Computer-assisted two-dimensional preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty: clinical evaluation.

The purpose of this study is to clinically validate a new two-dimensional preoperative planning software for cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA). Manual and two-dimensional computer-assisted planning were compared by an independent observer for each of the 30 patients with osteoarthritis who underwent THA. This study showed that there were no statistical differences between the results of both preoperative plans in terms of stem size and neck length (<1 size) and hip rotation center position (<5 mm). Two-dimensional computer-assisted preoperative planning provided successful results comparable to those using the manual procedure, thereby allowing the surgeon to simulate various stem designs easily.

Description of a robotics-oriented relational positioning methodology

This paper presents a relational positioning methodology for flexibly and intuitively specifying offline programmed robot tasks, as well as for assisting the execution of teleoperated tasks demanding precise movements.In relational positioning, the movements of an object can be restricted totally or partially by specifying its allowed positions in terms of a set of geometric constraints. These allowed positions are found by means of a 3D sequential geometric constraint solver called PMF – Positioning Mobile with respect to Fixed. PMF exploits the fact that in a set of geometric constraints, the rotational component can often be separated from the translational one and solved independently.

Siirtyminen C-kielestä Pythoniin ohjelmoinnin perusopetuksessa

Ohjelmointitaito on asia, jonka oppimisesta ja opettamisesta voidaan olla montaa mieltä, eikä yhtä oikeaa tapaa toteuttaa ohjelmoinnin opetusta tunnu olevan olemassa. Se on kuitenkin selvää, että jotkin menetelmät ja työkalut tuntuvat olevan parempia kuin toiset. Lukuvuoden 2005-2006 päätteeksi Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto päätti päivittää ohjelmoinnin perusopetusta, ja kokeili siirtymistä Python-ohjelmointikieleen ohjelmoinnin alkeiskursseilla. Koska kurssin varsinaiset muutokset keskittyivät tekniseen infrastruktuuriin, tutustuttiin alustavassa kirjallisuustutkimuksessa ensin erilaisiin lähestymistapoihin,aiempiin tapauksiin sekä mielekkäiden työkalujen löytämiseen. Tässä diplomityössä perehdytään ohjelmoinnin opetuksen työkaluihin sekä erityisesti Python-ohjelmointikielen hyödyntämiseen ohjelmoinnin perusopetuksessa. Diplomityö esittelee useita lähestymistapoja sekä keskittyy tutkimaan Pythonin soveltuvuutta alkeisopetuksen käyttötarkoituksiin. Diplomityö tutustuu myös Lappeenrannassa järjestetyn ohjelmoinnin perusteiden kurssin tuloksiin, ja analysoi sitä, pystyikö Python-pohjainen kurssi toteuttamaan teknisen yliopiston sille asettamat vaatimukset. Lopuksi aineistosta analysoidaan jatkotutkimuksen tarpeita sekä pyritään löytämään ne osa-alueet, joita näissä jatkotutkimuksissa tulisi vielä kehittää.

Computer-aided volume measurement of posttraumatic orbits reconstructed with AO titanium mesh plates: accuracy and reliability

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the accuracy and reliability of "freehand" posttraumatic orbital wall reconstruction with AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osteosynthese) titanium mesh plates by using computer-aided volumetric measurement of the bony orbits. METHODS: Bony orbital volume was measured in 12 patients from coronal CT scan slices using OsiriX Medical Image software. After defining the volumetric limits of the orbit, the segmentation of the bony orbital region of interest of each single slice was performed. At the end of the segmentation process, all regions of interest were grouped and the volume was computed. The same procedure was performed on both orbits, and thereafter the volume of the contralateral uninjured orbit was used as a control for comparison. RESULTS: In all patients, the volume data of the reconstructed orbit fitted that of the contralateral uninjured orbit with accuracy to within 1.85 cm3 (7%). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study has demonstrated that posttraumatic orbital wall reconstruction using "freehand" bending and placement of AO titanium mesh plates results in a high success rate in re-establishing preoperative bony volume, which closely approximates that of the contralateral uninjured orbit.

Utilisation of Statistics in Intelligent Web Applications

Web-portaalien aiheenmukaista luokittelua voidaan hyödyntää tunnistamaan käyttäjän kiinnostuksen kohteet keräämällä tilastotietoa hänen selaustottumuksistaan eri kategorioissa. Tämä diplomityö käsittelee web-sovelluksien osa-alueita, joissa kerättyä tilastotietoa voidaan hyödyntää personalisoinnissa. Yleisperiaatteet sisällön personalisoinnista, Internet-mainostamisesta ja tiedonhausta selitetään matemaattisia malleja käyttäen. Lisäksi työssä kuvaillaan yleisluontoiset ominaisuudet web-portaaleista sekä tilastotiedon keräämiseen liittyvät seikat.

Computer-aided system for morphometric mandibular index computation (Using dental panoramic radiographs)

Objective: We propose and validate a computer aided system to measure three different mandibular indexes: cortical width, panoramic mandibular index and, mandibular alveolar bone resorption index. Study Design: Repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements are analyzed and compared to the manual estimation of the same indexes. Results: The proposed computerized system exhibits superior repeatability and reproducibility rates compared to standard manual methods. Moreover, the time required to perform the measurements using the proposed method is negligible compared to perform the measurements manually. Conclusions: We have proposed a very user friendly computerized method to measure three different morphometric mandibular indexes. From the results we can conclude that the system provides a practical manner to perform these measurements. It does not require an expert examiner and does not take more than 16 seconds per analysis. Thus, it may be suitable to diagnose osteoporosis using dental panoramic radiographs.

RiskDiff: A web tool for the analysis of the difference due to risk and demographic factors for incidence or mortality data.

Background Analysing the observed differences for incidence or mortality of a particular disease between two different situations (such as time points, geographical areas, gender or other social characteristics) can be useful both for scientific or administrative purposes. From an epidemiological and public health point of view, it is of great interest to assess the effect of demographic factors in these observed differences in order to elucidate the effect of the risk of developing a disease or dying from it. The method proposed by Bashir and Estève, which splits the observed variation into three components: risk, population structure and population size is a common choice at practice. Results A web-based application, called RiskDiff has been implemented (available at http://rht.iconcologia.net/riskdiff.htm webcite), to perform this kind of statistical analyses, providing text and graphical summaries. Code from the implemented functions in R is also provided. An application to cancer mortality data from Catalonia is used for illustration. Conclusions Combining epidemiological with demographical factors is crucial for analysing incidence or mortality from a disease, especially if the population pyramids show substantial differences. The tool implemented may serve to promote and divulgate the use of this method to give advice for epidemiologic interpretation and decision making in public health.

Design of an Embedded Computer Board for Networking Applications

Tämä diplomityö tehtiin Convergens Oy:lle. Convergens on elektroniikan suunnittelutoimisto, joka on erikoistunut sulautettuihin järjestelmiin sekä tietoliikennetekniikkaan. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli suunnitella tietokonekortti tietoliikennesovelluksia varten asiakkaalle, jolta vaatimusmäärittelyt tulivat. Työ on rajattu koskemaan laitteen prototyypin suunnittelua. Työssä suunnitellaan pääasiassa WLAN-tukiaseman tietokone. Tukiasema onasennettavissa toimistoihin, varastoihin, kauppoihin sekä myös liikkuvaan ajoneuvoon. Suunnittelussa on otettu nämä asiat huomioon, ja laitteen akun pystyy lataamaan muun muassa auton akulla. Langattomat tekniikat ovat voimakkaasti yleistymässä, ja tämän työn tukiasema tarjoaakin varteenotettavan vaihtoehdon lukuisilla ominaisuuksillaan. Mukana on mm. GPS, Bluetooth sekä Ethernet-valmius. Langattomien tekniikoiden lisäksi myös sulautetut järjestelmät ovat voimakkaasti yleistymässä, ja nykyään mikroprosessoreita löytääkin lähesmistä vain. Tässä projektissa käytetty prosessori on nopeutensa puolesta kilpailukykyinen, ja siitä löytyy useita eri rajapintoja. Jatkossa tietokonekortille on myös tulossa WiMAX-tuki, joka lisää tukiaseman tulevaisuuden arvoa asiakkaalle. Projektiin valittu Freescalen MPC8321E-prosessori on PowerPC-arkkitehtuuriin perustuva ja juuri markkinoille ilmestynyt. Tämä toi mukanaan lisähaasteen, sillä kyseisestä prosessorista ei ollut vielä kaikkea tietoa saatavilla. Mekaniikka toi omat haasteensa mukanaan, sillä se rajoitti piirilevyn koonniin, että ylimääräistä piirilevytilaa ei juurikaan jäänyt. Tämän takia esimerkiksi DDR-muistit olivat haastavia reitittää, sillä muistivetojen on oltava melko samanpituisia keskenään. Käyttöjärjestelmänä projektissa käytetään Linuxia. Suunnittelu alkoi keväällä 2007 ja toimiva prototyyppi oli valmis alkusyksystä. Prototyypin testaus osoitti, että tietokonekortti kykenee täyttämään kaikki asiakkaan vaatimukset. Prototyypin testauksessa löytyneet viat ja optimoinnit on tarkoitus korjata tuotantomalliin, joten se antaa hyvän pohjan jatkosuunnittelua varten.

Emergence of oriented circuits driven by synaptic pruning associated with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP)

ABSTRACT: Massive synaptic pruning following over-growth is a general feature of mammalian brain maturation. Pruning starts near time of birth and is completed by time of sexual maturation. Trigger signals able to induce synaptic pruning could be related to dynamic functions that depend on the timing of action potentials. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity (STDP) is a change in the synaptic strength based on the ordering of pre- and postsynaptic spikes. The relation between synaptic efficacy and synaptic pruning suggests that the weak synapses may be modified and removed through competitive "learning" rules. This plasticity rule might produce the strengthening of the connections among neurons that belong to cell assemblies characterized by recurrent patterns of firing. Conversely, the connections that are not recurrently activated might decrease in efficiency and eventually be eliminated. The main goal of our study is to determine whether or not, and under which conditions, such cell assemblies may emerge out of a locally connected random network of integrate-and-fire units distributed on a 2D lattice receiving background noise and content-related input organized in both temporal and spatial dimensions. The originality of our study stands on the relatively large size of the network, 10,000 units, the duration of the experiment, 10E6 time units (one time unit corresponding to the duration of a spike), and the application of an original bio-inspired STDP modification rule compatible with hardware implementation. A first batch of experiments was performed to test that the randomly generated connectivity and the STDP-driven pruning did not show any spurious bias in absence of stimulation. Among other things, a scale factor was approximated to compensate for the network size on the ac¬tivity. Networks were then stimulated with the spatiotemporal patterns. The analysis of the connections remaining at the end of the simulations, as well as the analysis of the time series resulting from the interconnected units activity, suggest that feed-forward circuits emerge from the initially randomly connected networks by pruning. RESUME: L'élagage massif des synapses après une croissance excessive est une phase normale de la ma¬turation du cerveau des mammifères. L'élagage commence peu avant la naissance et est complété avant l'âge de la maturité sexuelle. Les facteurs déclenchants capables d'induire l'élagage des synapses pourraient être liés à des processus dynamiques qui dépendent de la temporalité rela¬tive des potentiels d'actions. La plasticité synaptique à modulation temporelle relative (STDP) correspond à un changement de la force synaptique basé sur l'ordre des décharges pré- et post- synaptiques. La relation entre l'efficacité synaptique et l'élagage des synapses suggère que les synapses les plus faibles pourraient être modifiées et retirées au moyen d'une règle "d'appren¬tissage" faisant intervenir une compétition. Cette règle de plasticité pourrait produire le ren¬forcement des connexions parmi les neurones qui appartiennent à une assemblée de cellules caractérisée par des motifs de décharge récurrents. A l'inverse, les connexions qui ne sont pas activées de façon récurrente pourraient voir leur efficacité diminuée et être finalement éliminées. Le but principal de notre travail est de déterminer s'il serait possible, et dans quelles conditions, que de telles assemblées de cellules émergent d'un réseau d'unités integrate-and¬-fire connectées aléatoirement et distribuées à la surface d'une grille bidimensionnelle recevant à la fois du bruit et des entrées organisées dans les dimensions temporelle et spatiale. L'originalité de notre étude tient dans la taille relativement grande du réseau, 10'000 unités, dans la durée des simulations, 1 million d'unités de temps (une unité de temps correspondant à une milliseconde), et dans l'utilisation d'une règle STDP originale compatible avec une implémentation matérielle. Une première série d'expériences a été effectuée pour tester que la connectivité produite aléatoirement et que l'élagage dirigé par STDP ne produisaient pas de biais en absence de stimu¬lation extérieure. Entre autres choses, un facteur d'échelle a pu être approximé pour compenser l'effet de la variation de la taille du réseau sur son activité. Les réseaux ont ensuite été stimulés avec des motifs spatiotemporels. L'analyse des connexions se maintenant à la fin des simulations, ainsi que l'analyse des séries temporelles résultantes de l'activité des neurones, suggèrent que des circuits feed-forward émergent par l'élagage des réseaux initialement connectés au hasard.

Tuning the design procedures for laser processed microwave mechanics

This research has been focused at the development of a tuned systematic design methodology, which gives the best performance in a computer aided environment and utilises a cross-technological approach, specially tested with and for laser processed microwave mechanics. A tuned design process scheme is also presented. Because of the currently large production volumes of microwave and radio frequency mechanics even slight improvements of design methodologies or manufacturing technologies would give reasonable possibilities for cost reduction. The typical number of required iteration cycles could be reduced to one fifth of normal. The research area dealing with the methodologies is divided firstly into a function-oriented, a performance-oriented or a manufacturability-oriented product design. Alternatively various approaches can be developed for a customer-oriented, a quality-oriented, a cost-oriented or an organisation-oriented design. However, the real need for improvements is between these two extremes. This means that the effective methodology for the designers should not be too limited (like in the performance-oriented design) or too general (like in the organisation-oriented design), but it should, include the context of the design environment. This is the area where the current research is focused. To test the developed tuned design methodology for laser processing (TDMLP) and the tuned optimising algorithm for laser processing (TOLP), seven different industrial product applications for microwave mechanics have been designed, CAD-modelled and manufactured by using laser in small production series. To verify that the performance of these products meets the required level and to ensure the objectiveness ofthe results extensive laboratory tests were used for all designed prototypes. As an example a Ku-band horn antenna can be laser processed from steel in 2 minutes at the same time obtaining a comparable electrical performance of classical aluminium units or the residual resistance of a laser joint in steel could be limited to 72 milliohmia.

Detection of clusters using space-time scan statistics

This paper aims at detecting spatio-temporal clustering in fire sequences using space?time scan statistics, a powerful statistical framework for the analysis of point processes. The methodology is applied to active fire detection in the state of Florida (US) identified by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) during the period 2003?06. Results of the present study show that statistically significant clusters can be detected and localized in specific areas and periods of the year. Three out of the five most likely clusters detected for the entire frame period are localized in the north of the state, and they cover forest areas; the other two clusters cover a large zone in the south, corresponding to agricultural land and the prairies in the Everglades. In order to analyze if the wildfires recur each year during the same period, the analyses have been performed separately for the 4 years: it emerges that clusters of forest fires are more frequent in hot seasons (spring and summer), while in the southern areas, they are widely present during the whole year. The recognition of overdensities of events and the ability to locate them in space and in time can help in supporting fire management and focussing on prevention measures.

Learning through Computer Model Improvisations

It has been convincingly argued that computer simulation modeling differs from traditional science. If we understand simulation modeling as a new way of doing science, the manner in which scientists learn about the world through models must also be considered differently. This article examines how researchers learn about environmental processes through computer simulation modeling. Suggesting a conceptual framework anchored in a performative philosophical approach, we examine two modeling projects undertaken by research teams in England, both aiming to inform flood risk management. One of the modeling teams operated in the research wing of a consultancy firm, the other were university scientists taking part in an interdisciplinary project experimenting with public engagement. We found that in the first context the use of standardized software was critical to the process of improvisation, the obstacles emerging in the process concerned data and were resolved through exploiting affordances for generating, organizing, and combining scientific information in new ways. In the second context, an environmental competency group, obstacles were related to the computer program and affordances emerged in the combination of experience-based knowledge with the scientists' skill enabling a reconfiguration of the mathematical structure of the model, allowing the group to learn about local flooding.

Points to consider for prioritizing clinical genetic testing services: a European consensus process oriented at accountability for reasonableness.

Given the cost constraints of the European health-care systems, criteria are needed to decide which genetic services to fund from the public budgets, if not all can be covered. To ensure that high-priority services are available equitably within and across the European countries, a shared set of prioritization criteria would be desirable. A decision process following the accountability for reasonableness framework was undertaken, including a multidisciplinary EuroGentest/PPPC-ESHG workshop to develop shared prioritization criteria. Resources are currently too limited to fund all the beneficial genetic testing services available in the next decade. Ethically and economically reflected prioritization criteria are needed. Prioritization should be based on considerations of medical benefit, health need and costs. Medical benefit includes evidence of benefit in terms of clinical benefit, benefit of information for important life decisions, benefit for other people apart from the person tested and the patient-specific likelihood of being affected by the condition tested for. It may be subject to a finite time window. Health need includes the severity of the condition tested for and its progression at the time of testing. Further discussion and better evidence is needed before clearly defined recommendations can be made or a prioritization algorithm proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first time a clinical society has initiated a decision process about health-care prioritization on a European level, following the principles of accountability for reasonableness. We provide points to consider to stimulate this debate across the EU and to serve as a reference for improving patient management.