Ensaios metodológicos sobre Ronald Coase: teoria da firma e das instituições jurídicas

Tradicionalmente, pesquisa na área de metodologia da Ciência Econômica consiste em estudar as implicações de teorias epistemológicas para Economia, sem se preocupar muito com que os economistas realmente fazem. Uma abordagem mais moderna procura lançar um olhar mais reflexivo sobre atividade dos economistas. Isto é, parte-se do que os economistas realmente fazem e, depois, empreende-se uma análise filosófica. Neste contexto, formação filosófica conhecimento teórico possuem mesma importância para produção científica em Metodologia. Adicionalmente, cumpre notar que são poucos os trabalhos que procuram analisar as contribuições mais recentes Teoria Econômica, lançando olhar da Metodologia para fronteira da ciência. Assim, novas correntes novas áreas da Economia carecem de uma avaliação epistemológica, ainda que vaga preliminar. escolha de temas já consagrados pode ser explicada pela segurança de explorar, sob um ponto de vista metodológico, um corpo de conhecimento científico coeso pouco mutável. Desse modo, análise não corre grande risco de se tornar anacrônica ou de ser parcial. Por outro lado, esquecimento da fronteira do conhecimento desvia atenção da relação entre processo de construção da teoria e a comunidade científica. risco da escolha de um tema mais de vanguarda é a superação da análise rapidamente pelo tempo, superfícialidade por falta de elementos mais sedimentados os erros de julgamento a respeito do que relevante. Apesar disso, os frutos de uma aventura no terreno movediço do saber econômico parecem mais que compensar eventuais pecados na análise metodológica dos temas considerados. Um outro ponto importante forma com que os temas vinculados tradição Neoclássica são tratados, no Brasil, pelos metodologistas da ciência econômica. Com efeito, existem trabalhos sobre Equilíbrio Geral Arrow-Debreu, todavia muito poucos procuram incorporar elementos tais como incerteza, dinâmica, formação de expectativas, os quais robustecem aproximam Modelo tradicional Arrow-Debreu da realidade. Assim, ao considerar apenas Teoria de Equilíbrio Geral Estática já consagrada, muitas críticas metodológicas perdem sua força quando observação feita um nível mais abrangente, considerando as contribuições mais modernas. presente trabalho uma contribuição Metodologia, todavia procura responder às críticas esboçadas nos parágrafos precedentes. De fato, trata-se de uma análise metodológica que toma como ponto de partida contribuições próximas fronteira do conhecimento, que estão vinculadas tradição Neoclássica, sem contudo constituir uma Teoria de Equilíbrio de Mercados. De resto, trabalho faz um pouco de História do Pensamento recente ao escolher Ronald Coase como fio condutor da exposição, além de conter algumas resenhas dos temas considerados. trabalho toma forma de três ensaios. primeiro se concentra na obra de Ronald Coase,e usa arcabouço da Indeterminação de Sênior para avaliar contribuição deste pensador para Economia. segundo consiste numa resenha seletiva das modernas contribuições Teoria da Firma, qual usada como elemento para construção de uma análise metodológica, que busca estabelecer as conexões entre trabalho pioneiro de Coase sobre natureza da firma, e as contribuições posteriores esse tema. questão saber qual influência das concepções de Ronald Coase sobre trabalhos posteriores que buscam explicar que firma. possível estabelecer uma relação de continuidade entre as idéias originais de Coase esses desdobramentos posteriores? Quais os limites dessa relação? Até que ponto as contribuições mais novas sobre teoria da firma descendem de Coase terceiro ensaio realiza uma exposição sumária de três Modelos na área da Economia das Instituições Jurídicas ("Law and Economics"), onde Coase também foi um pioneiro, em seguida, usando os modelos como exemplos estilizados, procura discutir forma como as instituições estão sendo incorporadas Teoria Econômica, suas implicações para relação entre Economia outras Ciências Sociais. guisa de conclusão, vale enfatizar convicção de que pesquisa em Metodologia da Ciência um terreno rico, desde que foco de análise fique mais abrangente procure avaliar não só os fundamentos as Teorias já consagradas como também novas áreas, novas abordagens contribuições de ponta, as quais, efetivamente movimentam Pesquisa em Economia.

Análise toxicológica in vitro e in vivo de uma fucana antitrombótica da alga marrom Spatoglossum schdöederi

Fucan is a term used to denominate a family of sulfated polysaccharides rich in L-fucose. They are extracted mainly from the extracellular matrix of brown algae and echinoderms. The brown alga Spatoglossum schröederi (Dictyotaceae) has three heterofucans named A, B and C. Our research group have been extracted non anticoagulant heterofucan from S. schröederi which possess antithrombotic activity in vivo. However, their toxicity in vitro and in vivo has not yet been determined. For the results in toxicity in vitro, we observed that the fucan A at 20, 500 and 1000 μg/plate showed no mutagenic activity in Kado test (Microsuspension), when the bacterial strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102, with and without S9 were used. The comet assay showed that fucan A (from 20 to 1000 μg/mL) did not cause any genotoxic effect on CHO cells. There was no damage to the DNA of these cells, as evidenced by the tail length and tail moment, which were similar to that found for the negative control. The fucan A from S. schröederi was administered at 20 μg/g of rat (dose which it showed high antithrombotic activity) during two months. After that, the animals were killed and examined. The data showed that fucan A did not cause any change in biochemistry and hematological parameters, as well as, in the morphology and size of the rat s organs analyzed. In conclusion, this study indicates that fucan is a compound with potential pharmacological that has no toxicity

Lysossomal membrane stability of the brown mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus) (Mollusca, Bivalvia) exposed to the anionic surfactant Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS).

The effects of the Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) were evaluated on the mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), using a cellular level biomarker. The Neutral Red Retention Time (NRRT) assay was used to estimate effects at cellular levels. Significant effects were observed for the NRRT assay, even in low concentrations. The effects at cellular level were progressive, suggesting that the organisms are not capable to recover of such increasing effects. Additionally, the results show that the levels of LAS observed for Brazilian coastal waters may chronically affect the biota.

Physiological responses of the brown mussel Perna perna (Mollusca, Bivalvia) exposed to the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS).

The effects of the Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS) were evaluated on the mussel Perna perna, using physiological and genotoxic biomarkers. The Micronuclei (MN) assay was used to estimate effects at nuclear level, whereas the physiological effects were evaluated by measuring the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates. Significant effects were observed for the MN assay and the ammonia excretion rate, even in low concentrations. The oxygen consumption was not affected in the tested concentrations. For MN and ammonia excretion, the animals exposed to intermediate concentrations were not affected, but responded to the higher concentrations, indicating the existence of compensatory mechanisms at physiological level. However, parallel to this study other authors indicate the presence of progressive effects at the cellular level, suggesting that the organisms are not capable to recover of such increasing effects. Additionally, the results show that the levels of LAS observed for Brazilian coastal waters may chronically affect the biota.

Produtividade de alface cv Lucy Brown influenciada por períodos de convivência com plantas infestantes e potencial alelopático da tiririca

This work was divided in two experiments, the first one to evaluate the lettuce productivity (cv Lucy Brown - American group) influenced by increasing and decreasing periods of coexisting with harmful plants, and a second moment, aiming at to evaluate the allelopathic potential of nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) on the initial lettuce development.The experimental treatments constituted of six increasing and decreasing periods of coexisting with harmful plants, or control of it in the culture, considered from the plantation of the lettuce; being separate in two groups: Weeds and Clean weeds.In the second moment of the experiment, purple nutsedge aerial parts had been collected in the area of experiment 1, that drying had been after triturated and immersed in methylic alcohol P. A in ratios 10, 5,0 and 2.5% (w/ v) and later impregnated in germination paper, where had been placed lettuce seeds.The analyses of results, one concludes that the presence of C. rotundus plants can intervene with the germination, growth and development of the plants of lettuce cv Lucy Brown, and that initial periods of coexisting between the culture and the harmful are associate to an induction of the foliar area development, and can not express the reduction of productivity in the end of the cycle. Drawn out periods of competition induce the reduction of the lettuce foliar area, and then they will intervene with the yield productivity.

Effects of physical and chemical immobilization on hematologic and biochemical variables in captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

CAROTID ARTERY EXTERIORIZATION IN BROWN BROCKET DEER (MAZAMA GOUAZOUBIRA) FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of ANESTHESIA

This report evaluates the carotid artery exteriorization technique to allow repeated percutaneous artery catheterization in six brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). Repeated percutaneous catheterization of the carotid artery was possible for periods of 3 mo to obtain arterial blood and monitor arterial blood pressure of deer without risk of arterial rupture. The artery pulse was easily palpable for periods tip to 15 mo. Postoperative complication and/or arterial damage was not observed.

Susceptibility of citrus species to Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of the Alternaria brown spot

Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of Alternaria brown spot (ABS), causes necrosis on leaves, twigs, and fruit, reducing the productivity and quality of fruits. Tangerines and their hybrids are highly susceptible to the disease. Species, hybrids, and cultivars of Citrus from the germplasm bank of the Estacao Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated in 2004 and 2005 with respect to their resistance to A. alternata, both through natural infection and by inoculation. Detached leaves were also used to demonstrate susceptibility or resistance to the disease. Ten cultivars of Satsumas (Citrus unshiu), and 14 cultivars of Clementine mandarin (C. clementina) did not show any symptoms of the disease in their leaves, either through natural infection or when inoculated in the field. The Burguess SRA-412, Wallent SRA-438, Carvalhais, Ampefy SRA-459, Ananas SRA, and Macaque SRA-426 mandarin hybrids (C. reticulata) did not show symptoms of the disease under natural or artificial infection in the field. Some cultivars of C. deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. erythrosa, and C. temple showed symptoms of the disease, even though no previous record of their susceptibility to Alternaria brown spot had been previously reported. The hybrids Fairchild, Nova, Page, Fortune, and Sunburst were susceptible to the disease. However, Fremont mandarin (a crossing between C. clementina and C. reticulata), Encore (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa), and Fallglo (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) did not show symptoms in field, and few symptoms were verified in detached leaves. These materials are promising for the cultivation of tangerines, and will enable genetic improvement for the development of cultivars resistant to Alternaria brown spot. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efficacy of several Salmonella vaccination programs against experimental challenge with Salmonella gallinarum in commercial brown layer and broiler breeder hens

The protective effect of various Salmonella vaccines regimens against an experimental Salmonella Gallinarum challenge (SGNalr strain at 12 wk of age) was evaluated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 commercial brown layers were vaccinated according to one of the following programs: (i) two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE; group 1); (ii) a first dose of a live SG9R vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by a SE bacterin (Layermune SE; group 2); (iii) one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4 & Corymune 7; group 3) or (iv) not vaccinated (group 4). In Experiment 2, broiler breeders were given the same vaccination treatments except for the group vaccinated with the multivalent vaccines. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were effective in reducing mortality after challenge with a SG field strain. Primary vaccination with an initial dose of a live SG9R vaccine followed some weeks later by a dose of an inactivated SE bacterin was the most effective (p<0.05) vaccination program against mortality induced by field SG experimental challenge in both experiments. In conclusion, Salmonella vaccination programs containing SE bacterins alone or in combination with a live SG9R vaccine are effective in preventing mortality induced by infection of field SG. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that any vaccination program against any Salmonella serotype will only be effective if it is part of a sound and comprehensive biosecurity program designed for Salmonella control in poultry farms.

Limestone and oyster shell for brown layers in their second egg production cycle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Monitoring ovarian cycles and pregnancy in brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) by measurement of fecal progesterone metabolites

In the present study, pregnancy and the estrous cycle were monitored in captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) by measuring fecal progestagens with a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA), along with behavioral data. Fecal samples were collected twice a week during pregnancy and daily during the estrous cycle and post-partum period. It was possible to distinguish between inter-luteal and luteal phases of the estrous cycle. Behavioral estrus corresponded with low concentrations of fecal progestagens. Samples from two consecutive cycles were available from five hinds, and the mean estrous cycle (n = 10) was 26.9 +/- 1.7 d (mean +/- S.E.M.). However, when two extreme cycles (34 and 37 d) were deleted, the mean estrous cycle was 24.7 +/- 1.2 d. Three animals became pregnant (gestation ranged from 208 to 215 d). After fertile breeding, progestagen concentration in these hinds remained among luteal phase concentrations throughout pregnancy, with the exception of a few peaks. Within 4 d post-partum, two hinds reached interluteal phase values, while one hind maintained luteal concentrations for at least 1 week. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.