido de una interpretación basada en diversas visiones teóricas de las relaciones internacionales y paradigmas de la seguridad. En una segunda fase se analiza la praxis de esta nueva noción y sus implicaciones políticas, cifradas en una eventual condicionalidad de la cooperación internacional y en la legitimidad de la intervención humanitaria.La conclusión a la que llegan las autoras es que la seguridad humana se constituye en una noción ambivalente que transita entre los límites del cálculo estratégico y el supuesto altruismo implícito en los principios de política exterior.-----This Article exposes an analytical approach about Human Security concept which is not under traditional security studies framework. In consequence, It has been building up itself as a polemic issue area in academic and political debate during last decades.Firstly, the article focuses on Human Security conceptual construction based on some International Relations theoretical insights and security paradigms in order to demonstrate its ambiguity. The second part analyzes the modus operandi of this concept taking into consideration two of its main political implications: new possible requirements for international cooperation and humanitarian intervention.In conclusion, the two authors asserted that Human Security is an ambivalent concept linked with both, a classical strategically calculus as well as with a rationalist-altruist principles implicit in the foreign policy.

La seguridad internacional. A la luz de las estructuras y las dinámicas regionales: una propuesta teórica de complejos de seguridad regional

El siguiente estado del saber contiene las principales definiciones, herramientas y variables en relación con la teoría de los complejos de seguridad regional elaborada por Barry Buzan y Ole Weaver. Según esta teoría, el actual escenario político internacional puede ser analizado a la luz de diferentes ámbitos regionales, cuyas estructuras están definidas por complejas interacciones en materia de seguridad entre el conjunto de unidades que allí residen. Los factores geográficos cobran relevancia en este marco teórico dado que, en la mayoría de los casos, las amenazas generan mayor interdependencia entre las unidades adyacentes que entre las distantes. Se propone una variada tipología de complejos de seguridad regional que cubre gran parte del planeta, se explican las razones de la ausencia de tales complejos y se exponen las posibilidades de cambio en el seno de las estructuras. Este esquema académico permite un análisis más certero de las dinámicas que, en los albores del siglo XXI, caracterizan a la distribución internacional del poder y a la arquitectura global de la seguridad.-----This state of knowledge shows the main definitions, tools and variables regarding the Theory of Regional Security Complexes developed by Barry Buzan and Ole Weaver. This theory sets that the international political field should be analyzed through specific regional circuits, whose structures are defined by rich security interactions among the units integrating them. The geographical factors gain relevance in this context given that, in most of the cases, the threats produce a bigger interdependence between neighbors than between units separated by long distances. Thus, the theory proposes a worldwide varied tipology of regional security complexes, explaining the reasons of the absence of such complexes as well as the possibilities of change inside the structures. At the beginning of the XXIst century, this academical framework enables us to develop a deeper analysis about the dinamics that characterizes the international distribution of power and the global architecture of security.

About the Triple A. Argentina 1973 - 1976

On May 25, 1973, Peronism returned to govern Argentina after about two decades of prohibition and political persecution. After its establishment, certain crimes began to be signed with “AAA”. The Triple A adopted the particularity of disappearing with the coup on March 24 1976. Why could this organization only exist in a democracy erected in the middle of two military dictatorships? Why did it exist during the very wished Peronist government? The article offers an approach to the Triple A, that is, from the perspectives of history, sociology and politics. It seeks to unravel the socio-historical conditions of the Triple A by analyzing the international, ideological, utilitarian and strategic factors. Our hypothesis is that this illegal group failed in trying a strategy of non-state conducted repression, which ended up legitimizing the coup option crowned on March 24, 1976.