A new CuZ active form in the catalytic reduction of N2O by nitrous oxide reductase from Pseudomonas nautica

J Biol Inorg Chem (2010) 15:967–976 DOI 10.1007/s00775-010-0658-6

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato GENOTYPES IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK AND HUMANS IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE, IRAN

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally parasitic zoonosis caused by larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. This study investigated E. granulosus genotypes isolated from livestock and humans in the Golestan province, northern Iran, southeast of the Caspian sea, using partial sequencing data of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nad1) mitochondrial genes. Seventy E. granulosus isolates were collected from animals in slaughterhouses: 18 isolates from sheep, 40 from cattle, nine from camels, two from buffaloes and one from a goat, along with four human isolates (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues) from CE patients of provincial hospitals. All isolates were successfully analysed by PCR amplification and sequencing. The sequence analysis found four E. granulosus genotypes among the 74 CE isolates: G1 (78.3%), G2 (2.7%), G3 (15%) and G6 (4%). The G1-G3 complex genotype was found in all of the sheep, goat, cattle and buffalo isolates. Among the nine camel isolates, the frequency of G1-G3 and G6 genotypes were 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. All four human CE isolates belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto. This study reports the first occurrence of the G2 genotype in cattle from Iran and confirms the previously reported G3 genotype in camels in the same country.

PERFORMANCE OF CONVENTIONAL PCRs BASED ON PRIMERS DIRECTED TO NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL GENES FOR THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF Leishmania spp.

In visceral leishmaniasis, the detection of the agent is of paramount importance to identify reservoirs of infection. Here, we evaluated the diagnostic attributes of PCRs based on primers directed to cytochrome-B (cytB), cytochrome-oxidase-subunit II (coxII), cytochrome-C (cytC), and the minicircle-kDNA. Although PCRs directed to cytB, coxII, cytC were able to detect different species of Leishmania, and the nucleotide sequence of their amplicons allowed the unequivocal differentiation of species, the analytical and diagnostic sensitivity of these PCRs were much lower than the analytical and diagnostic sensitivity of the kDNA-PCR. Among the 73 seropositive animals, the asymptomatic dogs had spleen and bone marrow samples collected and tested; only two animals were positive by PCRs based on cytB, coxII, and cytC, whereas 18 were positive by the kDNA-PCR. Considering the kDNA-PCR results, six dogs had positive spleen and bone marrow samples, eight dogs had positive bone marrow results but negative results in spleen samples and, in four dogs, the reverse situation occurred. We concluded that PCRs based on cytB, coxII, and cytC can be useful tools to identify Leishmania species when used in combination with automated sequencing. The discordance between the results of the kDNA-PCR in bone marrow and spleen samples may indicate that conventional PCR lacks sensitivity for the detection of infected dogs. Thus, primers based on the kDNA should be preferred for the screening of infected dogs.

Genetic characterization of Portuguese Fasciola hepatica isolates

Dissertation presented to obtain the Master Degree in Molecular, Genetics and Biomedicine

Camelid nanobodies raised against an integral membrane enzyme, nitric oxide reductase

Protein Sci. 2009 Mar;18(3):619-28. doi: 10.1002/pro.69.

Enzymatic activity mastered by altering metal coordination spheres

J Biol Inorg Chem (2008) 13:1185–1195 DOI 10.1007/s00775-008-0414-3

Membrane structural changes support the involvement of mitochondria in the bile salt-induced apoptosis of rat hepatocytes

Clin Sci (Lond). 2002 Nov;103(5):475-85

Velhos e Novos Anticoagulantes Orais. Perspectiva Farmacológica

A terapêutica anticoagulante oral está em mudança. A varfarina e o acenocumarol constituem ainda o padrão anticoagulante oral em muitos contextos clínicos. Mas, face às limitações dos antivitamínicos K, resultantes do lento início de ação farmacológica, da janela terapêutica estreita, do metabolismo variável dependente do citocromo P450, das múltiplas interações com fármacos e com alimentos e do risco potencial de complicações hemorrágicas, nos últimos anos tem-se procurado afirmar, na terapêutica anticoagulante oral, novos grupos farmacológicos capazes de superar estes problemas. Atualmente, a investigação farmacológica centra-se no desenvolvimento de novas moléculas, não peptídicas, inibidoras de instantes fulcrais do sistema de coagulação (trombina e fator Xa), com um padrão farmacodinâmico e farmacocinético previsível e consistente, administradas por via oral. Destes compostos, três (dabigatrano, rivaroxabano e apixabano) têm já indicações terapêuticas definidas (ou a definir), assentes em largos estudos de fase III de intervenção, enquanto muitos outros compostos estão em fases menos avançadas do seu desenvolvimento. Nesta revisão, sumariamos e discutimos a farmacologia da varfarina/acenocumarol e dos novos inibidores diretos da trombina e do fator Xa, objetivando semelhanças e assinalando diferenças que ajudam a fundamentar as nossas opções terapêuticas.

Understanding Human Carboxylesterase 2

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Engineering and Technology Sciences, Biotechnology

Disclosing Carbon Monoxide Protection in Cerebral Ischemia: Insights into the cellular mechanisms

Dissertation presented to obtain the PhD degree in Biochemistry, Neurosciences

Follow the red road of triheme cytochromes in Geobacter sulfurreducens

The bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (Gs) is capable of oxidizing a large variety of compounds relaying electrons out of the cytoplasm and across the membrane in a process designated as extracellular electron transfer. The Gs genome was fully sequenced and a family composed by five periplasmic triheme cytochromes c7 (designated PpcA-E) was identified. These cytochromes play an important role in the reduction of extracellular acceptors. They contain approximately 70 amino acids, three heme groups with bis-histidinyl axial coordination, and share between 57 and 77% sequence identity. The triheme cytochrome PpcA is highly abundant in Gs and is most likely the reservoir of electrons destined for outer surface. In addition to its role in electron transfer pathways this protein can perform e-/H+ energy transduction, a process that is disrupted when the strictly conserved aromatic residue phenylalanine 15 is replaced by a leucine (PpcAF15L). This Thesis focuses on the expression, purification and characterization of these proteins using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The orientations of the heme axial histidine ring planes and the orientation of the heme magnetic axis were determined for each Gs triheme cytochrome. The comparison of the orientations obtained in solution with the crystal structures available showed significant differences. The results obtained provide the paramagnetic constraints to include in the future refinement of the solution structure in the oxidized state. In this work was also determined the solution structure and the pH-dependent conformational changes of the PpcAF15L allowing infer the structural origin for e-/H+ energy transduction mechanism as shown by PpcA. Finally, the backbone and side chain NH signals of PpcA were used to map interactions between this protein and the putative redox partner 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS). In this work a molecular interaction was identified for the first time between PpcA and AQDS, constituting the first step toward the rationalization of the Gs respiratory chain.

Sistemas bacterianos competentes em biotransformação humana para estudos mecanísticos e toxicológicos

Devido às limitações de sistemas in vitro atuais, existe uma necessidade de modelos celulares especializados em mimetizar propriamente a biotransformação humana. Além da aplicação destes novos sistemas na avaliação e estudo de toxicidade químicos, estes sistemas permitem o uso em estudos funcionais e mecanísticos de enzimas de biotransformação humanas. Nesta dissertação é abordado o desenvolvimento de modelos celulares competentes em enzimas de biotransformação humanas, aplicado na avaliação de um dos principais metabolitos do fármaco antirretroviral Nevirapina (NVP), como também num estudo mecanístico do importante fator proteico na biotransformação humana, a NADPH citocromo P450 oxido-redutase (CPR). NVP é frequentemente usado no tratamento de HIV-1 e tem sido associado a efeitos adversos como lesões hepáticas e erupções cutâneas severas. Evidências apontam ao envolvimento de citocromos P450 e subsequente sulfonação por sulfotransferases na formação de metabolitos reativos. Contudo, testes padrão in vitro não demonstraram evidências de mutagenicidade ou clastogenicidade. Neste estudo, utilizando uma estirpe de S. typhimurium, competente na expressão controlável e estável de sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) humana, demonstrou-se mutagenicidade de 12-hidroxi-NVP dependente de SULT1A1. A enzima CPR está envolvida nas principais reações de biotransformação de xenobióticos, além de interagir com outras proteínas importantes com funções celulares importantes. O mecanismo pelo qual CPR doa eletrões aos seus parceiros redox não é completamente claro. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de E. coli para ser aplicado em estudos mecanísticos sobre a doação de eletrões de CPR. Este novo sistema co expressa CPR e hemeoxigenase I (HO-1) humanas, que depende importantemente de CPR, sendo sustentada por sete eletrões doados por cada ciclo enzimático. As condições de cultura foram otimizadas para níveis de expressão CPR/HO-1 aproximados à estequiometria verificada em humanos. Este modelo células foi aplicado no desenvolvimento de um ensaio de cinética de HO-1, focando-se em vários parâmetros para a sua otimização.

Fishing the key biological components of the bacterium Geobacter metallireducens for optimal biotechnological applications

Os resultados apresentados no capítulo 2 foram incluídos no artigo Dantas JM, Campelo LM, Duke NEC, Salgueiro CA, Pokkuluri PR (2015) "The structure of PccH from Geobacter sulfurreducens – a novel low reduction potential monoheme cytochrome essential for accepting electrons from an electrode", FEBS Journal, 282, 2215-2231.

The existence of only one haplotype of Leishmania major in the main and potential reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using different molecular markers in a focal area in Iran

IntroductionLeishmania major is the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), and great gerbils are the main reservoir hosts in Iran. Abarkouh in central Iran is an emerging focal point for which the reservoir hosts of ZCL are unclear. This research project was designed to detect any Leishmania parasites in different wild rodent species.MethodsAll rodents captured in 2011 and 2012 from Abarkouh district were identified based on morphological characteristics and by amplification of the rodent cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. To detect Leishmania infection in rodents, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of each ear was extracted. Internal transcribed spacer-ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (ITS-rDNA), microsatellites, kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid (kDNA) and cytochrome b genes of Leishmania parasites were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing were employed to confirm the Leishmania identification.ResultsOf 68 captured rodents in the region, 55 Rhombomys opimus were identified and nine Leishmaniainfections (9/55) were found. In addition, eight Meriones libycus and two Tatera indicawere sampled, and one of each was confirmed to be infected. Two Meriones persicus and one Mus musculuswere sampled with no infection.ConclusionsThe results showed that all 11 unambiguously positive Leishmania infections were Leishmania major. Only one haplotype of L. major(GenBank access No. EF413075) was found and at least three rodents R. opimus, M. libycus and T. indica—appear to be the main and potential reservoir hosts in this ZCL focus. The reservoir hosts are variable and versatile in small ZCL focal locations.

IL-17A promotes intracellular growth of Mycobacterium by inhibiting apoptosis of infected macrophages

The fate of infected macrophages is a critical aspect of immunity to mycobacteria. By depriving the pathogen of its intracellular niche, apoptotic death of the infected macrophage has been shown to be an important mechanism to control bacterial growth. Here, we show that IL-17 inhibits apoptosis of Mycobacterium bovis BCG- or Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages thus hampering their ability to control bacterial growth. Mechanistically, we show that IL-17 inhibits p53, and impacts on the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, by increasing the Bcl2 and decreasing Bax expression, decreasing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and inhibiting caspase-3 activation. The same effect of IL-17 was observed in infected macrophages upon blockade of p53 nuclear translocation. These results reveal a previously unappreciated role for the IL-17/p53 axis in the regulation of mycobacteria-induced apoptosis and can have important implications in a broad spectrum of diseases where apoptosis of the infected cell is an important host defense mechanism.