Global trade in GM food and the cartagena protocol on biosafety: Consequences for China

The UN Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety adopted in Montreal, 29 January, 2000 and opened for signature in Nairobi, 15-26 May, 2000 will exert a profound effect on international trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products. In this paper, the potential effects of various articles of the Protocol on international trade in GMOs are analyzed. Based on the present status of imports of GMOs and domestic research and development of biotechnology in China, likely trends in imports of foreign GM food and related products after China accedes to WTO is explored. Also, China's potential countermeasures to control and regulate imports of GMOs in line with implementation of the Protocol are discussed. China, in recent times, has increased its food and agricultural imports substantially from USA and Canada. China imported soybean 10.42 mill. tons in 2000 and about 15 mill tons in 2001, of which majority are from USA where GM soybean accounts for 60%. The plantation of US Monsanto's transgenic Bt cotton was increased to more than 1 million ha in China in 2001. Though China has paid great attention to develop biotechnology, it appears to have little scope to export GMOs and GM products. So China may consider a range of administrative measures to implement the Cartagena Protocol and to regulate its import of GMOs and GM agricultural products. Consequently, the Regulation on Safety of Agri-GMOs was issued on June, 2001 and followed three detailed rules issued in Jan. of 2002, with a priority to limit foreign GMOs importing by safety certification and labeling system. These were outlined taking into account policies adopted in Western countries such as green barriers to international trade.

Genetic shifts in Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) over a year in the Dawson/Callide Valleys

Microsatellites were used to analyse 68 collections of Helicoverpa armigera in the Dawson/Callide Valleys in central Queensland. The study aimed to evaluate the genetic structure in this region over a 12-month period (September 2000-August 2001). The results detected genetic shifts in H. armigera collections, with genetic changes occurring month by month. Collections in any month were genetically distant from the preceding month's collections. There was no observed difference between collections of H. armigera from the Biloela region and those found in the Theodore region of central Queensland. The data support the current area-wide management strategies for H. armigera by reinforcing the importance and contribution of local management practices. The study also indicates a need for the continuation of regional or Australia-wide approaches to management of the low levels of immigration that are occurring, and for future high pest pressure years.

Do increases in xylem sap pH and/or ABA concentration mediate stomatal closure following nitrate deprivation?

Stomatal conductance (g(s)) of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants decreased during the second photoperiod (day 2) after withholding nitrate (N). Stomatal closure of N-deprived plants was not associated with a decreased shoot water potential (Psi(shoot)); conversely Psi(shoot) was lower in N-supplied plants. N deprivation transiently (days 2 and 3) alkalized (0.2-0.3 pH units) xylem sap exuded from de-topped root systems under root pressure, and xylem sap expressed from excised shoots by pressurization. The ABA concentration of expressed sap increased 3-4-fold when measured on days 2 and 4. On day 2, leaves detached from N-deprived and N-supplied plants showed decreased transpiration rates when fed an alkaline (pH 7) artificial xylem (AX) solution, independent of the ABA concentration (10-100 nM) supplied. Thus changes in xylem sap composition following N deprivation can potentially close stomata. However, the lower transpiration rate of detached N-deprived leaves relative to N-supplied leaves shows that factors residing within N-deprived leaves also mediate stomatal closure, and that these factors assume greater importance as the duration of N deprivation increases.

Relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

We investigated the oviposition preference and larval performance of Helicoverpa armigera under laboratory conditions to determine if the oviposition preference of individual females on maize, cowpea and cotton correlates with offspring performance on the leaves of the same host plants. The host-plant preference hierarchy of females did not correlate with their offspring performance. Female moths chose host plants that contributed less to their offspring fitness. Plant effects accounted for the largest amount of variation in offspring performance, while the effects of female (family) was low. The offspring of most females (80%, n = 10) were broadly similar, but 20% (two out of 10), showed marked difference in their offspring performance across the host-plant species. Similarly, there was no relation between larval feeding preference and performance. However, like most laboratory experiments, our experi-mental design does not allow the evaluation of ecological factors (for example, natural enemies, host abundance, etc.) that can play an important role in larval performance in the field. Overall, the results highlight the importance of carrying out preference performance analysis on the individual or family level, rather than pooling individuals to obtain average population data.

eMelanoBase: An online locus-specific variant database for familial melanoma

A proportion of melanoma,prone individuals in both familial and non,familial contexts has been shown to carry inactivating mutations in either CDKN2A or, rarely, CDK4. CDKN2A is a complex locus that encodes two unrelated proteins from alternately spliced transcripts that are read in different frames. The alpha transcript (exons 1a, 2, and 3) produces the p16INK4A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, while the beta transcript (exons 1beta and 2) is translated as p14ARF, a stabilizing factor of p53 levels through binding to MDM2. Mutations in exon 2 can impair both polypeptides and insertions and deletions in exons 1alpha, 1beta, and 2, which can theoretically generate p16INK4A,p14ARF fusion proteins. No online database currently takes into account all the consequences of these genotypes, a situation compounded by some problematic previous annotations of CDKN2A related sequences and descriptions of their mutations. As an initiative of the international Melanoma Genetics Consortium, we have therefore established a database of germline variants observed in all loci implicated in familial melanoma susceptibility. Such a comprehensive, publicly accessible database is an essential foundation for research on melanoma susceptibility and its clinical application. Our database serves two types of data as defined by HUGO. The core dataset includes the nucleotide variants on the genomic and transcript levels, amino acid variants, and citation. The ancillary dataset includes keyword description of events at the transcription and translation levels and epidemiological data. The application that handles users' queries was designed in the model,view. controller architecture and was implemented in Java. The object-relational database schema was deduced using functional dependency analysis. We hereby present our first functional prototype of eMelanoBase. The service is accessible via the URL www.wmi.usyd.e, du.au:8080/melanoma.html.

Towards the on-farm conservation of the assassin bug Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera : Reduviidae) during winter using crop plants as refuges

Habitat instability associated with seasonal crop succession in broad-acre farming systems presents a problem for the conservation and utilisation of beneficial insects in annual field crops. The present paper describes two experiments used to measure the potential of seven plant species to be utilised as winter refuges to support and conserve the predatory bug Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker). In the first experiment, replicated plots of canola (Brassica napus ), red salvia (Salvia coccinea ), niger (Guizotia abyssinica ), linseed (Linum usitatissimum ), lupins (Lupinus angustifolius ), and lucerne (Medicago falcata ) were planted in a randomized experiment during Autumn 1998. Upon crop establishment, adults and nymphs of P. plagipennis were released into treatment plots and their numbers were assessed, along with those of their potential prey, throughout the ensuing winter months. Post-release sampling suggested that canola and niger retained a proportion of adult P. plagipennis , while niger, lucerne and canola retained some nymphs. The other plant species failed to support P. plagipennis nymphs and adults postrelease. In the second experiment, niger was compared with two lines of sunflower (Helianthus annus ). Both sunflower lines harboured significantly higher (P < 0.05) densities of P. plagipennis nymphs than did niger. The more successful refuge treatments (sunflower, niger and canola) had an abundance of yellow flowers that were attractive to pollinating insects, which served as supplementary prey on which P. plagipennis were observed to feed. Sunflower and niger also supported high densities of the prey insect Creontiades dilutus (Stal) and provided protective leafy canopies which supplied shelter during the winter months. The potential and limitations for using each plant species as a winter refuge to retain P. plagipennis during winter are discussed.

Relat??rio da IV reuni??o do comit?? gestor do projeto apoio ao desenvolvimento do setor algodoeiro dos pa??ses do C4

O projeto ???Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Setor Algodoeiro dos Pa??ses do Cotton-4??? objetiva aumentar a produtividade, gerar diversidade gen??tica e aprimorar a qualidade do algod??o cultivado em Benin, Burkina Faso, Chade e Mali, de forma a contribuir para o desenvolvimento e o fortalecimento econ??mico. A IV Reuni??o do Comit?? Gestor do Projeto teve como um de seus objetivos refletir sobre as pr??ticas de implementa????o das a????es previstas no documento do projeto Cotton-4, bem como registrar percep????es e opini??es das equipes dos pa??ses africanos, com o prop??sito de reunir os elementos cr??ticos essenciais para sua posterior avalia????o

Damage level of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (acari: tetranychidae) in soybeans

Among phytophagous spider mites, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 is one of the most important agricultural pests, not only because of the damage it causes, but also because it has a wide host range, infesting many commercial crops such as leafy greens, cotton, beans, and soybeans, among others. This study was carried out in a greenhouse of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias (FCA) of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), located in the city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of 5 levels in percentage of chlorotic symptoms (indicating mite damage): 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. All of the characteristics evaluated, except for number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the total weight (productivity), and the weight of 1000 seeds, were significantly influenced by the different levels of chlorotic symptoms. The economic damage level for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, according to the equation y = 66.63-0.51 x, based on the price of US$ 11.00 per bag of soybeans and a control cost of US$ 16.00, would be 15.80% chlorotic symptoms. At a price of US$ 29.00 per bag with the same control cost, the economic damage level would be 13% of chlorotic symptoms.

The impact of size and age of the company on assessing financial risk

Textiles and tourism sectors are two important sectors in Portuguese economy. Its high exposure to both internal and international economy volatility transform the companies operating in these economic sectors especially vulnerable to recent economic crises in Portugal and European Union. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and understand the impact of size and age on the financial health of textile and tourism companies, measured by economic indices. An empirical based model is proposed. Its implications are derived and tested on a sample of 4061 Portuguese companies from textile and tourism sector, during the period 2005-2009. The results conclude that age has a stronger impact on the risk of failure than size. Whereas the effect of age is generally positive regarding the financial health of the company, the effect of size is less clear and depends on the age of the company.

Financial Risk Analysis of Portuguese Textile and Tourism Companies

Textile and tourism sectors are two important industries in the Portuguese economy. However, its high exposure to both internal and international economic volatility make the companies operating in these economic sectors particularly vulnerable to economic crises, such as the ones which have been impacting Portugal and the European Union. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and understand the impact of size and age on the financial health of textile and tourism companies, measured by economic indices. An empirical based model is proposed. Its implications are derived and tested on a sample of 4061 Portuguese companies from textile and tourism sectors, during the period 2005-2009. The findings suggest that age has a major impact on the risk of failure, rather than size. Whereas the effect of age is generally positive regarding the financial health of the company, the effect of size is less clear and ultimately depends on the age of the company.

The impact of size and age of the company on assessing financial risk.

Textiles and tourism sectors are two important sectors in Portuguese economy. Its high exposure to both internal and international economy volatility transform the companies operating in these economic sectors especially vulnerable to recent economic crises in Portugal and European Union. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and understand the impact of size and age on the financial health of textile and tourism companies, measured by economic indices. An empirical based model is proposed. Its implications are derived and tested on a sample of 4061 Portuguese companies from textile and tourism sector, during the period 2005-2009. The results conclude that age has a stronger impact on the risk of failure than size. Whereas the effect of age is generally positive regarding the financial health of the company, the effect of size is less clear and depends on the age of the company.

Mathematical modelling of supercritical CO2 extraction of volatile oils from aromatic plants

The modelling of the experimental data of the extraction of the volatile oil from six aromatic plants (coriander, fennel, savoury, winter savoury, cotton lavender and thyme) was performed using five mathematical models, based on differential mass balances. In all cases the extraction was internal diffusion controlled and the internal mass transfer coefficienty (k(s)) have been found to change with pressure, temperature and particle size. For fennel, savoury and cotton lavender, the external mass transfer and the equilibrium phase also influenced the second extraction period, since k(s) changed with the tested flow rates. In general, the axial dispersion coefficient could be neglected for the conditions studied, since Peclet numbers were high. On the other hand, the solute-matrix interaction had to be considered in order to ensure a satisfactory description of the experimental data.

O Impacto do project finance nas empresas portuguesas no setor têxtil

Dissertação para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Mestre Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade Pereira

Futuros financeiros: uma abordagem aos commodities de algodão

Dissertação de Mestrado Apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças, sob orientação de Mestre José Carlos Pedro

Reutilização das águas de tingimento utilizando a Nanofiltração

Este trabalho na área dos processos físicos de separação por membranas, nomeadamente, a nanofiltração (NF), tem como objectivo principal a recuperação dos efluentes resultantes das águas da 3ª lavagem utilizadas na operação de tingimento de fibras de algodão, com corantes reactivos. Estão inerentes as problemáticas: da escassez da água como matéria-prima na vertente de água potável; da diminuição de efluentes que necessitam de tratamentos devido à sua carga poluente; da recuperação sempre que seja viável dos produtos químicos adicionados nesta fase de tratamento das fibras de algodão e por último e não menos importante, da energia contida nestes efluentes que vão para o esgoto a temperaturas na ordem dos 50 ºC. A metodologia adoptada na realização deste trabalho consistiu, inicialmente num estudo sobre os trabalhos realizados até hoje nesta área, seguindo-se a recolha dos efluentes na empresa ―Estamparia Têxtil Adalberto Pinto da Silva, S.A.‖ (ETAPS) e posterior estudo da recuperação dos efluentes em causa pelo processo de NF utilizando a membrana NF270-2540 da empresa FILMTEC. Os efluentes estudados no presente trabalho continham corantes reactivos sendo um corante azul-claro (CAC) de composição (Amarelo Bril Remazol GL 150% + Azul Brilhante Remazol BB 133% + Azul Turqueza Remazol G) e o outro corante azul-marinho (CAM) de composição (Preto Remazol B 133% + Vermelho Remazol RGB + Amarelo Ouro Remazol RGB). Estes estudos de recuperação compreenderam basicamente 3 fases: caracterização do efluente recolhido na empresa; tratamento desse efluente utilizando uma instalação piloto de NF de fluxo cruzado ou também conhecido por membrana de fluxo tangencial instalado no Laboratório de Tecnologia (LT) do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP), e caracterização dos permeados e dos rejeitados obtidos. A análise de resultados do presente trabalho permitiu concluir ser possível a recuperação e reutilização das 3ª águas de lavagem do processo de tingimento quando tratadas pelo processo de NF a pressões de operação de 6 bar. Nestas circunstâncias os permeados obtidos (tanto no efluente com corante azul-claro como no efluente com corante azul-marinho) apresentam valores, em todos os parâmetros estudados, significativamente abaixo dos valores limites recomendáveis para uma água de abastecimento na Industria Têxtil (IT). Salienta-se reduções mais expressivas nos permeados do corante CAM, com vários parâmetros a sofrerem reduções no intervalo de 98 a 100%, nomeadamente, na cor, turvação, CQO, dureza total, alumínio e manganês. Os resultados obtidos para as pressões de operação de 4 e 8 bar mostram alguns parâmetros com valores acima dos recomendados para uma água de abastecimento na Indústria Têxtil, nomeadamente a cor no corante CAC quando se opera a 4 bar e no corante CAM quando se opera a 8 bar e os sulfatos e ferro no CAM à pressão de 4 bar. Estes resultados mostram ser possível a reutilização da água na própria instalação industrial, trazendo um benefício económico e ambiental, pela redução no consumo de água fresca e energia, além da redução do volume de efluentes que necessitam ser tratados, estando na mesma linha de pensamento de Gross et al (1999), que refere que o uso de membranas para o tratamento de efluentes do processo de tingimento tem como principal objectivo a viabilidade económica, a redução no consumo de água, de sais, de corantes e energia, bem como, a redução do volume de efluentes a ser tratado.