Investigating the mesh dependency and upscaling of 3D grain-based models for the simulation of brittle fracture processes in low-porosity crystalline rock

The application of 3D grain-based modelling techniques is investigated in both small and large scale 3DEC models, in order to simulate brittle fracture processes in low-porosity crystalline rock. Mesh dependency in 3D grain-based models (GBMs) is examined through a number of cases to compare Voronoi and tetrahedral grain assemblages. Various methods are used in the generation of tessellations, each with a number of issues and advantages. A number of comparative UCS test simulations capture the distinct failure mechanisms, strength profiles, and progressive damage development using various Voronoi and tetrahedral GBMs. Relative calibration requirements are outlined to generate similar macro-strength and damage profiles for all the models. The results confirmed a number of inherent model behaviors that arise due to mesh dependency. In Voronoi models, inherent tensile failure mechanisms are produced by internal wedging and rotation of Voronoi grains. This results in a combined dependence on frictional and cohesive strength. In tetrahedral models, increased kinematic freedom of grains and an abundance of straight, connected failure pathways causes a preference for shear failure. This results in an inability to develop significant normal stresses causing cohesional strength dependence. In general, Voronoi models require high relative contact tensile strength values, with lower contact stiffness and contact cohesional strength compared to tetrahedral tessellations. Upscaling of 3D GBMs is investigated for both Voronoi and tetrahedral tessellations using a case study from the AECL’s Mine-by-Experiment at the Underground Research Laboratory. An upscaled tetrahedral model was able to reasonably simulate damage development in the roof forming a notch geometry by adjusting the cohesive strength. An upscaled Voronoi model underestimated the damage development in the roof and floor, and overestimated the damage in the side-walls. This was attributed to the discretization resolution limitations.

PROCESSOS EROSIVOS NO SUBSISTEMA “TERRAS-DE-PLANTAR” DE UM FAXINAL PARANAENSE SOB CULTIVO DE FUMO INTEGRADO

Faxinal se constitui num sistema tradicional de apropriação de terras e de uso solo: é uma organização socioeconômica rural, que expressa um modelo peculiar de vida adotado por comunidades rurais de um “Brasil ainda Colonial”. Mas, desde os anos 1980, esse modelo sofre transformações gradativas com a expansão das monoculturas comerciais associados à indústria do tabaco. Neste caso, o Faxinal se localiza na subunidade morfoescultural do Planalto de Prudentópolis, Unidade Morfoestrutural da Bacia do Paraná, constituído de material do período Permiano, como argilitos, folhelhos, siltitos e arenitos muitos finos, intercalados por de lentes de calcário e, siltitos de cor avermelhada. O relevo, esculpido sobre estruturas horizontais e sub-horizontais, apresenta vertentes convexo-retilíneas e vales em V, cujos solos apresentam propriedades físico-químicas favoráveis a ação erosiva, destacadamente em linhas pronunciadas no sentido das pendentes. O objetivo deste artigo foi ‘tratar dos processos pedogeomórficos no subsistema “terras-de-plantar’ do Faxinal Taquari dos Ribeiros”, situado no município de Rio Azul, centro-sul do Paraná’. O trabalho se baseou em levantamentos de campo, coleta de solo pelo método de prospecção em toposseqüências georreferenciadas, na interpretação de documentos cartográficos, imagens de satélite e confecção de diagramas das toposseqüências.

A Trans-dimensional inversion algorithm to model deformation sources with unconstrained shape in finite element domains

Ground deformation provides valuable insights on subsurface processes with pattens reflecting the characteristics of the source at depth. In active volcanic sites displacements can be observed in unrest phases; therefore, a correct interpretation is essential to assess the hazard potential. Inverse modeling is employed to obtain quantitative estimates of parameters describing the source. However, despite the robustness of the available approaches, a realistic imaging of these reservoirs is still challenging. While analytical models return quick but simplistic results, assuming an isotropic and elastic crust, more sophisticated numerical models, accounting for the effects of topographic loads, crust inelasticity and structural discontinuities, require much higher computational effort and information about the crust rheology may be challenging to infer. All these approaches are based on a-priori source shape constraints, influencing the solution reliability. In this thesis, we present a new approach aimed at overcoming the aforementioned limitations, modeling sources free of a-priori shape constraints with the advantages of FEM simulations, but with a cost-efficient procedure. The source is represented as an assembly of elementary units, consisting in cubic elements of a regular FE mesh loaded with a unitary stress tensors. The surface response due to each of the six stress tensor components is computed and linearly combined to obtain the total displacement field. In this way, the source can assume potentially any shape. Our tests prove the equivalence of the deformation fields due to our assembly and that of corresponding cavities with uniform boundary pressure. Our ability to simulate pressurized cavities in a continuum domain permits to pre-compute surface responses, avoiding remeshing. A Bayesian trans-dimensional inversion algorithm implementing this strategy is developed. 3D Voronoi cells are used to sample the model domain, selecting the elementary units contributing to the source solution and those remaining inactive as part of the crust.

Analisi dello stato dell’arte di scaffold biomimetici mediante l'utilizzo di tecnologie additive per la rigenerazione del tessuto osseo

Ogni giorno, nel mondo, si verificano migliaia di fratture ossee e la maggior parte di esse, con il passare del tempo, riescono a rimarginarsi in modo autonomo. In casi più importanti, le fratture ossee necessitano di interventi chirurgici. Per queste motivazioni, affianco ad autoinnesti, alloinnesti e xenoinnesti, negli ultimi anni si è iniziato a parlare in modo sempre più frequente di ingegneria tissutale. In questo tipo di ingegneria, vengono sviluppate delle impalcature in grado di emulare il tessuto osseo naturale. Lo scopo di questa tesi è analizzare le varie tipologie di produzione di scaffold ossei che si ottengono attraverso la tecnologia della stampa 3D. Nella parte introduttiva dell’elaborato, viene inserita una descrizione del tessuto osseo visto sia dal punto di vista cellulare e della composizione, sia dal punto di vista delle proprietà meccaniche. Successivamente, parlando di medicina rigenerativa, vengono descritti i mezzi di osteosintesi, gli innesti e le impalcature, o scaffold, da impiantare nel sito di interesse. Per quanto riguarda gli scaffold, devono soddisfare diversi requisiti, tra cui la biomimetica, la compatibilità con l’attività cellulare, requisiti di progettazione e proprietà meccaniche adeguate. Tali scaffold possono essere realizzati attraverso diverse geometrie interne. Nella seconda parte dell’elaborato, vengono analizzate le geometrie a cubo semplice, a cubo a faccia centrata/a diamante, a cubo a corpo centrato, a dodecaedro rombico, a traliccio di ottetto, a cubo troncato, modellate attraverso il metodo delle superfici minime triplamente periodiche e con tassellatura di Voronoi. Per i vari articoli analizzati sono stati investigati i metodi di produzione e i risultati ottenuti confrontando vantaggi e svantaggi fra le differenti geometrie.