Análisis de diversos métodos de evaluación implantados en distintas asignaturas de los títulos de grado

En el marco del EEES el sistema de evaluación debe valorar las competencias adquiridas por el estudiante en una determinada materia, según los conocimientos, las habilidades y las aptitudes que ha desarrollado a lo largo del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Además de las pruebas escritas diseñadas para evaluar los conocimientos y las capacidades de razonamiento, las distintas actividades de las nuevas asignaturas, como seminarios, prácticas de ordenador y de laboratorio o tutorías, se deben valorar con distintos modelos evaluadores, que dependerán a su vez de la metodología docente empleada. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los métodos de evaluación empleados en diversas asignaturas del Grado en Nutrición Humana y Dietética y del Grado en Óptica y Optometría de la Universidad de Alicante y analizar su contribución en los resultados globales de las asignaturas. Se han tenido en cuenta los diversos métodos de evaluación de las actividades así como las distintas formas de aplicar la evaluación continua y su influencia cualitativa en la calificación global.

Análisis de la eficacia de la terapia visual en el tratamiento de la exotropía intermitente mediante videooculografía 3D

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento en 3 casos de exotropia intermitente (XT(i)) mediante ejercicios de terapia visual, completando la exploración clínica con Videooculografia-30 y evidenciar la potencial aplicabilidad de esta tecnología para dicho propósito. Métodos: Exponemos los cambios ocurridos tras ejercicios de terapia visual en una mujer de 36 años con XT(i) de -25 dioptrías prismáticas (dp) de lejos y 18 dp de cerca; Un niño de 10 años de edad con 8 dp de XT(i) en posición primaria, asociados a +6 dp de hipotropia izquierda; y un hombre de 63 años con XT(i) de 6 dp en posición primaria asociada a +7 dp de hipertropia derecha. Todos los pacientes presentaron buena agudeza visual corregida en ambos ojos. La inestabilidad de la desviación ocular se evidenció mediante análisis de VOG-30, revelando la presencia de components verticales y torsionales. Se realizaron ejercicios de terapia visual, incluyendo diferentes tipos de ejercicios de vergencias, acomodación y percepción de la diplopía. Resultados: Tras la terapia visual se obtuvieron excelentes rangos de vergencias fusionales y de punto próximo de convergencia («hasta la nariz»). El examen mediante VOG-3D (Sensoro Motoric lnstruments, Teltow, Germany) confirmó la compensación de la desviación con estabilidad del alineamiento ocular. Se observó una significativa mejora después de la terapia en los components verticals y torsionales, lo cuales se hicieron más estables. Los pacientes se mostraron muy satisfechos de los resultados obtenidos. Conclusión: La VOG-3D es una técnica útil para dotamos de un método objetivo de registro de la compensación y estabilidad de la desviación ocular después de realizar ejercicios de terapia visual en casos de XT(i), ofreciéndonos un detallado análisis de la mejoría de los components verticales y torsionales.

Las prácticas en empresa en Formación Profesional: elemento orientador en la selección de estudios universitarios

Los títulos de Formación Profesional (FP) de Grado Superior permiten el acceso a estudios universitarios; de hecho, es frecuente encontrar estudiantes que se matriculan en FP con este propósito. Para finalizar el Ciclo Formativo el último módulo que han de superar es el de Formación en Centros de Trabajo (FCT) en el que ponen en práctica los conocimientos adquiridos en las clases teóricas. Estas prácticas, además de mejorar sus capacidades profesionales, también suponen su primera inserción en el mundo laboral. Este contacto con la realidad les puede hacer cambiar su vocación inicial, reformulando su proyecto de futuro. En este estudio se lanzó una encuesta a nivel nacional a profesores y alumnos de FP para identificar y cuantificar el perfil de los estudiantes que cambian de idea, analizando qué les ha llevado a modificar su planteamiento inicial. Los resultados –aun provisionales- muestran que a lo largo de las prácticas, (1) aumenta el número de estudiantes que deciden continuar sus estudios en la Universidad y (2) uno de cada cinco cambia de preferencia sobre qué titulación le gustaría cursar.

Diseño y puesta en marcha del postgrado propio de Tecnología del Color para el Sector Automoción

Actualmente la medida y gestión de la calidad de color de materiales gonio-aparentes es compleja, pero altamente demandada desde varios sectores industriales, como automoción, cosmética, etc. Desde la Universidad de Alicante, para el curso 2013-14, se va a organizar el primer postgrado (título de Máster) en Tecnología del Color para el Sector Automoción, con un diseño de contenidos que cubre la colorimetría CIE y la percepción visual, instrumentación y software de gestión del color, fundamentos de pinturas y plásticos, y, formulación de pigmentos, con una pretensión clara de cubrir las competencias demandadas por el sector a nivel mundial. El plan de estudios, con 60 ECTS, está diseñado para impartirse en solamente dos semestres: de septiembre a febrero para las actividades teóricas y prácticas semi-presenciales, y, desde marzo a junio las estancias en empresas e instituciones colaboradoras, tanto nacionales como internacionales, para realizar prácticas en empresa (máximo 300 horas), y con ello elaborar, exponer y defender el trabajo fin de máster. De esta forma, al finalizar la primera promoción de este máster propio de alta especialización profesional, esperamos aportar mayores vías de empleabilidad laboral a unos postgraduados en un sector industrial de gran importancia socioeconómica a nivel mundial.

The current challenges of Color Physics and Chemistry

Day of Chemistry, Invited conference, San Alberto Magno 2014

A high-resolution binocular video-oculography system: assessment of pupillary light reflex and detection of an early incomplete blink and an upward eye movement

Background: The pupillary light reflex characterizes the direct and consensual response of the eye to the perceived brightness of a stimulus. It has been used as indicator of both neurological and optic nerve pathologies. As with other eye reflexes, this reflex constitutes an almost instantaneous movement and is linked to activation of the same midbrain area. The latency of the pupillary light reflex is around 200 ms, although the literature also indicates that the fastest eye reflexes last 20 ms. Therefore, a system with sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolutions is required for accurate assessment. In this study, we analyzed the pupillary light reflex to determine whether any small discrepancy exists between the direct and consensual responses, and to ascertain whether any other eye reflex occurs before the pupillary light reflex. Methods: We constructed a binocular video-oculography system two high-speed cameras that simultaneously focused on both eyes. This was then employed to assess the direct and consensual responses of each eye using our own algorithm based on Circular Hough Transform to detect and track the pupil. Time parameters describing the pupillary light reflex were obtained from the radius time-variation. Eight healthy subjects (4 women, 4 men, aged 24–45) participated in this experiment. Results: Our system, which has a resolution of 15 microns and 4 ms, obtained time parameters describing the pupillary light reflex that were similar to those reported in previous studies, with no significant differences between direct and consensual reflexes. Moreover, it revealed an incomplete reflex blink and an upward eye movement at around 100 ms that may correspond to Bell’s phenomenon. Conclusions: Direct and consensual pupillary responses do not any significant temporal differences. The system and method described here could prove useful for further assessment of pupillary and blink reflexes. The resolution obtained revealed the existence reported here of an early incomplete blink and an upward eye movement.

Decreased Perifoveal Sensitivity Detected by Microperimetry in Patients Using Hydroxychloroquine and without Visual Field and Fundoscopic Anomalies

Purpose. To evaluate the usefulness of microperimetry in the early detection of the ocular anomalies associated with the use of hydroxychloroquine. Methods. Prospective comparative case series study comprising 14 healthy eyes of 7 patients (group A) and 14 eyes of 7 patients under treatment with hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of rheumatologic diseases and without fundoscopic or perimetric anomalies (group B). A comprehensive ophthalmological examination including microperimetry (MP) and spectraldomain optical coherence tomography was performed in both groups. Results. No significant differences were found in mean MP foveal sensitivity between groups (P = 0.18). However, mean MP overall sensitivity was significantly higher in group A (29.05 ± 0.57 dB versus group B, 26.05 ± 2.75 dB; P < 0.001). Significantly higher sensitivity values were obtained in group A in comparison to group B for the three eccentric loci evaluated (P < 0.001). Conclusion. Microperimetry seems to be a useful tool for the early detection of retinal damage in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine.

Coupled Biomechanical Response of the Cornea Assessed by Non-Contact Tonometry. A Simulation Study

The mechanical response of the cornea subjected to a non-contact air-jet tonometry diagnostic test represents an interplay between its geometry, the corneal material behavior and the loading. The objective is to study this interplay to better understand and interpret the results obtained with a non-contact tonometry test. A patient-specific finite element model of a healthy eye, accounting for the load free configuration, was used. The corneal tissue was modeled as an anisotropic hyperelastic material with two preferential directions. Three different sets of parameters within the human experimental range obtained from inflation tests were considered. The influence of the IOP was studied by considering four pressure levels (10–28 mmHg) whereas the influence of corneal thickness was studied by inducing a uniform variation (300–600 microns). A Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) air-jet simulation determined pressure loading exerted on the anterior corneal surface. The maximum apex displacement showed a linear variation with IOP for all materials examined. On the contrary, the maximum apex displacement followed a cubic relation with corneal thickness. In addition, a significant sensitivity of the apical displacement to the corneal stiffness was also obtained. Explanation to this behavior was found in the fact that the cornea experiences bending when subjected to an air-puff loading, causing the anterior surface to work in compression whereas the posterior surface works in tension. Hence, collagen fibers located at the anterior surface do not contribute to load bearing. Non-contact tonometry devices give useful information that could be misleading since the corneal deformation is the result of the interaction between the mechanical properties, IOP, and geometry. Therefore, a non-contact tonometry test is not sufficient to evaluate their individual contribution and a complete in-vivo characterization would require more than one test to independently determine the membrane and bending corneal behavior.

Novel image processing approach to detect malaria

In this paper we present a novel image processing algorithm providing good preliminary capabilities for in vitro detection of malaria. The proposed concept is based upon analysis of the temporal variation of each pixel. Changes in dark pixels mean that inter cellular activity happened, indicating the presence of the malaria parasite inside the cell. Preliminary experimental results involving analysis of red blood cells being either healthy or infected with malaria parasites, validated the potential benefit of the proposed numerical approach.

La disparidad de fijación: concepto y manejo clínico

La diferencia de alineación de los ejes visuales en la Disparidad de Fijación en la gran mayoría de situaciones se produce como un efecto fisiológico no produciendo sintomatología al paciente. Sin embargo, existen ciertas situaciones en las que la Disparidad de Fijación sí que produce sintomatología al paciente, produciéndose como consecuencia del estrés de los sistemas de vergencia y acomodativo con el objetivo de mantener la visión binocular. Existen además evidencias científicas de que determinados hábitos de lectura, patologías como las migrañas y pacientes disléxicos con problemas de lectura y de aprendizaje pueden observar un incremento significativo de la Disparidad de Fijación, estando asociados a Disparidades de Fijación anormales. Debido a la información que proporciona la medida de la Disparidad de Fijación resulta de especial interés la cuantificación de la misma en la práctica clínica, existiendo en la actualidad diferentes tests y dispositivos clínicos que se utilizan comúnmente para la medida de la Disparidad de Fijación, como la Curva de Vergencias Forzadas, el Disparómetro de Sheedy, la Unidad de Mallet y la Carta de Wesson entre otros.

Subwavelength beams with polarization singularities in plasmonic metamaterials

We investigated the diffraction behavior of plasmonic Bessel beams propagating in metal-dielectric stratified materials and wire media. Our results reveal various regimes in which polarization singularities are selectively maintained. This polarization-pass effect can be controlled by appropriately setting the filling factor of the metallic inclusions and its internal periodic distribution. These results may have implications in the development of devices at the nanoscale level for manipulation of polarization and angular momentum of cylindrical vector beams.

Visibility of sparkle in metallic paints

For suitable illumination and observation conditions, sparkles may be observed in metallic coatings. The visibility of these sparkles depends critically on their intensity, and on the paint medium surrounding the metallic flakes. Based on previous perception studies from other disciplines, we derive equations for the threshold for sparkles to be visible. The resulting equations show how the visibility of sparkles varies with the luminosity and distance of the light source, the diameter of the metallic flakes, and the reflection properties of the paint medium. The predictions are confirmed by common observations on metallic sparkle. For example, under appropriate conditions even metallic flakes as small as 1 μm diameter may be visible as sparkle, whereas under intense spot light the finer grades of metallic coatings do not show sparkle. We show that in direct sunlight, dark coarse metallic coatings show sparkles that are brighter than the brightest stars and planets in the night sky. Finally, we give equations to predict the number of visually distinguishable flake intensities, depending on local conditions. These equations are confirmed by previous results. Several practical examples for applying the equations derived in this article are provided.

Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.

Optic neuritis in pediatric population: A review in current tendencies of diagnosis and management

Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve and may be related to different systemic conditions. The clinical presentation of this pathology usually includes sudden loss of visual acuity (VA) which may be unilateral or bilateral, visual field restriction, pain with eye movements, dyschromatopsia, a relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disk swelling. Optic neuritis in children has specific clinical features and a better prognosis than in adulthood. Although usually appears an underlying viral disease, the main concern for practitioners is the relationship of optic neuritis with multiple sclerosis. In addition to the classical techniques as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), current tendencies of diagnosis for eye practitioners include new imaging devices as optical coherence tomography (OCT), useful to show a thinning of the retinal fibers layer (RFL) after the inflammatory episode. Regarding the management of these patients, short-term intravenous steroid dosages seem to be the best option to treat acute attacks characterized by a very poor bilateral VA.

Orbscan Topography in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Purpose: To compare anterior and posterior corneal curvatures between eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and healthy eyes. Methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional, observer-masked study. A total of 138 white subjects (one eye per patient) were consecutively recruited; 69 eyes had POAG (study group), and the other 69 comprised a group of healthy control eyes matched for age and central corneal pachymetry with the study ones. Exclusion criteria included any corneal or ocular inflammatory disease, previous ocular surgery, or treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The same masked observer performed Goldmann applanation tonometry, ultrasound pachymetry, and Orbscan II topography in all cases. Central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and anterior and posterior topographic elevation maps were analyzed and compared between both groups. Results: Patients with POAG had greater forward shifting of the posterior corneal surface than that in healthy control eyes (p < 0.01). Significant differences in anterior corneal elevation between controls and POAG eyes were also found (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Primary open-angle glaucoma eyes have a higher elevation of the posterior corneal surface than that in central corneal thickness–matched nonglaucomatous eyes.