Combustion and Ignition of Thermally Cracked Kerosene in Supersonic Model Combustors

A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the self-ignition and combustion of thermally cracked kerosene in both a Mach 2.5 model combustor with a combustor entrance height of 51 mm and a Mach 3.0 model combustor with an entrance height of 70 mm. A unique kerosene heating and delivery system was developed, which can prepare heated kerosene up to 950 K at a pressure of 5.5 MPa with negligible fuel coking. The extent of China no. 3 kerosene conversion under supercritical conditions was measured using a specially designed system. The compositions of gaseous products as a result of thermal cracking were analyzed using gas chromatography. The mass flow rates of cracked kerosene were also calibrated and measured using sonic nozzles. With the injection of thermally cracked kerosene, the ability to achieve enhanced combustion performance was demonstrated under a variety of airflow and fuel conditions. Furthermore, self-ignition tests of cracked kerosene in a Mach 2.5 model combustor over a range of fuel injection conditions and with the help of different amounts of pilot hydrogen were conducted and discussed.

Free-Space Interconnect for Optical Switch and Analogue Neural Network

In this paper, the architecture of a vector-matrix multiplier (MVM) is simulated. The optical design can be made compact by the use of GRIN lenses for the optical fan-in. The intended application area was in storage area networks (SANs) but the concept can be applied to a neural network. © 2011 Allerton Press, Inc.

Personalidad y bienestar psicológico : un estudio en universitarios chilenos

Resumen: El presente estudio, de tipo descriptivo-correlacional por encuesta, tuvo como propósito examinar la relación entre el modelo multidimensional de bienestar psicológico de Ryff y el modelo de los cinco factores de personalidad en estudiantes universitarios. Para ello se aplicaron las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico y el Inventario de los Cinco Grandes a 315 estudiantes de pregrado de la Universidad de Concepción (Chile). Los resultados mostraron que, tal como se predecía, el bienestar psicológico y sus dimensiones se relacionaron de forma inversa con el Neuroticismo y de forma directa con los restantes factores de personalidad, y que los factores de Responsabilidad y Neuroticismo eran los que tenían mayor influencia en el bienestar psicológico. También se encontraron diferencias a favor de las mujeres en Neuroticismo, Amabilidad y Responsabilidad.

Prudentia Iuris, 1990, n° 23 (número completo)

Contenido: Doctor Santiago de Estrada / Alfredo Di Pietro – Jornadas sobre “La reforma del Estado”: Las alternativas de financiamiento del mercado de capitales / Joaquín R. Ledesma – Una reflexión sobre la ley de reforma del Estado / Carlos Raúl Sanz – Las privatizaciones / Juan Carlos Cassagne – La concesión de obra pública / Rodolfo Barra – Constitucionalidad de las privatizaciones / Néstor Pedro Sagüés – Aspectos laborales de la ley 23.696 / Hugo R. Carcavallo – Estado nacional y bien común / José Giménez Rébora – Atribuciones, conducta y control de los funcionarios públicos en la época hispánica / Julio R. Lascano – Notas acerca de las relaciones Iglesia-Estado / Néstor Daniel Villa – Interdictos y acciones populares en Roma/ Fernando M. Zamora – Ciencias políticas: Ortega y la “sociedad de naciones” / Enrique Aguilar -- Documentos

Prudentia Iuris, 1981, n° 05 (número completo)

Contenido: Editorial – La política como ciencia y como profesión / José María Medrano – La prudencia jurídica II / Carlos Ignacio Massini – La empresa pública y el logro de fines de interés público / Rodolfo C. Barra – Las causas intrínsecas del derecho / Rodolfo Luis Vigo (h) – Técnicas genéticas de fecundación en las personas de existencia visible sus implicancias éticas y jurídicas / Osvaldo Pedro Raffo Magnasco – Escolios – Documentos – Notas bibliográficas

Limiting States Of Internal Wave Rays

Existing models of baroclinic tides are based upon the "traditional approximation'', i. e., neglect of the horizontal component of the Earth's rotation, leading to a well- known conclusion that no freely propagating internal waves can exist beyond the critical latitude and the wave rays are symmetric to the vertical. However, recent studies have contended that the situation may change if both the vertical and horizontal components of the Earth's rotation are taken into account. With the full account of the Coriolis force, characteristics of the internal wavefield generated by tidal flow over uneven topography are investigated. It is found that "nontraditional effects'' profoundly change not only the dynamics of internal waves but also the rate at which the barotropic tidal energy is fed into the internal wavefield. Discarding the traditional approximation, internal waves are proved to be able to generate poleward of the critical latitude, rays of which are no longer symmetric and the limiting values of ray angles become greater or less than 90 degrees, depending on the local latitude and the direction of ray. More importantly, in contrast to the predictions of models based upon the traditional approximation, a substantial conversion occurs in the situations when stratification is so weak that the buoyancy frequency is below the tidal one.

Barium-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Yarns As Low-Work-Function Thermionic Cathodes

Barium-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube yarns were fabricated by drawing and twisting multiwalled carbon nanotube forests through a solution containing barium nitrate. After heat activation under vacuum, the functionalized yarns were enriched in barium oxide due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotubes. The cathodes exhibited good thermionic properties, with a work function as low as 1.73-2.06 eV and thermionic current density that exceeded 185 mA/cm(2) in a field of 850 V/5 mm at 1317 K. The barium-functionalized yarns had high tensile strength of up to 420 MPa and retained strength of similar to 250 MPa after a 2 h activation process. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Examination of the LBM in simulation of microchannel flow in transitional regime

The gas flows in micro-electro-mechanical systems possess relatively large Knudsen number and usually belong to the slip flow and transitional flow regimes. Recently the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was proposed by Nie et al. in Journal of Statistical Physics, vol. 107, pp. 279-289, in 2002 to simulate the microchannel and microcavity flows in the transitional flow regime. The present article intends to test the feasibility of doing so. The results of using the lattice Boltzmann method and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method show good agreement between them for small Kn (Kn = 0.0194), poor agreement for Kn = 0.194, and large deviation for Kn = 0.388 in simulating microchannel flows. This suggests that the present version of the lattice Boltzmann method is not feasible to simulate the transitional channel flow.

Dissimilar autogenous full penetration welding of superalloy K418 and 42CrMo steel by a high power CWNd : YAG laser

Experiments of autogenous laser full penetration welding between dissimilar cast Ni-based superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo flat plates with 3.5 mm thickness were conducted using a 3 kW continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser welding velocity, flow rate of side-blow shielding gas, defocusing distance were investigated. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength testing. Results show that high quality full penetration laser-welded joint can be obtained by optimizing the welding velocity, flow rate of shielding gas and defocusing distance. The laser-welded seam have non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of gamma-FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and very small amount of super-fine dispersed Ni3Al gamma' phase and Laves particles as well as MC needle-like carbides distributed in the interdendritic regions. Although the microhardness of the laser-welded seam was lower than that of the base metal, the strength of the joint was equal to that of the base metal and the fracture mechanism showed fine ductility. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluación de la comercialización de productos agropecuarios en el casco urbano del municipio de Camoapa, Boaco

El presente trabajo se realizó en el municipio de Camoapa, departamento de Boaco. El trabajo consistió en aplicar una encuesta a dueños de pulperías, mini pulperías, distribuidoras, ventas de granos básicos y carnicerías. La muestra evaluada fue de 66 establecimientos. Las variables evaluadas fueron formas de comercialización, características económicas, calidad de los productos y problemas de comercialización. Estas se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva a través de los parámetros: media, desviación estándar, varianza de la muestra, rango, máximo y mínimo, distribución de frecuencias y porcentajes o frecuencias relativas. Una vez obtenida la información y teniendo como referencia los análisis FODA de las comisiones de producción y de defensa del consumidor del municipio de se procedió a determinar posibles alternativas que contribuyan a disminuir fas debilidades. y amenazas determinadas. Los resultados indican que los productos comercializados provienen de otros departamentos, de municipios aledaños a Camoapa, de industrias nacionales. Los productos que provienen principalmente del municipio son: el frijol, los huevos, la leche y en menor escala las hortalizas (chiltoma y tomate). En cuanto a los precios de compra - venta de los productos agropecuarios comercializados son inferiores a los reportados por el SIPM (Servicio de Información de Precios y Mercados) en las mismas fechas en que se realizó el presente estudio. Los problemas de calidad identificados fueron: tamaño variado con mayor presencia de frutos pequeños y deformados con danos visibles y en malas condiciones de almacenamiento y falta de valor agregado. Contrario a esto, los productos pecuarios poseen buena presentación de empaque: etiquetado, registro sanitario, normas de calidad e higiene, código de barra y son productos de exportación. Los problemas de comercialización obedecen a las siguientes razones: no hay canales seguros de comercialización, desconocimiento de los productores sobre precios, falta de mercado en donde vender sus productos y la poca diversificación de la producción. Las estrategias definidas se refieren a los siguientes aspectos: diversificación productiva, divulgación de precios de los productos provenientes del municipio, la organización de productores, implementación de industrias transformadoras de materia prima, concientizar a la población de los grandes valores nutricionales de frutas y hortalizas para la salud del ser humano, organizar ferias,mecanismo de control permanente de calidad durante el procesamiento de la carne en el rastro municipal, validar sistemas sostenibles de producción establecidos en regiones con las mismas condiciones del municipio para demostrar al productor la viabilidad de estos en comparación con los usados por ellos, creación de centros de acopio y comercialización de productos agropecuarios que reduzcan la cadena de intermediarios, alianzas estratégicas, certificación fitosanitaria y dotación de patentes de productos agropecuarios, acondicionamiento adecuado del mercado municipal de abastos, incentivar a los productores para que aumenten los volúmenes y calidad de producción (asistencia técnica accesible económicamente y subsidios). crear organizaciones de mujeres para capacitarlas en agroindustria artesanal, crear mecanismos de seguimiento al proceso de producción, crear organizaciones de productores de hortalizas que permitan gestionar la adquisición de medios de transporte exclusivos para fines de comercialización, capacitar a las familias rurales para fomentar el desarrollo de la agroindustria artesanal y de esa manera contribuir a mejorar la comercialización.

Composite materials dynamic fracture studies by generalized Shmuely difference algorithm

The generalized Shmuely Difference Algorithm (GSDA) is presented here to analyze the dynamic fracture performance of orthogonal-anisotropic composite materials, such as glass fibre reinforced phenolplast. The difference recurrence Formulae and boundary condition difference extrapolation formulae are derived and programmed. The dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIF) of the isotropic and anisotropic centrally cracked plates are computed respectively using GSDA and compared with that published previously. GSDA is proved effective and reliable. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Orthotropy rescaling and implications for fracture in composites

For most practically important plane elasticity problems of orthotropic materials, stresses depend on elastic constants through two nondimensional combinations. A spatial rescaling has been found to reduce the orthotropic problems to equivalent problems in materials with cubic symmetry. The latter, under favorable conditions, may be approximated by isotropic materials. Consequently, solutions for orthotropic materials can be constructed approximately from isotropic material solutions or rigorously from cubic ones. The concept is developed to gain insight into the interplay between anisotropy and finite geometry. The inherent simplicity of the solutions allows a variety of technical problems to be addressed efficiently. Included are stress concentration related cracking, effective contraction of orthotropic material specimens, crack deflection onto easy fracture planes, and surface flaw induced delamination.

Plane strain problem of growing crack for a perfectly plastic solid

In this paper, fundamental equations of the plane strain problem based on the 3-dimensional plastic flow theory are presented for a perfectly-plastic solid The complete governing equations for the growing crack problem are developed. The formulae for determining the velocity field are derived.The asymptotic equation consists of the premise equation and the zero-order governing equation. It is proved that the Prandtl centered-fan sector satisfies asymptotic equation but does not meet the needs of hlgher-order governing equations.