A simple spreadsheet model to incorporate seasonal growth into length-based stock assessment methods

The paper describes a method by which seasonal growth can be incorporated into length-converted catch curves and cohort analyses using a spreadsheet. The method is based on calculating the length of fish using seasonal growth parameters on a daily basis. A LOOKUP function is then used to find the age corresponding to the length.

Collection of fish lengths for stock assessment in developing countries

A review of the data (handling) requirements for length-based stock assessment is presented, with emphasis on the relationship between the expected outputs and the key features of the samples required, and on biases and other sources of inaccuracy.

Life history characteristics for silvergray rockfish (Sebastes brevispinis) in British Columbia waters and the implications for stock assessment and management

We summarize the life history characteristics of silvergray rockfish (Sebastes brevispinis) based on commercial fishery data and biological samples from British Columbia waters. Silvergray rockfish occupy bottom depths of 100−300 m near the edge of the continental shelf. Within that range, they appear to make a seasonal movement from 100−200 m in late summer to 180−280 m in late winter. Maximum observed age in the data set was 81 and 82 years for females and males, respectively. Maximum length and round weight was 73 cm and 5032 g for females and 70 cm and 3430 g for males. The peak period of mating lasted from December to February and parturition was concentrated from May to July. Both sexes are 50% mature by 9 or 10 years and 90% are mature by age 16 for females and age 13 years for males. Fecundity was estimated from one sample of 132 females and ranged from 181,000 to 1,917,000 oocytes and there was no evidence of batch spawning. Infection by the copepod parasite Sarcotaces arcticus appears to be associated with lower fecundity. Sexual maturation appears to precede recruitment to the trawl fishery; thus spawning stock biomass per recruit analysis (SSB/R) indicates that a F50% harvest target would correspond to an F of 0.072, 20% greater than M (0.06). Fishery samples may bias estimates of age at maturity but a published meta-data analysis, in conjunction with fecundity data, independently supports an early age of maturity in relation to recruitment. Although delayed recruitment to the fishery may provide more resilience to exploitation, managers may wish to forego maximizing economic yield from this species. Silvergray rockfish are a relatively minor but unavoidable part of the multiple species trawl catch. Incorrectly “testing” the resilience of one species may cause it to be the weakest member of the specie

Sex-change rules, stock dynamics, and the performance of spawning-per-recruit measures in protogynous stocks

Predicting and under-standing the dynamics of a population requires knowledge of vital rates such as survival, growth, and reproduction. However, these variables are influenced by individual behavior, and when managing exploited populations, it is now generally realized that knowledge of a species’ behavior and life history strategies is required. However, predicting and understanding a response to novel conditions—such as increased fishing-induced mortality, changes in environmental conditions, or specific management strategies—also require knowing the endogenous or exogenous cues that induce phenotypic changes and knowing whether these behaviors and life history patterns are plastic. Although a wide variety of patterns of sex change have been observed in the wild, it is not known how the specific sex-change rule and cues that induce sex change affect stock dynamics. Using an individual based model, we examined the effect of the sex-change rule on the predicted stock dynamics, the effect of mating group size, and the performance of traditional spawning-per-recruit (SPR) measures in a protogynous stock. We considered four different patterns of sex change in which the probability of sex change is determined by 1) the absolute size of the individual, 2) the relative length of individuals at the mating site, 3) the frequency of smaller individuals at the mating site, and 4) expected reproductive success. All four pat-terns of sex change have distinct stock dynamics. Although each sex-change rule leads to the prediction that the stock will be sensitive to the size-selective fishing pattern and may crash if too many reproductive size classes are fished, the performance of traditional spawning-per-recruit measures, the fishing pattern that leads to the greatest yield, and the effect of mating group size all differ distinctly for the four sex-change rules. These results indicate that the management of individual species requires knowledge of whether sex change occurs, as well as an understanding of the endogenous or exogenous cues that induce sex change.

Estimating exploitable stock biomass for the Maine green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) fishery using a spatial statistics approach

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial patterns in green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) density off the coast of Maine, using data from a fishery-independent survey program, to estimate the exploitable biomass of this species. The dependence of sea urchin variables on the environment, the lack of stationarity, and the presence of discontinuities in the study area made intrinsic geostatistics inappropriate for the study; therefore, we used triangulated irregular networks (TINs) to characterize the large-scale patterns in sea urchin density. The resulting density surfaces were modified to include only areas of the appropriate substrate type and depth zone, and were used to calculate total biomass. Exploitable biomass was estimated by using two different sea urchin density threshold values, which made different assumptions about the fishing industry. We observed considerable spatial variability on both small and large scales, including large-scale patterns in sea urchin density related to depth and fishing pressure. We conclude that the TIN method provides a reasonable spatial approach for generating biomass estimates for a fishery unsuited to geostatistics, but we suggest further studies into uncertainty estimation and the selection of threshold density values.

Subnotificação da Tuberculose no Concelho da Praia no período de 2006 a 2012

Segundo a OMS, Cabo Verde possui uma importante subnotificação de tuberculose, quase metade dos casos, que é muito preocupante. Ainda assim a TUberculose é um problema de saúde pública, devido à sua elevada incidência, com tendência a aumento nos últimos anos. Essa doença é a quarta causa de óbito e sua morbidade diminui a qualidade de vida. O estudo objetiva descrever a situação de subnotificação da tuberculose no concelho da Praia no período de 2006 a 2012. A subnotificação foi avaliada com base na comparação entre o número de registros das unidades de saúde e oconsolidado enviado ao PNLTL. Também foi usado o relacionamento probabilístico entre os bancos do registro dos exames laboratoriais e do registro de hospitalização dos casos de Tuberculose. Três estratégias foram adotadas para extração de dados de acordo com os documentos disponíveis nas unidades: (i) centros de saúde; (ii) laboratórios da delegacia de saúde e do HAN e (iii) hospital (HAN). Nos centros de saúde foram extraídos dados das fichas de atendimento dos pacientes diagnosticados com TB e do livro de registros dos casos de TB. Esses documentos continham dados de identificação do paciente, dados clínicos e laboratoriais. No hospital, como não havia livro de registro de casos de TB buscou-se no arquivo nosológico pacientes . Nesses prontuários buscou-se extrair os mesmo dados que dos do centro de saúde, ou seja, dados de identificação individual, dados clínicos e laboratoriais. Nos laboratórios (HAN e Delegacia) foram extraídos dados de pacientes com resultado positivo para a TB. A análise consistiu na avaliação da qualidade dos bancos e remoção de registros duplicados por intermédio do relacionamento probabilístico. Para o relacionamento dos bancos foi empregada a função reclink usando a versão 10 do programa STATA. Foram calculadas taxas de subnotificação ou sobrenotificação para cada unidade e cada ano de estudo. O cálculo considerou a diferença entre o número de casos encontrados nos registros menos o número de casos notificados dividido pelo número de casos encontrados, expresso em percentual. Valores positivos indicam a ocorrência de subnotificação enquanto valores negativos indicam sobrenotificação. Os resultados permitiram concluir que existe importante subnotificação da tuberculose em Cabo Verde, no período 2006 a 2012. A subnotificação teve maior magnitude no hospital do que nas unidades básicas de saúde. A maior parte da subnotificação detectada nesse trabalho pode ser atribuída ao desconhecimento dos resultados de exames laboratoriais pelos profissionais responsáveis pelo diagnóstico dos casos e consequentemente por sua notificação. O maior número de casos não notificados foi encontrado na listagem de resultados de exames baciloscópicos positivos no laboratório. A segunda grande fonte de casos não notificados é o registro dos pacientes internados no HAN para tratamento da TB. Com base nesse estudo recomendamos medidas de aperfeiçoamento da vigilância epidemiológica da tuberculose em Cabo Verde.

A Brief Interpretation of Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, Movements and Stock Structure with New Tagging Data on Juveniles

Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, are managed as a single stock along the Atlantic coast from the U.S.– Canada border to the southern border of North Carolina. Justification of the single-stock approach is based on lack of genetic evidence for multiple stocks and the difficulty presented by managing the species from Cape Hatteras to the U.S.–Canada border. In this review, we present an interpretation of various morphometric, meristic, biochemical, and tagging studies, published and unpublished, that indicate the presence of two, or possibly three, distinct stocks in the management area. In addition, we have included new data from a tagging study that was conducted on juveniles from Virginia that aids in defining the stock(s) north of Cape Hatteras. Summer flounder, overfished for the past two decades, is recovering, and reconsideration of proposed stock structure could have direct implications for management policy decisions.

A Review of Stock Identification of Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean

Haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, is a principal commercial species distributed throughout the northwest Atlantic Ocean, with major aggregations occurring on Georges Bank and on the Scotian Shelf. This review examines all available information on stock structure of haddock to evaluate the suitability of current stock units and to investigate areas that require further research. Combined information from tag-recapture, demographic, recruitment, meristic, parasitic, and genetic studies provide evidence for the identification of haddock stocks, with major population divisions occurring between New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland waters. Within each of these major divisions a number of discrete stocks appear to exist, although uncertainty remains in the amount of separation found within each region. Research utilizing more recent stock identification techniques should refine and improve our understanding of haddock stock structure in the northwest Atlantic.