Disseny de drivers per a targes de transmissió de senyals

L'objectiu del projecte és poder configurar dues targetes que s'instal∙laran al Sincrotró ALBA. Per a això s'ha desenvolupat un driver per a Linux i una interfície gràfica (GUI). Com a introducció a les targetes, la memòria descriu el Sincrotró, i més específicament el sistema de sincronització (timing) on aquestes s'utilitzaran. També descriu el disseny dels drivers per a Linux2.6 i de la GUI, escrita utilitzant el llenguatge Python amb el framework Qt. Finalment, a la memòria s'exposen els problemes i solucions trobats durant la fase de validació del correcte funcionament de les plaques i dels diferents components del projecte.

Una aproximació al pensament algebraic a l'Espanya del segle XVI: estudi del manuscrit 2294 de la Biblioteca de la Universitat de Salamanca

Aquest treball analitza el “Tratado y libro de arte mayor o álgebra” que forma part del manuscrit 2294 de la Biblioteca de la Universitat de Salamanca, datat el 1590. El seu autor és Diego Pérez de Mesa. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és aportar nous elements que ajudin a entendre quin era l’estatus de l’àlgebra a la Península Ibèrica en un segle que va ser clau en el seu desenvolupament. Primer es descriu el manuscrit i després es reflexiona sobre les seves aportacions a la matemàtica, mostrant algunes característiques originals d’aquesta àlgebra enfront d’altres àlgebres de la Península Ibèrica del segle XVI.

Comprehensive Expression Analyses of Neural Cell-Type-Specific miRNAs Identify New Determinants of the Specification and Maintenance of Neuronal Phenotypes.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in both brain development and the regulation of adult neural cell functions. However, a systematic analysis of brain miRNA functions has been hindered by a lack of comprehensive information regarding the distribution of miRNAs in neuronal versus glial cells. To address this issue, we performed microarray analyses of miRNA expression in the four principal cell types of the CNS (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) using primary cultures from postnatal d 1 rat cortex. These analyses revealed that neural miRNA expression is highly cell-type specific, with 116 of the 351 miRNAs examined being differentially expressed fivefold or more across the four cell types. We also demonstrate that individual neuron-enriched or neuron-diminished RNAs had a significant impact on the specification of neuronal phenotype: overexpression of the neuron-enriched miRNAs miR-376a and miR-434 increased the differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons, whereas the opposite effect was observed for the glia-enriched miRNAs miR-223, miR-146a, miR-19, and miR-32. In addition, glia-enriched miRNAs were shown to inhibit aberrant glial expression of neuronal proteins and phenotypes, as exemplified by miR-146a, which inhibited neuroligin 1-dependent synaptogenesis. This study identifies new nervous system functions of specific miRNAs, reveals the global extent to which the brain may use differential miRNA expression to regulate neural cell-type-specific phenotypes, and provides an important data resource that defines the compartmentalization of brain miRNAs across different cell types.

Metoprolol prevents sodium retention induced by lower body negative pressure in healthy men.

BACKGROUND: Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has been shown to induce a progressive activation of neurohormonal systems, and a renal tubular and hemodynamic response that mimics the renal adaptation observed in congestive heart failure (CHF). As beta-blockers play an important role in the management of CHF patients, the effects of metoprolol on the renal response were examined in healthy subjects during sustained LBNP. METHODS: Twenty healthy male subjects were randomized in this double blind, placebo versus metoprolol 200 mg once daily, study. After 10 days of treatment, each subject was exposed to 3 levels of LBNP (0, -10, and -20 mbar) for 1 hour, each level of LBNP being separated by 2 days. Neurohormonal profiles, systemic and renal hemodynamics, as well as renal sodium handling were measured before, during, and after LBNP. RESULTS: Blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in the metoprolol group throughout the study (P < 0.01). GFR and RPF were similar in both groups at baseline, and no change in renal hemodynamic values was detected at any level of LBNP. However, a reduction in sodium excretion was observed in the placebo group at -20 mbar, whereas no change was detected in the metoprolol group. An increase in plasma renin activity was also observed at -20 mbar in the placebo group that was not observed with metoprolol. CONCLUSION: The beta-blocker metoprolol prevents the sodium retention induced by lower body negative pressure in healthy subjects despite a lower blood pressure. The prevention of sodium retention may be due to a blunting of the neurohormonal response. These effects of metoprolol on the renal response to LBNP may in part explain the beneficial effects of this agent in heart failure patients.

Control de congestión adaptativo en redes Infiniband

El uso de recursos compartidos en las redes de interconexión de alta performance puede provocar situaciones de congestión de mensajes que degradan notablemente las prestaciones, aumentando la latencia de trasporte y disminuyendo la utilización de la red. Hasta el momento las técnicas que intentan solucionar este problema utilizan la regulación de la inyección de mensajes. Esta limitación de la inyección traslada la contención de mensajes desde los conmutadores hacia los nodos fuente, incrementando el valor de la latencia promedio global, pudiendo alcanzar valores muy elevados. En este trabajo, proponemos una técnica de control de congestión para redes InfiniBand basada en un mecanismo de encaminamiento adaptativo que distribuye el volumen de comunicaciones entre diversas trayectorias alternativas quitando carga de la zona de congestión, lo que permite eliminarla. La experimentación realizada muestra la mejora obtenida en latencia y throughput, respecto al mecanismo de control de congestión original de InfiniBand basado en la regulación de la inyección. El mecanismo propuesto es totalmente compatible y no requiere que se modifique ningún aspecto de la especificación, debido a que se utilizan componentes de gestión definidos en el estándar InfiniBand.

Phlebotominae de Venezuela: descripción de la hembra Lutzomyia amilcari (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

Es dada una descripción de la hembra de Lutzomyia amilcari, que fué colectada en Cubiro, Municipio Diego de Lozada, Estado Lara. El macho de la misma especie fué descrito anteriormente (Arredondo, 1984).

Estudio de sincronización cooperativa en redes de sensores

En este informe se estudia cómo es posible utilizar redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN), para la localización de determinados eventos. Se hace un estudio previo de cómo una red de sensores puede llegar a estar sincronizada de una manera cooperativa, interactuando todos los sensores de la red entre sí. Primero se realiza el estudio para la sincronización de dos sensores con frecuencias diferentes, viéndose los parámetros que intervienen para que esta sincronización se realice con éxito, y también los efectos que en ella se produce al añadirle ruido. Seguidamente, se realiza el estudio para la sincronización de redes de N sensores, de manera que interactúen entre ellos de forma cooperativa. Se observan las características de la sincronización cuando todos los sensores llegan a consenso y, después, se busca la forma para que el consenso tienda hacia un valor determinado por mutuo acuerdo de los sensores. Finalmente, a partir de las características obtenidas en el consenso de N sensores, se realiza una aplicación práctica para la localización de eventos por medio del consenso de estas redes de sensores inalámbricos.

Setting boundaries: brain dynamics of modal and amodal illusory shape completion in humans.

Normal visual perception requires differentiating foreground from background objects. Differences in physical attributes sometimes determine this relationship. Often such differences must instead be inferred, as when two objects or their parts have the same luminance. Modal completion refers to such perceptual "filling-in" of object borders that are accompanied by concurrent brightness enhancement, in turn termed illusory contours (ICs). Amodal completion is filling-in without concurrent brightness enhancement. Presently there are controversies regarding whether both completion processes use a common neural mechanism and whether perceptual filling-in is a bottom-up, feedforward process initiating at the lowest levels of the cortical visual pathway or commences at higher-tier regions. We previously examined modal completion (Murray et al., 2002) and provided evidence that the earliest modal IC sensitivity occurs within higher-tier object recognition areas of the lateral occipital complex (LOC). We further proposed that previous observations of IC sensitivity in lower-tier regions likely reflect feedback modulation from the LOC. The present study tested these proposals, examining the commonality between modal and amodal completion mechanisms with high-density electrical mapping, spatiotemporal topographic analyses, and the local autoregressive average distributed linear inverse source estimation. A common initial mechanism for both types of completion processes (140 msec) that manifested as a modulation in response strength within higher-tier visual areas, including the LOC and parietal structures, is demonstrated, whereas differential mechanisms were evident only at a subsequent time period (240 msec), with amodal completion relying on continued strong responses in these structures.

Efecte immediat del café sobre la freqüència cardíaca

Algunes proves prèvies a aquesta recerca fetes al Centre de recursos de Documentació i Experimentació de Ciències i Tecnologia semblaven posar de manifest una paradògica disminució de la freqüència cardíaca en el temps immediat a la ingesta de cafè. Així doncs, es va plantejar la següent hipòtesi de treball: el cafè provoca un efecte immediat sobre la freqüència cardíaca fent-la disminuir, i aquest efecte és menor si hi ha hagut una habituació prèvia a aquesta beguda. S’ha diferenciat entre organismes habituats i no habituats al cafè, i s’ha intentat corroborar tant en dàfnies com en humans. Alhora, amb dàfnies s’ha investigat una possible diferència de resultats segons la concentració de cafè, i en humans una possible diferència segons el sexe. En el cas de les dàfnies, s’ha fet el recompte de batecs cardíacs directament al microscopi, abans i després de posar-les en medis de diferents concentracions de cafè; en el cas dels humans, s’ha fet el recompte de pulsacions manual, amb el suport d’un fonendoscopi. S’ha diferenciat els organismes no habituats al cafè dels que presenten un mateix grau d’habituació. S’han fet diversos tractaments en cada cas i sempre s’han contrastat els resultats amb un blanc o patró. Alhora, s’han controlat totes les variables que ha estat possible. La la hipòtesi plantejada ha estat demostrada; s’ha observat un cert paral•lelisme entre els efectes en dàfnies i en humans. A més, en dàfnies s’ha comprovat un cert efecte tòxic del cafè, proporcional a l’increment de la concentració. Aquest efecte no s’ha estudiat en humans per raons òbvies però s’ha posat de manifest un grau d’afectació més elevat en dones que en homes

Sustaining sleep spindles through enhanced SK2-channel activity consolidates sleep and elevates arousal threshold.

Sleep spindles are synchronized 11-15 Hz electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations predominant during nonrapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS). Rhythmic bursting in the reticular thalamic nucleus (nRt), arising from interplay between Ca(v)3.3-type Ca(2+) channels and Ca(2+)-dependent small-conductance-type 2 (SK2) K(+) channels, underlies spindle generation. Correlative evidence indicates that spindles contribute to memory consolidation and protection against environmental noise in human NREMS. Here, we describe a molecular mechanism through which spindle power is selectively extended and we probed the actions of intensified spindling in the naturally sleeping mouse. Using electrophysiological recordings in acute brain slices from SK2 channel-overexpressing (SK2-OE) mice, we found that nRt bursting was potentiated and thalamic circuit oscillations were prolonged. Moreover, nRt cells showed greater resilience to transit from burst to tonic discharge in response to gradual depolarization, mimicking transitions out of NREMS. Compared with wild-type littermates, chronic EEG recordings of SK2-OE mice contained less fragmented NREMS, while the NREMS EEG power spectrum was conserved. Furthermore, EEG spindle activity was prolonged at NREMS exit. Finally, when exposed to white noise, SK2-OE mice needed stronger stimuli to arouse. Increased nRt bursting thus strengthens spindles and improves sleep quality through mechanisms independent of EEG slow waves (<4 Hz), suggesting SK2 signaling as a new potential therapeutic target for sleep disorders and for neuropsychiatric diseases accompanied by weakened sleep spindles.

Art i església a la Mallorca del segle XVI a través de les visites pastorals del bisbe Joan Vic i Manrique (1573-1604)

Aquest treball de recerca del doctorand Bartomeu Martínez Oliver titulat Art i Església a la Mallorca del segle XVI a través de les visites pastorals del bisbe Joan Vic i Manrique (1573-1604) és innovador pel tema, però també per l’enfocament metodològic, ja que obre noves vies per conèixer millor l’art eclesiàstic, en el seu cas de Mallorca al tombant del segle XVII, mitjançant l’anàlisi rigorós de les visites pastorals del bisbe Joan Vic i Manrique conservades a l’arxiu diocesà de Mallorca. Bartomeu Martínez Oliver centra l’interés en la personalitat d’un prelat extraordinari que governà la diòcesi de mallorquina durant més de trenta anys. A més de l’enèrgica aplicació dels principis reformadors del Concili de Trento (1545-1563), aquest bisbe valencià (que gaudia d’una conspícua cultura, no debades era nét de Jeroni Vich i Vallterra, ambaixador de Ferran el Catòlic a Roma i important col•leccionista de pintura renaixentista) va ser l’introductor de noves devocions a l’illa, per exemple la Immaculada Concepció, i va afavorir els intercanvis artístics entre Mallorca i València. Finalment, dins la novetat del tema a Mallorca, cal dir que la investigació de Bartomeu Martínez connecta amb les investigacions sobre el pontificat immediatament anterior del bisbe Diego de Arnedo (1562-1572) i també, amb els treballs que s’han fet en altres diòcesis de l’Estat espanyol, i específicament a Catalunya. En aquest sentit, aquell treball de recerca ampliarà el coneixement real de l’aplicació conciliar que ha suscitat molts de tòpics dins la historiografia

Human Primary Auditory Cortex Follows the Shape of Heschl's Gyrus.

The primary auditory cortex (PAC) is central to human auditory abilities, yet its location in the brain remains unclear. We measured the two largest tonotopic subfields of PAC (hA1 and hR) using high-resolution functional MRI at 7 T relative to the underlying anatomy of Heschl's gyrus (HG) in 10 individual human subjects. The data reveals a clear anatomical-functional relationship that, for the first time, indicates the location of PAC across the range of common morphological variants of HG (single gyri, partial duplications, and complete duplications). In 20/20 individual hemispheres, two primary mirror-symmetric tonotopic maps were clearly observed with gradients perpendicular to HG. PAC spanned both divisions of HG in cases of partial and complete duplications (11/20 hemispheres), not only the anterior division as commonly assumed. Specifically, the central union of the two primary maps (the hA1-R border) was consistently centered on the full Heschl's structure: on the gyral crown of single HGs and within the sulcal divide of duplicated HGs. The anatomical-functional variants of PAC appear to be part of a continuum, rather than distinct subtypes. These findings significantly revise HG as a marker for human PAC and suggest that tonotopic maps may have shaped HG during human evolution. Tonotopic mappings were based on only 16 min of fMRI data acquisition, so these methods can be used as an initial mapping step in future experiments designed to probe the function of specific auditory fields.

Subjective cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: association with personality traits.

AIM: In normal aging, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) might reflect personality traits or affective states rather than objective cognitive decline. However, little is known on the correlates of SCD in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The present study investigates SCD in MCI patients and healthy older adults, and explores the association of SCD with personality traits, affective states, behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPS), and episodic memory in patients with MCI as compared with healthy older adults. METHODS: A total of 55 patients with MCI and 84 healthy older adults were recruited. Standard instruments were used to evaluate SCD, episodic memory, BPS and affective states. Premorbid and current personality traits were assessed by proxies using the NEO Personality Inventory Revised. RESULTS: Patients with MCI generally reported SCD more often than healthy older adults. SCD was positively associated with depressive symptoms in both groups. With regard to personality, no significant relationship was found in the healthy older group, whereas agreeableness was significantly negatively related to SCD in the MCI group. No significant association was found between SCD and episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS: SCD is more prevalent in patients with MCI than in the healthy elderly, but it does not reflect an objective cognitive impairment. SCD rather echoes depressive symptoms in both patients with MCI and healthy subjects. The negative association of SCD with agreeableness observed in patients with MCI could indicate that MCI patients scoring high on the agreeableness trait would not report SCD in order to prevent their relatives worrying about their increasing cognitive difficulties.