Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Avaliação do efeito do liraglutida nos tecidos muscular e adiposo e nos parâmetros bioquímicos em camundongos Swiss submetidos à dieta de cafeteria e a atividade física

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by adipose tissue formation excess leading to an increase in body fat mass, of multifactorial origin, produced mainly by poor eating habits combined with a sedentary lifestyle. Data consider obesity as a serious disease that affects the world's population, ranking fifth in death rates. Faced with this situation, individuals seek, increasingly, means to lose weight with less physical effort and food. In 2009 and 2010 the drug liraglutide was lauched in order to reduce weight in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, thus avoiding the emergence of other diseases. The aggravating factor is that obese nondiabetic individuals are making use of this substance, even if its use is not authorized by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency). Thus the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of liraglutide for muscle or fat tissues and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice submitted to cafeteria diet and physical activity. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use - CEUA (nº003 Protocol / 2014). For this study 74 animals (Swiss mice) were used, divided as follows: in the initial phase of this study, we carried out a pilot study (n = 10) divided into a control group (PCON) (n = 5) and cafeteria group (PCAF) (n = 5), in order to evaluate a cafeteria diet which was both attractive to the animals and that could provide an increase in adipose tissue. After the induction of the diet, animals were euthanized and as a result, the animals in the PCAF group showed an intra-abdominal adiposity 0.74 ± 0.05 g, taken as the parameter for increasing fat in animals. Subsequently the study base was conducted for this research where animals were used (n = 64) divided into 2 groups: the Cafeteria Study Base Group (EBCAF) divided as follows: cafeteria + exercise + liraglutide (CEL) (n = 8), cafeteria + exercise + saline (CES) (n = 8), cafeteria + liraglutide (CL) (n = 8) and cafeteria + saline (CS) (n = 8). The Chow Study Base group (EBR) was divided into: exercise + liraglutide (EL) (n = 8), exercise + saline + (ES) (n = 8), liraglutide (L) (n = 8) and saline solution (SS) (n = 8). All animals went through the submission process to the cafeteria diet, followed by exercise protocol through swimming and treatment with the test substance intraperitoneally (200 mg / mL / kg). After the treatments, the animals were euthanized and had the following parameters evaluated: the muscle tissue mass, adipose tissue mass and biochemical parameters. It was observed that the processing done with the exercise-associated liraglutide reduced adipose tissue mass significantly (0.32 ± 0.05 g) compared to the saline group (0.53 ± 0.07 g). There were no changes in the muscle tissue of the group which was treated and exercised (1.39 ± 0.03 g) compared to the saline group (1.33 ± 0.03 g). Regarding biochemical parameters it was evident that there were changes in these parameters. Interesting to note that, although blood glucose values have been changed, the animals did not become diabetic. Thus, it appears that physical activity together with liraglutide is eficcient to the loss of intraabdominal adipose tissue and the maintenance of lean body mass thereby generating a satisfactory result in the pursuit of quality of life and disease prevention.

Efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório com diferentes cargas na força e função de músculos respiratórios

Background: The inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been considered an option in reversing or preventing decrease in respiratory muscle strength, however, little is known about the adaptations of these muscles arising from the training with charge. Objectives: To investigate the effect of IMT on the diaphragmatic muscle strength and function neural and structural adjustment of diaphragm in sedentary young people, compare the effects of low intensity IMT with moderate intensity IMT on the thickness, mobility and electrical activity of diaphragm and in inspiratory muscles strength and establish a protocol for conducting a systematic review to evaluate the effects of respiratory muscle training in children and adults with neuromuscular diseases. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled trial, sample of 28 healthy, both sexes, and sedentary young people, divided into two groups: 14 in the low load training group (G10%) and 14 in the moderate load training group (G55%). The volunteers performed for 9 weeks a home IMT protocol with POWERbreathe®. The G55% trained with 55% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the G10% used a charge of 10% of MIP. The training was conducted in sessions of 30 repetitions, twice a day, six days per week. Every two weeks was evaluated MIP and adjusted the load. Volunteers were submitted by ultrasound, surface electromyography, spirometry and manometer before and after IMT. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Were performed Student's t-test for paired samples to compare diaphragmatic thickness, MIP and MEP before and after IMT protocol and Wilcoxon to compare the RMS (root mean square) and median frequency (MedF) values also before and after training protocol. They were then performed the Student t test for independent samples to compare mobility and diaphragm thickness, MIP and MEP between two groups and the Mann-Whitney test to compare the RMS and MedF values also between the two groups. Parallel to experimental study, we developed a protocol with support from the Cochrane Collaboration on IMT in people with neuromuscular diseases. Results: There was, in both groups, increased inspiratory muscle strength (P <0.05) and expiratory in G10% (P = 0.009) increase in RMS and thickness of relaxed muscle in G55% (P = 0.005; P = 0.026) and there was no change in the MedF (P> 0.05). The comparison between two groups showed a difference in RMS (P = 0.04) and no difference in diaphragm thickness and diaphragm mobility and respiratory muscle strength. Conclusions: It was identified increased neural activity and diagrammatic structure with consequent increase in respiratory muscle strength after the IMT with moderate load. IMT with load of 10% of MIP cannot be considered as a placebo dose, it increases the inspiratory muscle strength and IMT with moderate intensity is able to enhance the recruitment of muscle fibers of diaphragm and promote their hypertrophy. The protocol for carrying out the systematic review published in The Cochrane Library.

The effects of foam rolling on muscular co-activation around the knee joint

The major objectives of this thesis were to determine if foam rolling had any effect on antagonist muscle activation and whether those changes would alter muscular co-activation patterns. The results from this thesis along with current literature will help clinicians to develop adequate exercise prescription for rehabilitative and pre-activity purposes. The existing literature has shown that foam rolling or roller massagers can increase range of motion (ROM), improve performance, and alter pain perception, however little research exists regarding changes in muscle activation following foam rolling. This study developed a reliable method for measuring muscle activation around the knee joint and using that method found that foam rolling the quadriceps can impair hamstrings muscle activation likely due to greater levels of perceived pain when rolling the quadriceps.

Efecto de la electroestimulación muscular abdominal en el caballo

La especialidad de fisioterapia y rehabilitación veterinaria ha adquirido una importancia creciente experimentando un constante desarrollo en las últimas décadas. Prueba de ello es la aparición de varios cursos de postgrado en diferentes universidades veterinarias o la creación del American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation en 2010. En términos generales, esta especialidad se ha nutrido de los protocolos de medicina humana sin existir una base científica sólida, por lo que las publicaciones científicas en el campo veterinario, aunque han ido incrementando recientemente, son aún escasas. Por lo tanto, son necesarios estudios que exploren tratamientos, protocolos y métodos de valoración funcional en veterinaria. En la clínica equina, la fisioterapia se ha centrado en gran medida en la rehabilitación de lesiones musculoesqueléticas, donde los problemas de dorso son una de las principales causas de disminución del rendimiento en caballos de deporte. Su etiología suele ser multifactorial y su presentación hace difícil un diagnóstico claro. Basándonos en el modelo de medicina humana, donde se ha demostrado el papel vital que juega la musculatura multífida en la estabilidad dinámica de la columna y en el desarrollo de patologías, se han comenzado a describir diferentes programas de ejercicios en caballos con el objetivo de mejorar la estabilidad y el control motor del raquis. Aunque algunos han demostrado ser efectivos, aún se necesitan muchos estudios que pongan de manifiesto la aplicación clínica de estos protocolos y su metodología exacta de aplicación en medicina equina...

Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy : implications on intracellular signaling pathways and mitochondrial permeability transition pore function

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Cognitive dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a possible role for neuromodulatory immune molecules

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X chromosome-linked disease characterized by progressive physical disability, immobility, and premature death in affected boys. Underlying the devastating symptoms of DMD is the loss of dystrophin, a structural protein that connects the extracellular matrix to the cell cytoskeleton and provides protection against contraction-induced damage in muscle cells, leading to chronic peripheral inflammation. However, dystrophin is also expressed in neurons within specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, a structure associated with learning and memory formation. Linked to this, a subset of boys with DMD exhibit nonprogressing cognitive dysfunction, with deficits in verbal, short-term, and working memory. Furthermore, in the genetically comparable dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of DMD, some, but not all, types of learning and memory are deficient, and specific deficits in synaptogenesis and channel clustering at synapses has been noted. Little consideration has been devoted to the cognitive deficits associated with DMD compared with the research conducted into the peripheral effects of dystrophin deficiency. Therefore, this review focuses on what is known about the role of full-length dystrophin (Dp427) in hippocampal neurons. The importance of dystrophin in learning and memory is assessed, and the potential importance that inflammatory mediators, which are chronically elevated in dystrophinopathies, may have on hippocampal function is also evaluated.

Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy : implications on intracellular signaling pathways and mitochondrial permeability transition pore function

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Assisted standing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of standing devices and orthoses on musculoskeletal impairments (such as pain, contracture, scoliosis development and bone density) in people with DMD, and secondarily to determine their effect on quality of life, participation in activities, and patient experience.

Influencia del polimorfismo del receptor de andrógenos en la masa ósea, masa muscular y condición física en niños y niñas

Programa de doctorado: Actividad Física, Salud y Rendimiento Deportivo

Muscular anatomy of the pectoral and forelimb of caiman crocodilus crocodilus (linnaeus, 1758) (crocodylia: alligatoridae)

v. 17, n. 2, p. 285-295, abr./jun. 2016.

Considerations in the use of high intensity leg cycle ergometry as a test of muscular performance

High intensity leg cycle ergometry is a widely used method of measuring muscular performance during maximal exercise. Until recently, it was deemed to be a predominantly lower body activity; however, there is now evidence to suggest that the upper body could be making a significant contribution to power output, as demonstrated by the intense electrical activity of the forearm musculature. As high intensity cycle ergometry often is used to measure performance in untrained cyclists it is important they are given at least two familiarisation trials to ensure results are both reliable and reproducible. In addition, diurnal variations exist during a single high intensity bout of exercise. It is likely these daily fluctuations are influenced by a number of biochemical and physiological variables. The purpose of this article is to outline factors that contribute to our interpretation of data following high intensity cycle ergometry.

Processos degenerativos do tecido cutâneo

Os processos degenerativos do tecido cutâneo estão amplamente associados ao seu envelhecimento natural, onde se verifica perda de tecido fibroso, renovação celular mais lenta e redução da rede vascular e glandular da pele. Alguns fatores externos ao organismo podem contudo acelerar estes processos, como por exemplo a exposição solar, consumo excessivo de álcool e tabaco, poluição ambiental e aumento de peso. De entre estes processos destacam-se o processo descamativo, um fenómeno natural do mecanismo de diferenciação dos queratinócitos. É um processo complexo que envolve essencialmente a degradação da coesão entre células da pele. A lipodistrofia ginóide é outro destes processos, comummente denominado de celulite, e que se caracteriza como uma distrofia celular complexa, com alterações do metabolismo hídrico que conferem uma aparência de "casca de laranja" à pele. A flacidez é um processo resultante da atrofia tecidular, onde se verifica a perda progressiva de massa muscular que é substituída por tecido adiposo. Está diretamente relacionada com a redução da produção de fibras de colagénio e fibras elásticas no tecido subcutâneo. Por fim, insuficiência venosa é um termo utilizado para caracterizar um processo que afeta o sistema venoso dos membros inferiores, que se desenvolve por aumento da pressão venosa em combinação com um retorno venoso ineficiente. Embora ainda não exista compreensão total destes mecanismos, já é possível encontrar uma série de tratamentos que visam minimizar ou mesmo tratá-los, de modo a que não se agravem e representem um risco sério para a saúde.

The impact of Rab5 on the formation of glial cytoplasmic inclusion: implications for multiple system atrophy

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