Acompanhamento coletivo do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil: participação de mães/cuidadores

This study aimed to analyze the participation of mothers/caregivers from the perspective of the health care model that directs the collective monitoring of child growth and development. This is an exploratory and descriptive research with qualitative approach, carried out in two Family Health Units located in the city of Natal/RN. Data were collected between August and September 2014, through participant observation and semi-structured interview technique, with mothers of infants seen at follow-up visits collective child growth and development. A total of 13 mothers were included who met the following inclusion criteria: being a mother/caregiver responsible for the care of children who have attended one or more meeting of collective monitoring of child growth and development. Exclusion criteria was established: users outside the area covered by the Health Unit Family and who did not use the National Health System as the primary health care service. For the treatment of the collected material, the content analysis was used, thematic Bardin. The study followed the ethical and legal principles governing the scientific research on human subjects recommended by Resolution nº. 466/2012 of the National Health Council and its realization occurred with the approval of the project in the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do North, which was approved by Opinion Embodied nº. 719 949, of June 27, 2014, and Certificate Presentation of Findings Ethics No 32510514.7.0000.5537. Although not conceptualize theoretically mothers demonstrated that collective consultations of child growth and development are actions aimed at health surveillance model, since most pointed monitoring your child to actions that can be measured. Even with that, it was established the existence of health promotion actions by reporting the exchange of experience and leadership of the subjects in collective action, factor facilitated by the link established between users and professionals and users. In this action there is the induction of permanent horizontal relationship where we seek to combine popular knowledge to scientific knowledge in order to promote the integral care for the child. However, it is still possible to find professionals who directs its assistance only to pathological processes and fail to create comprehensive care alternatives. In addition, there is still embezzlement in multi that should provide care to the child population. This factor may be related to their professional training, and thus an issue that can last for a few years. We conclude that it is necessary to incorporate alternatives and models of care that support overcoming limitations and enhancing the health of the population, involving it in the prospect of a better quality of life and therefore health.

Segurança do paciente em terapia intensiva neonatal: identificação e análise de eventos adversos

The patient safety is a major concern in health services for its global dimension, as evidenced by the fragility of care processes that predispose an occurrence of adverse events. These events in a neonatal intensive care unit are considered serious and hazardous to lives of newborns. The present study aimed to identify and analyze adverse events in a neonatal intensive care unit based in Trigger Tool. It is an epidemiological, cross-sectional , exploratory, retrospective study with quantitative, descriptive and analytical approach, performed in 2015 at a school hospital. The sample was not probabilistic, involving 116 newborns who met the eligibility criteria. Data collection was performed by retrospective review of medical records, using a specific kind of "trigger" instrument, composed of sentinel events in neonatology, adapted from the American model used by the Vermont-Oxford Network. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The chi-square test for linear trend was used to assess the associations between the variables of interest. The research received a favorable agreement from Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under number 1055533, and Presentation Certificate for Ethics Assessment 43894515.6.0000.5537. The results show among investigated newborns, 110 experienced at least one adverse event during their stay, with a total of 391 medical records analyzed and rate of 3.37 events per patient. Prevailed the preterm newborns with low birth weight, from mother who had hypertensive diseases during pregnancy and urinary tract infection. The average hospitalization time was 25 days, associated with hospital-acquired infections events (p = 0.01). Among the identified adverse events stood out the events related to thermoregulation disorders (39.0%), with prevalence of hypothermia (26.0%), followed by health care-related infections (16.4%) and blood glucose disorders, hypoglycemia (9.00%) and hyperglycemia (6.64%). Most of these incidents were classified in categories E and F, which represents that there was damage small proportion. Due to these damages come from the care practice with newborn, 78% were classified as avoidable. There was statistically significant association between the variable birth weight with infections (p = 0.006) as well as peri/intraventricular bleeding (p = 0.02), hypoglycemia (p = 0.021), hyperglycemia (p = 0.001), hyperthermia (p = 0.39) and death (p=0,02). Gestational age was associated with seizures (p = 0.002), hyperglycemia (p=0.017) e hyperthermia (p=0.027). The security institution culture was reported by the health workers as intermediate, even though the number of adverse events found in only one unit of service indicates that there is much to be done. Thus the high rate of adverse events identified in the neonatal intensive care unit reinforces the necessity to elaborate specific preventive strategies for this risk environment.

Segurança do paciente em terapia intensiva neonatal: identificação e análise de eventos adversos

The patient safety is a major concern in health services for its global dimension, as evidenced by the fragility of care processes that predispose an occurrence of adverse events. These events in a neonatal intensive care unit are considered serious and hazardous to lives of newborns. The present study aimed to identify and analyze adverse events in a neonatal intensive care unit based in Trigger Tool. It is an epidemiological, cross-sectional , exploratory, retrospective study with quantitative, descriptive and analytical approach, performed in 2015 at a school hospital. The sample was not probabilistic, involving 116 newborns who met the eligibility criteria. Data collection was performed by retrospective review of medical records, using a specific kind of "trigger" instrument, composed of sentinel events in neonatology, adapted from the American model used by the Vermont-Oxford Network. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The chi-square test for linear trend was used to assess the associations between the variables of interest. The research received a favorable agreement from Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under number 1055533, and Presentation Certificate for Ethics Assessment 43894515.6.0000.5537. The results show among investigated newborns, 110 experienced at least one adverse event during their stay, with a total of 391 medical records analyzed and rate of 3.37 events per patient. Prevailed the preterm newborns with low birth weight, from mother who had hypertensive diseases during pregnancy and urinary tract infection. The average hospitalization time was 25 days, associated with hospital-acquired infections events (p = 0.01). Among the identified adverse events stood out the events related to thermoregulation disorders (39.0%), with prevalence of hypothermia (26.0%), followed by health care-related infections (16.4%) and blood glucose disorders, hypoglycemia (9.00%) and hyperglycemia (6.64%). Most of these incidents were classified in categories E and F, which represents that there was damage small proportion. Due to these damages come from the care practice with newborn, 78% were classified as avoidable. There was statistically significant association between the variable birth weight with infections (p = 0.006) as well as peri/intraventricular bleeding (p = 0.02), hypoglycemia (p = 0.021), hyperglycemia (p = 0.001), hyperthermia (p = 0.39) and death (p=0,02). Gestational age was associated with seizures (p = 0.002), hyperglycemia (p=0.017) e hyperthermia (p=0.027). The security institution culture was reported by the health workers as intermediate, even though the number of adverse events found in only one unit of service indicates that there is much to be done. Thus the high rate of adverse events identified in the neonatal intensive care unit reinforces the necessity to elaborate specific preventive strategies for this risk environment.

Acurácia dos indicadores clínicos do diagnóstico de enfermagem falta de adesão em pessoas vivendo com AIDS

In the early 1990s, a major milestone in the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome was the development of highly active combination antiretroviral therapy. The great benefit generated by the use of this therapy was prolonging the survival of the people who got this disease, since it is no longer considered fatal, becoming a chronic condition. Despite improvements generated by this therapy, there are still many difficulties to be overcome. One is the patient adherence to their treatment, bringing challenges to services and health professionals. Hence the need for early identification of nursing diagnosis Lack of Accession so that solutions are sought by the nurse with the patient and his family. With this problem, adds to the difficulty of hospital nurses in inferring that diagnosis, especially in identifying their defining characteristics. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of clinical indicators of nursing diagnosis Lack of Adherence to antiretroviral treatment for people living with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The research took place in two stages. The first consists of the evaluation of the diagnostic indicators in the study; and second, the diagnostic inference performed by specialist nurses. The first step took place in a referral hospital in the treatment of infectious diseases in the Northeast of Brazil, and data were collected through an instrument for carrying out history and physical examination and analyzed for the presence or absence of the diagnostic indicators. In the second stage, the data were sent to experts, who judged the presence or absence of the diagnosis in the studied clientele. The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, obtaining approval with the General Certificate for Ethics Assessment (CAAE) No 46206215.3.0000.5537. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Test were used Fisher's exact, chi-square test of Pearson and logistic regression. Since the accuracy of clinical indicators was measured by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios. As a result, we identified the presence of diagnosis Lack of Accession on 69% (n = 78) of the study patients. The defining characteristics that showed statistically significant association with the diagnosis studied were: lack of adherence behavior, complications related to development, missing scheduled appointments, failure to achieve results, and exacerbation of symptoms. The characteristic with greater sensitivity was missing scheduled appointments and the highest specificity behavior of noncompliance. The logistic regression showed as predictors for the diagnosis Lack of Accession: lack of adherence behavior, missing scheduled appointments, failure to achieve results, and exacerbation of symptoms. It was concluded that the identification of clinical indicators accurately enabled a good prediction of the nursing diagnosis Lack of Accession on people living with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, helping nurses develop early on strategies for promoting adherence to the use of antiretrovirals.

Acurácia dos indicadores clínicos do diagnóstico de enfermagem falta de adesão em pessoas vivendo com AIDS

In the early 1990s, a major milestone in the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome was the development of highly active combination antiretroviral therapy. The great benefit generated by the use of this therapy was prolonging the survival of the people who got this disease, since it is no longer considered fatal, becoming a chronic condition. Despite improvements generated by this therapy, there are still many difficulties to be overcome. One is the patient adherence to their treatment, bringing challenges to services and health professionals. Hence the need for early identification of nursing diagnosis Lack of Accession so that solutions are sought by the nurse with the patient and his family. With this problem, adds to the difficulty of hospital nurses in inferring that diagnosis, especially in identifying their defining characteristics. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of clinical indicators of nursing diagnosis Lack of Adherence to antiretroviral treatment for people living with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The research took place in two stages. The first consists of the evaluation of the diagnostic indicators in the study; and second, the diagnostic inference performed by specialist nurses. The first step took place in a referral hospital in the treatment of infectious diseases in the Northeast of Brazil, and data were collected through an instrument for carrying out history and physical examination and analyzed for the presence or absence of the diagnostic indicators. In the second stage, the data were sent to experts, who judged the presence or absence of the diagnosis in the studied clientele. The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, obtaining approval with the General Certificate for Ethics Assessment (CAAE) No 46206215.3.0000.5537. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Test were used Fisher's exact, chi-square test of Pearson and logistic regression. Since the accuracy of clinical indicators was measured by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios. As a result, we identified the presence of diagnosis Lack of Accession on 69% (n = 78) of the study patients. The defining characteristics that showed statistically significant association with the diagnosis studied were: lack of adherence behavior, complications related to development, missing scheduled appointments, failure to achieve results, and exacerbation of symptoms. The characteristic with greater sensitivity was missing scheduled appointments and the highest specificity behavior of noncompliance. The logistic regression showed as predictors for the diagnosis Lack of Accession: lack of adherence behavior, missing scheduled appointments, failure to achieve results, and exacerbation of symptoms. It was concluded that the identification of clinical indicators accurately enabled a good prediction of the nursing diagnosis Lack of Accession on people living with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, helping nurses develop early on strategies for promoting adherence to the use of antiretrovirals.

Sedimentary record of the western Amundsen Sea Embayment

The Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) drains approximately 35% of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and is one of the most rapidly changing parts of the cryosphere. In order to predict future ice-sheet behaviour, modellers require long-term records of ice-sheet melting to constrain and build confidence in their simulations. Here, we present detailed marine geological and radiocarbon data along three palaeo-ice stream tributary troughs in the western ASE to establish vital information on the timing of deglaciation of the WAIS since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We have undertaken multi-proxy analyses of the cores (core description, shear strength, x-radiographs, magnetic susceptibility, wet bulk density, total organic carbon/nitrogen, carbonate content and clay mineral analyses) in order to: (1) characterise the sedimentological facies and depositional environments; and (2) identify the horizon(s) in each core that would yield the most reliable age for deglaciation. In accordance with previous studies we identify three key facies, which offer the most reliable stratigraphies for dating deglaciation by recording the transition from a grounded ice sheet to open marine environments. These facies are: i) subglacial, ii) proximal grounding-line, and iii) seasonal open-marine. In addition, we incorporate ages from other facies (e.g., glaciomarine diamictons deposited at some distance from the grounding line, such as glaciogenic debris flows and iceberg rafted diamictons and turbates) into our deglacial model. In total, we have dated 78 samples (mainly the acid insoluble organic (AIO) fraction, but also calcareous foraminifers), which include 63 downcore and 15 surface samples. Through careful sample selection prior to dating, we have established a robust deglacial chronology for this sector of the WAIS. Our data show that deglaciation of the western ASE was probably underway as early as 22,351 calibrated years before present (cal 44 yr BP), reaching the mid-shelf by 13,837 cal yr BP and the inner shelf to within c.10-12 km of the present ice shelf front between 12,618 and 10,072 cal yr BP. The deglacial steps in the western ASE broadly coincide with the rapid rises in sea-level associated with global meltwater pulses 1a and 1b, although given the potential dating uncertainty, additional, more precise ages are required before these findings can be fully substantiated. Finally, we show that the rate of ice-sheet retreat increased across the deep (up to1,600 m) basins of the inner shelf, highlighting the importance of reverse slope and pinning points in accelerated phases of deglaciation.

To what extent does the Health Professions Admission Test-Ireland predict performance in early undergraduate tests of communication and clinical skills? – An observational cohort study

Background: Internationally, tests of general mental ability are used in the selection of medical students. Examples include the Medical College Admission Test, Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test and the UK Clinical Aptitude Test. The most widely used measure of their efficacy is predictive validity.A new tool, the Health Professions Admission Test- Ireland (HPAT-Ireland), was introduced in 2009. Traditionally, selection to Irish undergraduate medical schools relied on academic achievement. Since 2009, Irish and EU applicants are selected on a combination of their secondary school academic record (measured predominately by the Leaving Certificate Examination) and HPAT-Ireland score. This is the first study to report on the predictive validity of the HPAT-Ireland for early undergraduate assessments of communication and clinical skills. Method. Students enrolled at two Irish medical schools in 2009 were followed up for two years. Data collected were gender, HPAT-Ireland total and subsection scores; Leaving Certificate Examination plus HPAT-Ireland combined score, Year 1 Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scores (Total score, communication and clinical subtest scores), Year 1 Multiple Choice Questions and Year 2 OSCE and subset scores. We report descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and Multiple linear regression models. Results: Data were available for 312 students. In Year 1 none of the selection criteria were significantly related to student OSCE performance. The Leaving Certificate Examination and Leaving Certificate plus HPAT-Ireland combined scores correlated with MCQ marks.In Year 2 a series of significant correlations emerged between the HPAT-Ireland and subsections thereof with OSCE Communication Z-scores; OSCE Clinical Z-scores; and Total OSCE Z-scores. However on multiple regression only the relationship between Total OSCE Score and the Total HPAT-Ireland score remained significant; albeit the predictive power was modest. Conclusion: We found that none of our selection criteria strongly predict clinical and communication skills. The HPAT- Ireland appears to measures ability in domains different to those assessed by the Leaving Certificate Examination. While some significant associations did emerge in Year 2 between HPAT Ireland and total OSCE scores further evaluation is required to establish if this pattern continues during the senior years of the medical course.

SAFE: A Declarative Trust-Agile System with Linked Credentials

Secure Access For Everyone (SAFE), is an integrated system for managing trust

using a logic-based declarative language. Logical trust systems authorize each

request by constructing a proof from a context---a set of authenticated logic

statements representing credentials and policies issued by various principals

in a networked system. A key barrier to practical use of logical trust systems

is the problem of managing proof contexts: identifying, validating, and

assembling the credentials and policies that are relevant to each trust

decision.

SAFE addresses this challenge by (i) proposing a distributed authenticated data

repository for storing the credentials and policies; (ii) introducing a

programmable credential discovery and assembly layer that generates the

appropriate tailored context for a given request. The authenticated data

repository is built upon a scalable key-value store with its contents named by

secure identifiers and certified by the issuing principal. The SAFE language

provides scripting primitives to generate and organize logic sets representing

credentials and policies, materialize the logic sets as certificates, and link

them to reflect delegation patterns in the application. The authorizer fetches

the logic sets on demand, then validates and caches them locally for further

use. Upon each request, the authorizer constructs the tailored proof context

and provides it to the SAFE inference for certified validation.

Delegation-driven credential linking with certified data distribution provides

flexible and dynamic policy control enabling security and trust infrastructure

to be agile, while addressing the perennial problems related to today's

certificate infrastructure: automated credential discovery, scalable

revocation, and issuing credentials without relying on centralized authority.

We envision SAFE as a new foundation for building secure network systems. We

used SAFE to build secure services based on case studies drawn from practice:

(i) a secure name service resolver similar to DNS that resolves a name across

multi-domain federated systems; (ii) a secure proxy shim to delegate access

control decisions in a key-value store; (iii) an authorization module for a

networked infrastructure-as-a-service system with a federated trust structure

(NSF GENI initiative); and (iv) a secure cooperative data analytics service

that adheres to individual secrecy constraints while disclosing the data. We

present empirical evaluation based on these case studies and demonstrate that

SAFE supports a wide range of applications with low overhead.

The 2016 Condition of Higher Education in Iowa Report

Investigating trends and current issues affecting degree and certificate attainment in the State of Iowa. The report considers workforce demands for educated workers, population and demographic trends and projections, educational preparation for college, financial preparation for college, enrollment trends at Iowa colleges and universities, entering the Iowa workforce, and meeting the needs of the Iowa workforce. Data compares Iowa against national trends.

Contexts That Inform Racial Awareness and Affect Teaching Practice: A Study of White Bilingual Teachers

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

SMEs Attitudes to “Information Assurance” and Consequences for the Digital Single Market

It is now generally accepted that cyber crime represents a big threat to organisations, and that they need to take appropriate action to protect their valuable information assets. However, current research shows that, although small businesses understand that they are potentially vulnerable, many are still not taking sufficient action to counteract the threat. Last year, the authors sought, through a more generalised but categorised attitudinal study, to explore the reasons why smaller SMEs in particular were reluctant to engage with accepted principles for protecting their data. The results showed that SMEs understood many of the issues. They were prepared to spend more but were particularly suspicious about spending on information assurance. The authors’ current research again focuses on SME attitudes but this time the survey asks only questions directly relating to information assurance and the standards available, in an attempt to try to understand exactly what is causing them to shy away from getting the badge or certificate that would demonstrate to customers and business partners that they take cyber security seriously. As with last year’s study, the results and analysis provide useful pointers towards the broader business environment changes that might cause SMEs to be more interested in working towards an appropriate cyber security standard.

O zambê é nossa cultura: o coco de zambê e a emergência étnica em Sibaúma, Tibau do Sul-RN

The coco de zambê is a dance of which origin is credited to old slaves who inhabited the coastalregion of Rio Grande do Norte. The zambê appears intensely in the narratives related to the past and present of Sibaúma, a quilombola community located in the southern coast of the state. It is conceived as a sign of ethnicity linked to a local black ancestry. The group is known as "remnant of Quilombo," and is demanding the process of territorial settlement, as guaranteed through the Brazilian federal constitution. The coco de zambê, presented as a kind of "certificate of ancestry to the group, besides, after a long period of abandonment, the dance is beeing "revitalized" and exploited by a part of the group alongside the demands for recognition. In this process there are several interlinked actors: NGOs, state agencies to promote the culture, representatives of public authorities and local leaders. Here, I'm interested in understanding how this process of revival occurs with the coco de zambê in Sibaúma: how a "brincadeira" (play) of the ancients comes to be a "cultural reference" and a means of political mobilization concerning their recognition

Acreditação do Laboratório de Metrologia da Frilabo para Ensaios e Calibrações em Temperaturas

O trabalho desenvolvido centrou-se na preparação da acreditação NP EN ISO/IEC 17025 do Laboratório de Metrologia da empresa Frilabo para prestação de serviços na área das temperaturas, no ensaio a câmaras térmicas e na calibração de termómetros industriais. Considerando o âmbito do trabalho desenvolvido, são abordados nesta tese conceitos teóricos sobre temperatura e incertezas bem como considerações técnicas de medição da temperatura e cálculo de incertezas. São também referidas considerações sobre os diferentes tipos de câmaras térmicas e termómetros. O texto apresenta os documentos elaborados pelo autor sobre os procedimentos de ensaio a câmaras térmicas e respetivo procedimento de cálculo da incerteza. Também estão presentes neste texto documentos elaborados pelo autor sobre os procedimentos de calibração de termómetros industriais e respetivo procedimento de cálculo da incerteza. Relativamente aos ensaios a câmara térmicas e calibração de termómetros o autor elaborou os fluxogramas sobre a metodologia da medição da temperatura nos ensaios, a metodologia de medição da temperatura nas calibrações, e respetivos cálculos de incertezas. Nos diferentes anexos estão apresentados vários documentos tais como o modelo de folha de cálculo para tratamento de dados relativos ao ensaio, modelo de folha de cálculo para tratamento de dados relativo às calibrações, modelo de relatório de ensaio, modelo de certificado de calibração, folhas de cálculo para gestão de clientes/equipamentos e numeração automática de relatórios de ensaio e certificados de calibração que cumprem os requisitos de gestão do laboratório. Ainda em anexo constam todas as figuras relativas à monitorização da temperatura nas câmara térmicas como também as figuras da disposição dos termómetros no interior das câmaras térmicas. Todas as figuras que aparecem ao longo do documento que não estão referenciadas são da adaptação ou elaboração própria do autor. A decisão de alargar o âmbito da acreditação do Laboratório de Metrologia da Frilabo para calibração de termómetros, prendeu-se com o facto de que sendo acreditado como laboratório de ensaios na área das temperaturas, a realização da rastreabilidade dos padrões de medida internamente, permitiria uma gestão de recursos otimizada e rentabilizada. A metodologia da preparação de todo o processo de acreditação do Laboratório de Metrologia da Frilabo, foi desenvolvida pelo autor e está expressa ao longo do texto da tese incluindo dados relevantes para a concretização da referida acreditação nos dois âmbitos. A avaliação de todo o trabalho desenvolvido será efetuada pelo o organismo designado IPAC (Instituto Português de Acreditação) que confere a acreditação em Portugal. Este organismo irá auditar a empresa com base nos procedimentos desenvolvidos e nos resultados obtidos, sendo destes o mais importante o Balanço da Melhor Incerteza (BMI) da medição também conhecido por Melhor Capacidade de Medição (MCM), quer para o ensaio às câmaras térmicas, quer para a calibração dos termómetros, permitindo desta forma complementar os serviços prestados aos clientes fidelizados à Frilabo. As câmaras térmicas e os termómetros industriais são equipamentos amplamente utilizados em diversos segmentos industriais, engenharia, medicina, ensino e também nas instituições de investigação, sendo um dos objetivos respetivamente, a simulação de condições específicas controladas e a medição de temperatura. Para entidades acreditadas, como os laboratórios, torna-se primordial que as medições realizadas com e nestes tipos de equipamentos ostentem confiabilidade metrológica1, uma vez que, resultados das medições inadequados podem levar a conclusões equivocadas sobre os testes realizados. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios a câmaras térmicas e nas calibrações de termómetros, são considerados bons e aceitáveis, uma vez que as melhores incertezas obtidas, podem ser comparadas, através de consulta pública do Anexo Técnico do IPAC, com as incertezas de outros laboratórios acreditados em Portugal. Numa abordagem mais experimental, pode dizer-se que no ensaio a câmaras térmicas a obtenção de incertezas mais baixas ou mais altas depende maioritariamente do comportamento, características e estado de conservação das câmaras, tornando relevante o processo de estabilização da temperatura no interior das mesmas. A maioria das fontes de incerteza na calibração dos termómetros são obtidas pelas características e especificações do fabricante dos equipamentos, que se traduzem por uma contribuição com o mesmo peso para o cálculo da incerteza expandida (a exatidão de fabricante, as incertezas herdadas de certificados de calibração, da estabilidade e da uniformidade do meio térmico onde se efetuam as calibrações). Na calibração dos termómetros as incertezas mais baixas obtêm-se para termómetros de resoluções mais baixas. Verificou-se que os termómetros com resolução de 1ºC não detetavam as variações do banho térmico. Nos termómetros com resoluções inferiores, o peso da contribuição da dispersão de leituras no cálculo da incerteza, pode variar consoante as características do termómetro. Por exemplo os termómetros com resolução de 0,1ºC, apresentaram o maior peso na contribuição da componente da dispersão de leituras. Pode concluir-se que a acreditação de um laboratório é um processo que não é de todo fácil. Podem salientar-se aspetos que podem comprometer a acreditação, como por exemplo a má seleção do ou dos técnicos e equipamentos (má formação do técnico, equipamento que não seja por exemplo adequado à gama, mal calibrado, etc…) que vão efetuar as medições. Se não for bem feita, vai comprometer todo o processo nos passos seguintes. Deve haver também o envolvimento do todos os intervenientes do laboratório, o gestor da qualidade, o responsável técnico e os técnicos, só assim é que é possível chegar à qualidade pretendida e à melhoria contínua da acreditação do laboratório. Outro aspeto importante na preparação de uma acreditação de um laboratório é a pesquisa de documentação necessária e adequada para poder tomar decisões corretas na elaboração dos procedimentos conducentes à referida. O laboratório tem de mostrar/comprovar através de registos a sua competência. Finalmente pode dizer-se que competência é a palavra chave de uma acreditação, pois ela manifesta-se nas pessoas, equipamentos, métodos, instalações e outros aspetos da instituição a que pertence o laboratório sob acreditação.

Schulzeitverkürzung und Studiendauer

Der vorliegende Wiederabdruck eines 1937 publizierten Textes rückt die Aktualität der damaligen bildungspolitischen Reformbemühungen zur Schulzeitverkürzung und Studiendauer in den Vordergrund. (DIPF/Bal)

In situ transmission electron microscopy ion irradiations of model iron-chromium alloys

Iron-chromium alloys are used as a model to study the microstructural evolution of defects in irradiated structural steel components of a nuclear reactor. We examine the effects of temperature and chromium concentration on the defect evolution and segregation behavior in the early stages of damage. In situ irradiations are conducted in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) at 300°C and 450°C with 150keV iron ions in single crystal Fe14Cr and Fe19Cr bicrystal to doses of 2E15 ions/cm^2. The microstructures resulting from annealing and irradiation of the alloy are characterized by analysis of TEM micrographs and diffraction patterns and compared with those of irradiated pure iron. We found the irradiation temperature to have little effect on the microstructural development. We also found that the presence of chromium in the sample leads to defect populations with small average loop size and no extended or nested loop structures, in contrast to the populations of large extended loops seen in irradiated pure iron. A very weak dependence was found on the specific chromium content of the alloy. Chromium was shown to suppress defect growth by inhibiting defect mobility in the alloy. While defects in pure iron are highly mobile and able to grow, those in the FeCr alloys remained small and relatively motionless due to the pinning effect of the chromium.