Finite element models of coseismic deformation due to the 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) and 2008 Wenchuan(China) earthquakes

The topic of my Ph.D. thesis is the finite element modeling of coseismic deformation imaged by DInSAR and GPS data. I developed a method to calculate synthetic Green functions with finite element models (FEMs) and then use linear inversion methods to determine the slip distribution on the fault plane. The method is applied to the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake (Italy) and to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (China). I focus on the influence of rheological features of the earth's crust by implementing seismic tomographic data and the influence of topography by implementing Digital Elevation Models (DEM) layers on the FEMs. Results for the L’Aquila earthquake highlight the non-negligible influence of the medium structure: homogeneous and heterogeneous models show discrepancies up to 20% in the fault slip distribution values. Furthermore, in the heterogeneous models a new area of slip appears above the hypocenter. Regarding the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the very steep topographic relief of Longmen Shan Range is implemented in my FE model. A large number of DEM layers corresponding to East China is used to achieve the complete coverage of the FE model. My objective was to explore the influence of the topography on the retrieved coseismic slip distribution. The inversion results reveals significant differences between the flat and topographic model. Thus, the flat models frequently adopted are inappropriate to represent the earth surface topographic features and especially in the case of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.

Psychobiological correlates of allostatic load

Introduction: The term Clinimetric was introduced by Feinstein in 1982, who first noticed that despite all the improvements in the assessment methods, a number of clinical phenomena were still unconsidered during the evaluation process. Yet today clinical phenomena, such as stress, relevant in diseases progression and course, are not completely evaluated. Only recently, according to the clinimetric approach, Fava and colleagues have introduced specific criteria for evaluating the allostatic overload in clinical setting. Methods: Participants were 240 blood donors recruited from May 2007 to December 2009 in 4 different blood Centers (AVIS) in Italy. Blood samples from each participant were collected for laboratory test the same day the self-rating instruments were administered (Psychosocial Index, Symptom Questionnaire, Psychological well-being scales, Temperament and Character inventory, Self-Report Altruism scale). The study explore different aspects describing sample characteristics and correlates of stress in the total sample (part I), new selection criteria applied to existing instruments to identify individuals reporting allostatic load (part II), and differences on biological correlates between subjects with vs without AL. Results: Significant differences according to gender and past illnesses have been found in different dimensions of well-being and distress. Further, distress was explained for more than 60% by 4 main factors such as anxiety, somatic symptoms, environmental mastery and persistence. According to the new criteria, 98 donors reported AL. Allostatic load individuals reported to engage in less altruistic behaviours. Also they differ in personality traits and characters from controls. In the last part, results showed significant differences among donors according to allostatic load on diverse biological parameters (RBC, MCV, immune essay). Conclusion: This study presents obvious limitations due to its preliminary nature. Further research are need to confirm that these new criteria may lead to identify high risk individuals reporting not only stressful situations but also vulnerabilities.

Magma injections and destabilization of basaltic volcanoes: a numerical study. Application to La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (Tyrrhenian sea, Italy)

Most basaltic volcanoes are affected by recurrent lateral instabilities during their evolution. Numerous factors have been shown to be involved in the process of flank destabilization occurring over long periods of time or by instantaneous failures. However, the role of these factors on the mechanical behaviour and stability of volcanic edifices is poorly-constrained as lateral failure usually results from the combined effects of several parameters. Our study focuses on the morphological and structural comparison of two end-member basaltic systems, La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). We showed that despite major differences on their volumes and geodynamic settings, both systems present some similarities as they are characterized by an intense intrusive activity along well-developed rift zones and recurrent phenomena of flank collapse during their evolution. Among the factors of instability, the examples of la Reunion and Stromboli evidence the major contribution of intrusive complexes to volcano growth and destruction as attested by field observations and the monitoring of these active volcanoes. Classical models consider the relationship between vertical intrusions of magma and flank movements along a preexisting sliding surface. A set of published and new field data from Piton des Neiges volcano (La Reunion) allowed us to recognize the role of subhorizontal intrusions in the process of flank instability and to characterize the geometry of both subvertical and subhorizontal intrusions within basaltic edifices. This study compares the results of numerical modelling of the displacements associated with high-angle and low-angle intrusions within basaltic volcanoes. We use a Mixed Boundary Element Method to investigate the mechanical response of an edifice to the injection of magmatic intrusions in different stress fields. Our results indicate that the anisotropy of the stress field favours the slip along the intrusions due to cointrusive shear stress, generating flank-scale displacements of the edifice, especially in the case of subhorizontal intrusions, capable of triggering large-scale flank collapses on basaltic volcanoes. Applications of our theoretical results to real cases of flank displacements on basaltic volcanoes (such as the 2007 eruptive crisis at La Reunion and Stromboli) revealed that the previous model of subvertical intrusions-related collapse is a likely mechanism affecting small-scale steeply-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Stromboli. Furthermore, our field study combined to modelling results confirms the importance of shallow-dipping intrusions in the morpho-structural evolution of large gently-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Piton de la Fournaise, Etna and Kilauea, with particular regards to flank instability, which can cause catastrophic tsunamis.

L'obbligazione doganale

Le competenze della Comunità europea nell’ambito tributario doganale tendono normalmente ad espandersi a discapito della sovranità fiscale degli Stati membri. Il diritto doganale è stato uno dei primi ambiti giuridici in cui le competenze nazionali sono state avocate a livello comunitario. In Italia e in Belgio, normative e procedure di livello statale continuano tuttavia ad essere presenti. La ricerca si propone di evidenziare gli attriti e le differenze che distinguono il sistema Comunitario doganale dai sistemi nazionali. Sono stati in particolare esaminati i meccanismi di applicazione del diritto comunitario negli Stati membri (con riferimento all’Italia e al Belgio). Una parte della trattazione, poi, è stata dedicata alla dimensione nazionale. Si è così cercato di evidenziare le differenze tra previsioni nazionali in materia doganale nel diritto italiano e belga. La ricerca sugli aspetti statici e dinamici dell’obbligazione doganale si è così confrontata con i seguenti aspetti: - la necessità di ricostruire a livello comunitario una teoria dell’obbligazione doganale, al fine di confrontarla, in un’ottica di coerenza, con la possibilità di mantenere un limite alla libera circolazione delle merci. Quest’ultima, infatti, si confronta e in parte trova una giustificazione nella tutela degli interessi finanziari della Comunità. - la riconduzione del modello comunitario ad una teoria generale tributaria. Il tributo doganale deve essere esaminato sulla base della legislazione comunitaria, che prevede una disciplina puntuale. Si tratta della base di partenza per verificare gli aspetti di disciplina del tributo in materia di soggetto passivo, presupposto, modello di attuazione, liquidazione, rimborso. - la comparazione delle discipline nazionali italiana e belga. La coerenza, propria delle tradizioni giuridiche nazionali, non risulta essere sempre salvaguardata. Si prospetta pertanto un attrito tra gli ordinamenti nazionali e quello comunitario.

Celiachia e difetti dello smalto in età evolutiva: correlazione tra periodo di esposizione al glutine, forme cliniche di celiachia e aplotipo HLA

The association between celiac disease (CD) and dental enamel defects (DED) is well known. AIM: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of DED in CD children and to specifically find a possible correlation between DED and gluten exposure period, CD clinical forms, HLA class II haplotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was designed as a matched case-control study: 374 children were enrolled (187 celiac and 187 non celiac). Data about age at CD diagnosis, CD clinical form and HLA haplotype were recorded. RESULTS: DED were detected in 87 celiac subject while no dental lesions were found in the remaining 100 patients; in 187 healthy controls enamel lesion were significantly less frequent (5.3 % versus 46.5% ; p<0.005).We found a correlation between DED and gluten exposure period, since among CD patients the mean age at CD diagnosis was significantly (p= 0.0004) higher in the group with DED (3.41± 1.27) than without DED (1.26± 0.7). DED resulted more frequent in atypical and silent forms than in the typical one. The presence of HLA DR 52-53 and DQ7 antigens significantly increased the risk of DED (p=0.0017). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed a possible correlation between CD clinical form, age at CD diagnosis, HLA antigens and DED. The origin of DED in CD children is due to multifactorial events and further studies are needed to investigate other determinants.

La privatizzazione del processo civile: esperienza italiana e francese a confronto

La tesi di dottorato affronta uno dei temi più delicati e attuali relativi al processo civile, vale a dire quello della sua privatizzazione, offrendo una comparazione tra la situazione italiana e quella francese, ed analizzando in particolare gli istituti del calendario del processo e dei protocolli d'udienza.

L'imposizione diretta dei redditi del lavoro autonomo: analisi comparata della disciplina italiana, francese, convenzionale e comunitaria

Les théories du post-industrialisation utilisent comme une preuve empirique du changement du processus historique l’entrée dans une nouvelle structure sociale que, par ailleurs, se distingue par le déplacement des biens et des services et par la formation de nouvelles structures professionnelles et de la gestion. Dans ce contexte, en premier lieu, c’est très intéressant à comprendre comme les nouvelles formes de l’organisation économique et sociale ont reussies à influer sur les systèmes de la fiscalité directe de l’État italien et de l’État français à la formation et au perfectionnement de la notion de revenu du travail indépendant et aussi à la formation et au perfectionnement des modèles de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant. Par conséquent, la recherche, dans le principe, se concentre sur le processus de la construction et de l’évolution de la notion de revenu du travail indépendant et aussi de la construction et de l’évolution des formes nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant; un processus dévelopé au cours de l’Époque Moderne et de l’Époque Contemporaine que, du point de vue historique-fiscale, s’encadre comme l’époque des grands changements en ce qui concerne aussi à la fiscalité directe des revenus de la richesse mobilière. En second lieu, c’est très important à préciser si existe la possibilité de reconstruire les notions actuelles des revenus du travail indépendant en vue de l’aproximation des modalitès de la taxation directe de cette catégorie de revenus de la richesse mobilière avec les modalitès de la taxation directe des revenus de l’entreprise adoptées dans les systèmes italien et français de la fiscalitè directe; par conséquent, la recherche s’oriente vers la déscrition et l’analyse des questions en ce qui concerne à la définition fiscale objective et subjective des revenus du travail indépendant, à la direction vers laquelle on doit s’adresser actuellement les modèles nationaux de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant et les raisons que la justifient. En autre, la recherche s’étendre vers une analyse comparative laquelle évidence les éléments de la convergence et de la divergence nécessaires pour tirer avec exactitude des conclusions sur l’approximation au niveau national et européen des notions des revenus du travail indépendant et des principes et modalités de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant à fin de garantir les libertés de l’établissement et de la prestation des services et les principes de non-dicrimination et de la non-différenciation fiscale des travailleurs indépendants transfrontières dans le marché intérieur. En troisième lieu, c’est très intéressant à préciser avec cette recherche si dans le cadre conventionnel et européen existe une notion de revenu du travail indépendant ou non et si existe un modèle européen unifié ou, au contraire, il s’agit d’une approximation des modèles nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant. Par conséquent, un’autre argument de la recherce est l’analyse de la normative conventionnelle et de la législation européenne et aussi de la jurisprudence de la Cour de la Justice de l’Union Européenne relatives à la construction d’une notion conventionnelle et aussi européenne du travail indépendant au matiere de la fiscalité directe et l’incidence de principes conventionnels et aussi de libertés européenne de l’établissement et de la prestation des services à la taxation directe des revenus des travailleurs indépendants par rapport aux principes de non-discrimination et de la non-différenciation fiscale; une analyse laquelle évidence l’absence d’un modèle conventionnel et d’un modèle européen harmonisé relativement à la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant à raison de la prévalence du principe de la souveranité fiscale au domaine de la fiscalitè directe et pour cette raison en peut parler seulement d’une approximation des modèles nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant à fin de garantir les libertés européenne de l’établissement et de la prestation des services des travailleurs indépendants et les principes conventionnels de non-discrimination et de la non-différenciation fiscale. À la fin, c’est très intéressant à préciser si existe une corrélation entre les Traités fiscales et le Droit fiscal européen en ce qui concerne à la notion de revenus du travail indépendant et les principes fiscales. Par conséquent, la recherche se compléte avec l’analyse du régime fiscale des revenus du travail indépendant évidencé dans le Modèle de la Convention de l’OCDE et dans la Convention Italie-France concernant à l’élimination de la double imposition; une analyse laquelle, en analogie avec le droit fiscal européen, précise l’approximation des revenus du travail indépendant avec les revenus de l’entreprise en se référant le Modèle de la Convention de l’OCDE et l’absence d’un modèle conventionel de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant, mais, à différence du droit fiscal européen, évidence la présence des certains critéres adoptés par la normative conventionnelle à fin de garantir l’arrêt de la double imposition et le principe de la non-discrimination que, en substance, sont points de convérgence avec le droit fiscal européen. En autre, l’analyse de la normative conventionnelle de l’OCDE, à différence de la normative conventionnelle relative à la Convention de l’élimination de la double imposition finalisée par l’Italie et la France, évidence une évolution de la fiscalitè directe en ce qui concerne aux travailleurs indépendants laquelle se vérifie à l’adoption des critéres de la fiscalitè directe des revenus des sociétés et de la quelle en se dérive l’approximation de la notion des revenus du travail indépendant avec la notion des revenus de l’entreprise, en substance, revenus provenant par les activités économiques. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, c’est clair la convérgence parmis les législations nationales de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant et la normative conventionnelle du Modèle de la Convention de l’OCDE et la normative europénne; une convérgence que confirme la nouvelle diréction vers la quelle s’adressent les notions et les modèles de la taxation directe des revenus du travail indépendant dans les systèmes nationals de la taxation directe: l’approximation avec les modèles nationales de la taxation directe des revenus des sociétés en vue de l’approximation des notions des revenus dérives par les activités économiques.

Spectral-Element and Adjoint 3D Full-Wave Tomography for the Lithosphere of Central Italy

The primary objective of this thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the 3D velocity structure of the lithosphere in central Italy. To this end, I adopted the Spectral-Element Method to perform accurate numerical simulations of the complex wavefields generated by the 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila event and by its foreshocks and aftershocks together with some additional events within our target region. For the mainshock, the source was represented by a finite fault and different models for central Italy, both 1D and 3D, were tested. Surface topography, attenuation and Moho discontinuity were also accounted for. Three-component synthetic waveforms were compared to the corresponding recorded data. The results of these analyses show that 3D models, including all the known structural heterogeneities in the region, are essential to accurately reproduce waveform propagation. They allow to capture features of the seismograms, mainly related to topography or to low wavespeed areas, and, combined with a finite fault model, result into a favorable match between data and synthetics for frequencies up to ~0.5 Hz. We also obtained peak ground velocity maps, that provide valuable information for seismic hazard assessment. The remaining differences between data and synthetics led us to take advantage of SEM combined with an adjoint method to iteratively improve the available 3D structure model for central Italy. A total of 63 events and 52 stations in the region were considered. We performed five iterations of the tomographic inversion, by calculating the misfit function gradient - necessary for the model update - from adjoint sensitivity kernels, constructed using only two simulations for each event. Our last updated model features a reduced traveltime misfit function and improved agreement between data and synthetics, although further iterations, as well as refined source solutions, are necessary to obtain a new reference 3D model for central Italy tomography.

Three dimensional seismic imaging and earthquake locations in a complex, segmented fault region in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The southern Apennines of Italy have been experienced several destructive earthquakes both in historic and recent times. The present day seismicity, characterized by small-to-moderate magnitude earthquakes, was used like a probe to obatin a deeper knowledge of the fault structures where the largest earthquakes occurred in the past. With the aim to infer a three dimensional seismic image both the problem of data quality and the selection of a reliable and robust tomographic inversion strategy have been faced. The data quality has been obtained to develop optimized procedures for the measurements of P- and S-wave arrival times, through the use of polarization filtering and to the application of a refined re-picking technique based on cross-correlation of waveforms. A technique of iterative tomographic inversion, linearized, damped combined with a strategy of multiscale inversion type has been adopted. The retrieved P-wave velocity model indicates the presence of a strong velocity variation along a direction orthogonal to the Apenninic chain. This variation defines two domains which are characterized by a relatively low and high velocity values. From the comparison between the inferred P-wave velocity model with a portion of a structural section available in literature, the high velocity body was correlated with the Apulia carbonatic platforms whereas the low velocity bodies was associated to the basinal deposits. The deduced Vp/Vs ratio shows that the ratio is lower than 1.8 in the shallower part of the model, while for depths ranging between 5 km and 12 km the ratio increases up to 2.1 in correspondence to the area of higher seismicity. This confirms that areas characterized by higher values are more prone to generate earthquakes as a response to the presence of fluids and higher pore-pressures.

Fault delineation and stress orientations from the analysis of background, low magnitude seismicity in Southern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of this work was to show that refined analyses of background, low magnitude seismicity allow to delineate the main active faults and to accurately estimate the directions of the regional tectonic stress that characterize the Southern Apennines (Italy), a structurally complex area with high seismic potential. Thanks the presence in the area of an integrated dense and wide dynamic network, was possible to analyzed an high quality microearthquake data-set consisting of 1312 events that occurred from August 2005 to April 2011 by integrating the data recorded at 42 seismic stations of various networks. The refined seismicity location and focal mechanisms well delineate a system of NW-SE striking normal faults along the Apenninic chain and an approximately E-W oriented, strike-slip fault, transversely cutting the belt. The seismicity along the chain does not occur on a single fault but in a volume, delimited by the faults activated during the 1980 Irpinia M 6.9 earthquake, on sub-parallel predominant normal faults. Results show that the recent low magnitude earthquakes belongs to the background seismicity and they are likely generated along the major fault segments activated during the most recent earthquakes, suggesting that they are still active today thirty years after the mainshock occurrences. In this sense, this study gives a new perspective to the application of the high quality records of low magnitude background seismicity for the identification and characterization of active fault systems. The analysis of the stress tensor inversion provides two equivalent models to explain the microearthquake generation along both the NW-SE striking normal faults and the E- W oriented fault with a dominant dextral strike-slip motion, but having different geological interpretations. We suggest that the NW-SE-striking Africa-Eurasia convergence acts in the background of all these structures, playing a primary and unifying role in the seismotectonics of the whole region.

Integrating new and traditional approaches for the estimate of slip-rates of active faults: examples from the Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake area, Central Italy

This thesis is based on the integration of traditional and innovative approaches aimed at improving the normal faults seimogenic identification and characterization, focusing mainly on slip-rate estimate as a measure of the fault activity. The L’Aquila Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 earthquake causative fault, namely the Paganica - San Demetrio fault system (PSDFS), was used as a test site. We developed a multidisciplinary and scale‐based strategy consisting of paleoseismological investigations, detailed geomorphological and geological field studies, as well as shallow geophysical imaging and an innovative application of physical properties measurements. We produced a detailed geomorphological and geological map of the PSDFS, defining its tectonic style, arrangement, kinematics, extent, geometry and internal complexities. The PSDFS is a 19 km-long tectonic structure, characterized by a complex structural setting and arranged in two main sectors: the Paganica sector to the NW, characterized by a narrow deformation zone, and the San Demetrio sector to SE, where the strain is accommodated by several tectonic structures, exhuming and dissecting a wide Quaternary basin, suggesting the occurrence of strain migration through time. The integration of all the fault displacement data and age constraints (radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and tephrochronology) helped in calculating an average Quaternary slip-rate representative for the PSDFS of 0.27 - 0.48 mm/yr. On the basis of its length (ca. 20 km) and slip per event (up to 0.8 m) we also estimated a max expected Magnitude of 6.3-6.8 for this fault. All these topics have a significant implication in terms of surface faulting hazard in the area and may contribute also to the understanding of the PSDFS seismic behavior and of the local seismic hazard.

'Defending the rights'. An integrated model of collective action for "public water" in Italy

In many communities, supplying water for the people is a huge task and the fact that this essential service can be carried out by the private sector respecting the right to water, is a debated issue. This dissertation investigates the mechanisms through which a 'perceived rights violation' - which represents a specific form of perceived injustice which derives from the violation of absolute moral principles – can promote collective action. Indeed, literature on morality and collective action suggests that even if many people apparently sustain high moral principles (like human rights), only a minority decides to act in order to defend them. Taking advantage of the political situation in Italy, and the recent mobilization for "public water" we hypothesized that, because of its "sacred value", the perceived violation of the right to water facilitates identification with the social movement and activism. Through five studies adopting qualitative and quantitative methods, we confirmed our hypotheses demonstrating that the perceived violation of the right to water can sustain activism and it can influence vote intentions at the referendum for 'public water'. This path to collective action coexists with other 'classical' predictors of collective action, like instrumental factors (personal advantages, efficacy beliefs) and anger. The perceived rights violation can derive both from personal values (i.e. universalism) and external factors (i.e. a mobilization campaign). Furthermore, we demonstrated that it is possible to enhance the perceived violation of the right to water and anger through a specifically designed communication campaign. The final chapter summarizes the main findings and discusses the results, suggesting some innovative line of research for collective action literature.

Il "Progetto Bagnacavallo": prevalenza dell'ipertransaminasemia e NAFLD nella popolazione generale

Nel corso degli ultimi due decenni in particolare si è andata evidenziando a livello epatologico una entità definita oggi Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) che si è andata ad affiancare alle cause in precedenza conosciute, fino a risultare, attraverso il succedersi di riscontri scientifici, la causa prevalente di epatopatia, in particolare nei paesi occidentali e industrializzati. Negli stessi anni un'altra problematica clinica complessa che va sotto il nome di Sindrome Metabolica si è andata via via delineando attraverso le sue molteplici correlazioni con quelle che sono le cause di morbidità e mortalità prevalenti nella nostra realtà, dal diabete alla patologia cardiovascolare e non ultima alla NAFLD stessa. Scopo dello Studio in oggetto a questa tesi era proprio di rivalutare nel territorio italiano la prevalenza di epatopatia in particolare correlabile alla NAFLD e la sua associazione con la Sindrome Metabolica.