966 resultados para Dislocation Patterning


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A new method is realized for the growth of self-formed quantum dots. We identify that dislocation-free islands can be formed by the strain from the strained superlattice taken as a whole. Unlike the Stranski-Krastanow (S-K) growth mode, the islands do not form during the growth of the corresponding strained single layers. Highly uniform quantum dots can be self-formed via this mechanism. The low temperature spectra of self-formed InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattices grown on a (001) GaAs substrate have a full width at half maximum of 26-34 meV, indicating a better uniformity of quantum dot size than those grown in the S-K mode. This method can provide great degrees of freedom in designing possible quantum dot devices. 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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A transmission electron microscopy study of triple-ribbon contrast features in a ZnTe layer grown epitaxially on a vicinal GaAs (001) substrate is reported. The ribbons go through the layer as threading dislocations near the [<(11)over bar 2>](111) or [112](<(11)over bar 1>) directions. Each of these (with a 40 nm width) has two narrow parts enclosed by three partial dislocations (with a 20 nm spacing). By contrast analysis and contrast simulation, the ribbons have been shown to be composed of two partially overlapping stacking faults. Their origin is attributed to a forced reaction between two crossing perfect misfit dislocations.

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High-quality InAs epitaxial layers have been grown on (1 0 0) oriented semi-insulating GaAs substrates by MBE. The transport properties of largely lattice mismatched InAs/GaAs heterojunctions have been investigated by Hall effect measurements down to 10 K. In spite of a high dislocation density at the heterointerface, very high electron mobilities are obtained in the InAs thin films. By doping Si into the layer far from the InAs/GaAs interface, we found that the doped samples have higher electron mobility than that of the undoped samples with the same thickness. The mobility demonstrates a pronounced minimum around 300 K for the undoped sample. But for Si-doped samples, no pronounced minimum has been found. Such abnormal behaviours are explained by the parallel conduction from the quasi-bulk carriers and interface carriers. These high-mobility InAs thin films are found to be suitable materials for making Hall elements. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Threading dislocations in the III-V heterostructure system are investigated based on the observation of dislocations in the In0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs superlattice with transmission electron microscope. To explain both the presence and orientation of threading dislocations in the epilayers an alloy effect on the dislocation lines in ternary III-V compounds is proposed, and, in addition, a pseudo-stable state for threading dislocations in binary compounds is recognized. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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It was observed with transmission electron microscopy in the In0.52Al0.48As/InxGa1-xAs/In0.52Al0.48As/InP heterostructure that misfit dislocation lines deviate from the [110] directions at a certain angle depending on the indium content x. Such an abnormal alignment of misfit dislocations is explained in terms of an alloy effect on the formation of single jogs on the misfit dislocations in the interface between the III-V ternary compounds.

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It was observed with transmission electron microscopy in the In0.52Al0.48As/InxGa1-xAs/In0.52Al0.48As system grown on the (001) InP substrate that misfit dislocation lines deviate [110] directions at an angle with its value depending on the gallium content. Such an abnormal alignment of misfit dislocations is explained in terms of an alloy effect on the formation of single jogs on misfit dislocations in the interface between the III-V ternary compounds. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.

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A novel AlGaN/GaN/GaN/GaN double heterojunction high electron mobility transistors (DH-HEMTS) structure with an AlN interlayer on sapphire substrate has been grown by MOCVD. The structure featured a 6-10 nm In0.1Ga0.9N layer inserted between the GaN channel and GaN buffer. And wer also inserted one ultrathin. AlN interlayer into the Al/GaN/GaN interface, which significantly enhanced the mobility of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) existed in the GaN channel. AFM result of this structure shows a good surface morphology and a low dislocation density, with the root-mean-square roughness (RMS) of 0.196 nm for a scan area of 5 mu m x 5 mu m. Temperature dependent Hall measurement was performed on this sample, and a mobility as high as 1950 cm(2)/Vs at room temperature (RT) was obtained. The sheet carrier density was 9.89 x10(12) cm(2), and average sheet resistance of 327 Omega/sq was achieved. The mobility obtained in this paper is about 50% higher than other results of similar structures which have been reported. (c) 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

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Nano-patterning sapphire substrates technique has been developed for nitrides light-emitting diodes (LEDs) growths. It is expected that the strain induced by the lattice misfits between the GaN epilayers and the sapphire substrates can be effectively accommodated via the nano-trenches. The GaN epilayers grown on the nano-patterned sapphire substrates by a low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. In comparison with the planar sapphire substrate, about 46% increment in device performance is measured for the InGaN/GaN blue LEDs grown on the nano-patterned sapphire substrates.

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This paper describes the design and fabrication process of a two-dimensional GaAs-based photonic crystal nanocavity and analyzes the optical characterization of cavity modes at room temperature. Single InAs/InGaAs quantum dots (QDs) layer was embedded in a GaAs waveguide layer grown on an Al0.7Ga0.3As layer and GaAs substrate. The patterning of the structure and the membrane release were achieved by using electron-beam lithography, reaction ion etching, inductively coupled plasma etching and selective wet etching. The micro-luminescence spectrum is recorded from the fabricated nanocavities, and it is found that some high-order cavity modes are clearly observed besides the lowest-order resonant mode is exhibited in spite of much high rate of nonradiative recombination. The variance of resonant modes is also discussed as a function of r/a ratio and will be used in techniques aimed to improve the probability of achieving spectral coupling of a single QD to a cavity mode.

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Almost free-standing single crystal mesoscale and nanoscale dots of ferroelectric BaTiO(3) have been made by direct focused ion beam patterning of bulk single crystal material. The domain structures which appear in these single crystal dots, after cooling through the Curie temperature, were observed to form into quadrants, with each quadrant consisting of fine 90 degrees stripe domains. The reason that these rather complex domain configurations form is uncertain, but we consider and discuss three possibilities for their genesis: first, that the quadrant features initially form to facilitate field-closure, but then develop 90 degrees shape compensating stripe domains in order to accommodate disclination stresses; second, that they are the result of the impingement of domain packets which nucleate at the sidewalls of the dots forming "Forsbergh" patterns (essentially the result of phase transition kinetics); and third, that 90 degrees domains form to conserve the shape of the nanodot as it is cooled through the Curie temperature but arrange into quadrant packets in order to minimize the energy associated with uncompensated surface charges (thus representing an equilibrium state). While the third model is the preferred one, we note that the second and third models are not mutually exclusive.

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加工高精度的微米及纳米尺寸的图形结构在理论研究以及实际应用中都有非常重要的意义。由于传统的光刻技术本身的不足以及其他的先进刻蚀技术所具有的高成本,操作复杂等缺点,使得基于模板技术的微加工方法得到了人们的广泛关注。基于模板技术的微加工方法的低成本、高效率、设备简单、应用范围广等特点使得该类技术得到了很大的发展,但仍有一些问题急待解决,如现有模板微图案化方法主要制备与模板精度相同的图案,图形尺寸取决于原始模板。因此如何实现多层以及具有复杂化学或拓扑结构的微结构的制备,存在一定的挑战性。同时,随着有机光电功能信息材料及器件的快速发展,模板微图案化方法在该领域的应用也成为目前研究的热点。进一步发展低成本,高效率,不影响图案化材料性能以及适用于加工不同尺度结构的微加工方法,是我们需要解决的关键问题。 本论文在模板技术基础上,发展了以毛细力或机械黏附力等为图案化驱动力的多种聚合物以及金属微加工方法,主要内容如下: 我们发展了制备尺寸可调以及特殊聚合物结构的微加工方法。提出了溶剂辅助毛细力刻蚀技术制备尺寸可调聚合物图案。利用PDMS模板溶剂溶胀特性,以聚合物溶液的毛细力为图案加工驱动力,通过控制模板与聚合物薄膜的接触时间,实现了室温条件下可控尺寸聚合物图案加工。该方法可以多次加工制备复杂的聚合物结构。对于PDMS模板非溶胀性溶剂,我们直接利用聚合物溶液的毛细力作用,通过聚合物溶液浓度的调节,有效调控图形的尺寸以及形貌。我们引进冰模板技术,通过冰与水的可逆转变,制备了聚合物微球面结构。进一步利用该聚合物微球面结构加工了聚合物微透镜。通过对基底亲疏水性质的调节,实现不同曲率微透镜的制备。得到的微透镜具有较好的光学性能。 我们介绍了一种用环氧树脂为模板的热剥离技术进行聚合物图案化的方法。引进PDMS基板为图案加工的载体,在相对较大的压力下,PDMS基板发生较大的弹性形变,辅助聚合物薄膜在环氧树脂模板图案边缘处发生断裂或弱化过程。在相对较高的温度下,聚合物薄膜与环氧树脂模板之间形成了紧密的结合,与环氧树脂模板接触的聚合物薄膜被选择性剥离。它是一种以机械粘附力为图案加工驱动力的方法,适用于多种聚合物材料。与其它打印技术相比,该方法的一个显著的优点是得到的分离聚合物图案可以进行传递打印。应用于以聚合物材料为绝缘层的有机晶体管加工,可以有效避免半导体材料旋涂过程中溶剂对绝缘层的影响,提高器件性能。 我们提出了溶剂辅助金属传递打印技术加工金属微结构。利用聚合物粘弹性随饱和溶剂处理时间而变化的规律,通过调控金属薄膜和模板、金属薄膜和聚合物薄膜之间界面相互作用力,以机械粘附力作为图案化驱动力,实现了室温条件下大面积金属图案加工。它可以适用于多种材料以及加工多层金属结构。我们在此基础上提出了反向加工过程,进一步扩大了方法的应用范围。我们将其应用于有机晶体管的加工。器件的性能与用其它方法加工的器件性能相比有所下降,但是该方法具有快速大面积图案化、可在开放的空气环境中操作的优点,加工过程简单,加工成本低,因此适用于低端电子器件。

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本论文通过具有不同拓扑结构和化学性质的基底,诱导聚合物薄膜的去润湿行为,控制去润湿的发生过程,达到了制备有序图案的目的。同时探讨了有序图案形成机理以及图案的潜在应用。在物理改性的条纹图案的硅基底上,薄膜以条纹的边界为成核因子破裂而发生去润湿,最终形成了规则排列的聚合物条纹图案。研究还发现基底条纹的宽度必须小于一定的临界值时才能形成规则去润湿图案。其次,在化学改性的条纹和方块图案的硅基底上,由于基底与化学图案微观上高度差别和润湿性差别造成薄膜在图案边界破裂而发生去润湿,最终我们得到了比原来改性模板更小、更复杂的聚合物条纹和面心结构的图案。另外控制实验条件,我们在硅基底上得到了与模板图案不同的化学图案,聚合物薄膜在这种图案化的基底上按成核机理发生去润湿而得到了薄膜微图案。利用薄膜方程理论解释了薄膜在这种改性基底上的去润湿行为。最后我们将聚合物薄膜的微图案通过图案转移的方法传递到其他材料上。研究结果表明通过改性基底来控制去润湿不但是制备聚合物薄膜微图案化的新方法,与原来改性的模板相比,还可以大大减小薄膜微图案的尺寸和改变图案的形状,这为软物质在微米及纳米水平上图案化提供了不需传统刻蚀技术的简单易行的方法。

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利用溶胶-凝胶法合成了一系列稀土离子掺杂的发光薄膜,包括三元氧磷灰石稀土硅酸盐Ca2RS(SiO4)6O2(R=YGd)体系,YVO4体系,LaPO4体系以及钒磷酸盐形成的固熔体体系1并研究了稀土离子Eu3+,Tb3+,Dy3+,Sm3+,Er3+和类汞离子Pb2+在这些薄膜中的发光性质和能量传递性质。同时利用软石印法结合毛细管微模板技术实现了发光薄膜的图案化。SEM以及AFM结果表明,利用溶胶一凝胶法制备的发光薄膜表面致密均匀,无开裂。通过增加镀膜溶液的粘度、镀膜的次数可以有效的控制薄膜的厚度,使其达到理想的范围。由此可见溶胶一凝胶法是一种比较理想的制备发光薄膜的方法。在三元氧磷灰石稀土硅酸盐Ca2R8(SiO4)6O2(R=YGd)体系中,稀土离子Eu3+,Tb3+在Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2基质中占据低刘·称性格位6h(Cs)和4f(C3),并以其特征的红光发射(5Do-7F2)和绿光发射(5D4-7F5)为主。Eu3+,Tb3+发光的最佳浓度分别为Y3+的10mol%和6mol%,Ca2Y8(51O4)6O2:Eu3+薄膜样品的发光强度和寿命随着烧结温度的升高而增加,Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2:Tb3+薄膜样品的发光强度和寿命在800℃时最大,随后又随烧结温度的升高有所下降,Pb2+可以敏化Ca2Gd8(SiO4 )6O2中Gd3+的基质晶格,通过Pb2+→Gd3十→(Gd3+)n→A3+形式传递和转移能量。在YVO4体系中,利用Pechini溶胶一凝胶法以无机盐为主要原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,利用聚乙二醇调节镀膜溶液的粘度,制备了YvO4:A(A=Eu3+ Dy3+,Sm3+,Er3+)纳米发光薄膜。结合软石印法,通过简单工艺实现了发光薄膜图案化烧结过程中图案化薄膜有一定程度的收缩,存在一定的缺陷。得到的条纹在紫外灯下发出明亮的红光。掺杂的稀土离子在YVO4薄膜中显示它们特征发射,同时VO43-和稀土离子之间存在能量传递。Dy3+,Sm3+,Er3十发光的最佳浓度皆为Y3+的2mol%,这三者的发光淬灭是由交叉驰豫引起的。在LaPO4发光薄膜中,Etl3+以591nm的5Do-7Fl跃迁发射为主,呈现红橙光;Tb3+以543nm的5D4-7F5发射为主,属于绿光发射。Ce3+则由其特有的5d-4f双峰发射组成。Tb3+和Eu3+掺杂的样品发光强度和荧光寿命随烧结温度的升局而增加。Tb3+和Eu3+的寿命曲线符合指数衰减,但Tb3十在LaPO4:Ce,Tb薄膜中,所得的寿命曲线不符合单指数衰减。Ce3+和Tb3+之间存在吸收能量传递。通过计算得到能量传递效率可以达到95%以上。XRD结果表明,从x=0到x=1 YVxP1-xO4:Eu3+薄膜形成了一系列具有错石结构的固熔体。在YVxP1-xO4:Eu3+(0≤x≤1)系列薄膜中,随着x值的增加,Eu3+的发光强度和红橙比逐渐增大。除x=0,其它的Eu3+的红橙比都大于1,说明在发射光谱中,以Eu3+禁戒5Do一7F2电偶极跃迁为主,Etls十在基质中处于低对称性格位。当x=0时,即Y0.98Eu0.l2PO4薄膜中,Eu3+,仍处于D2d低对称性格位,但5D0一7FI橙光发射却比SD0一7F2红光发射强。x对Y0.98Eu0.02VxP1-xO4(0≤x≤l)薄膜寿命曲线有很大的影响,当0≤x≤0.5时,Eu3+5 D0-7F2发射呈单指数衰减;当x≥0.6时,Eu3+5D0-7F2发射的衰减曲线比较复杂,不能用单指数拟合。YVxP1-xO4:A3+(0≤x≤1,A=Er,Sm)薄膜中,由于存在VO43-A3+,以及VO43-(VO43-)n-A3+(n≥1)形式的能量传递,同时由于浓度淬灭,VO43-的蓝光发射在0.1≤x≤1范围内,随x的增加而减弱,当x=1时,VO43-的蓝光发射被完全淬灭,而A3+发光强度随x的增加而增加。在RVO4:A3+(R=Y,La,Gd,A=Eu,Sm,Er)纳米发光薄膜中,R对稀土离子发光性质的影响主要是由于基质晶体结构的不同。A3+在YVO4和GdVO4中属于D2d对称性,在YVO4和GdVO4薄膜中A3+的光谱性质基本相同,而LaVO4属于单斜晶系,具有独居石结构。A3+在LaVO4中属于C1对称性。C1对称性比D2d对称性低,A3+的发光光谱中谱线的位置以及谱线的劈裂数目都略有不同。由于Gd3+和发光离子之间的能量传递,A3+在GdVO4基质中的发光最强。

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利用瑞利波信息反演层状半空间介质的性质和状态,是地震勘探、岩土工程、及超声检测领域关注的研究课题。本文由层状半空间瑞利波的实验数据,分析给出了层状半空间中瑞利波的传播模式和频散曲线,并进而利用基阶和(或)高阶模式瑞利波频散曲线反演了层状介质参数。本文分别用数值模拟和实验分析进行了深入的研究。在数值模拟中,采用地震勘探中常用的爆炸点源激发产生的瑞利波,利用频率波数分析方法分析了层状半空间瑞利波的频散,考察了源检距,道间距,接收道数目等因素对频散曲线的影响,给出了这些参数的定量要求。研究表明频率波数分析方法得到的频散曲线和按激发强度占主导的模式随频率的变化而形成的跳跃频散曲线一致。对于速度递增的层状半空间,反演时可以仅考虑基阶模式的瑞利波频散曲线,对于含有低速层的层状半空间,则必须考虑模式跳跃后形成的“之”字形频散曲线。在用遗传算法反演介质参数时,也必须考虑激发强度占主导地位的模式随频率的变化,从而恰当地设计目标函数,才能得出对层状介质参数的正确反演。在超声实验中,用表面圆形法向力源激发的瑞利波,对三个层状半空间模型,即均匀半空间,速度递增的两层半空间,含低速层的三层半空间,利用我们实验室自行研制的数字式多通道发射和接收系统,进行了超声探测实验。通过对实验得到的多道瑞利波信号,利用频率波数分析的方法得到了和理论结果一致的实验频散曲线,并基此利用遗传算法实现了层状介质参数的正确反演,得到了和实际介质参数相符的反演结果。数值模拟和实验研究的结果均表明,由实验数据正确给出频散曲线和相应的采用遗传算法发展的适合层状半空间介质的反演方法,是一种优良的反演方法,一般可以找到全局的最优解。获得介质性状较好反演结果的原因,是因为我们首次考虑到了由激发强度决定的占主导地位的模式随频率的变化规律,对应地我们建立了爆炸点源和表面法向力源激发下,分层半空间多模瑞利波模式分析及频散曲线获取和介质参数反演的系统方法。此外,本文最后为了与频率波数分析的结果进行对比,研究了时频分析方法一魏格纳维尔分布,用数值模拟和实验结果分析了层状介质中瑞利波的频散曲线。结果表明时频分析方法获得的频散曲线不及多道频率波数分析得到的瑞利波频散曲线准确。不过由于时频分析仅需要一个接收道的数据就能给出结果,比多道频率波数分析方法要简便,如果能对此方法加以改进,还是一种具有前景的分析方法。总的来说,本文系统地给出了用瑞利波反演分层半空间介质性质和层厚的方法,并给出了相应的软件。数值模拟和实验研究表明,本文给出的建立在严格理论基础上的方法,为用瑞利波探测地层和超声探测层状介质,奠定了可靠的基础。在此基础上,进一步发展相应的系统解释软件,可望能提供给地层勘探,层状材料和薄膜的超声探测等领域应用。

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发展不依赖于传统刻蚀技术的、图案尺寸等可以动态调控的微图案化方法是当前国际上的研究热点。高分子由于可以通过可控聚合调控其预定结构和尺寸,并且具有易于加工和可以嵌入多种化学功能团等特点,是制备不依赖于传统刻蚀技术的价廉、高产的微图案化的理想材料。因而设计具有特定结构的高分子,利用高分子的丰富的相态结构和其在外场等作用下的性质,发展高分子图案化方法、技术和原理具有重要意义。本论文利用高分子的尺度和结构特征以及对外场的响应特性,研究其自组装形成微、纳米图案的影响因素和机理,掌握了调控图案形态、尺寸、表面性质的规律,实现了稳定、有序的智能图案的动态设计。主要内容如下:(1)利用冷凝的水蒸汽液滴为模板,在PS、PMMA等均聚物薄膜上制备了微米尺寸的规则孔洞结构。研究了溶剂性质、聚合物溶液粘度、环境湿度等对规则孔洞形成的影响,观察了孔洞形成的中间过程,提出了孔洞形成的机理。(2)研究了高分子均聚物和以聚合物为基体的发光小分子薄膜在外场(电场、温度场)作用下的长程有序规则排列图案的形成条件和机理,以及外场作用对高分子有序结构的影响因素。静电力和温度梯度使薄膜变得不稳定,表面产生具有一定波长和周期的起伏波,这种波动逐渐增强使薄膜破裂最终形成规则结构。(3)通过研究发现薄膜厚度、溶剂对不同链段的选择性以及溶剂蒸汽处理时间对嵌段共聚物薄膜表面形态的演变有重要影响。对于对称双嵌段共聚物PS-b-PMMA薄膜,在PMMA的选择性溶剂蒸汽中,通过改变溶剂蒸汽对PS-b-PMMA薄膜的溶胀程度和处理时间,得到规则孔洞到条纹转变的一系列纳米结构和规则小球到条纹转变的一系列纳米结构。溶剂蒸汽改变了薄膜边界条件,使富集在基底的PMMA向薄膜表面迁移,使其表面形貌和组成发生变化。通过将此体系与均聚物和短链嵌段共聚物共混,改变链段间的界面张力,可以调控纳米结构的尺寸。更进一步,得到的纳米结构图案化的薄膜具有环境敏感性。当将其置于对PS嵌段具有选择性的溶剂蒸汽中时,变换薄膜的边界条件,表面形貌和性质发生了反转。