Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2007

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Governor Office of Drug Control Policy, FY2008

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Putting the Special Case in Its Place: Switzerland and Small-N Comparison in Policy Research

This research note presents a set of strategies to conduct small-N comparisons in policy research including the Swiss case. Even though every country can be considered "special" to some extent, the Swiss political system is often viewed as a particularly difficult case for comparison because of the impact of its idiosyncratic institutional features (most notably direct democracy). In order to deal with this problem, our note sets out two possible strategies - the use of functional equivalents and of counterfactual reasoning - and explains how to implement them empirically through process tracing and the establishment of causal chains. As an illustration, these strategies are used for a comparison of the process of electricity market liberalisation in Switzerland and Belgium.

Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2008

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Agency Fact Sheet, Office of Governor of Drug Control Policy, FY2009

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2009

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Agency Fact Sheet, Governor's Office of Drug Control Policy, FY2010

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2010

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Agency Fact Sheet, Governors Office of Drug Control Policy, FY2011

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2011

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2002

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2003

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2004

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Agency Fact Sheet, Department of Public Defense, FY2005

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In defense of the "tunneling" wave function of the universe

The tunneling approach to the wave function of the Universe has been recently criticized by Bousso and Hawking who claim that it predicts a catastrophic instability of de Sitter space with respect to pair production of black holes. We show that this claim is unfounded. First, we argue that different horizon size regions in de Sitter space cannot be treated as independently created, as they contend. And second, the WKB tunneling wave function is not simply the inverse of the Hartle-Hawking one, except in very special cases. Applied to the related problem of pair production of massive particles, we argue that the tunneling wave function leads to a small constant production rate, and not to a catastrophe as the argument of Bousso and Hawking would suggest.