OTC-Ⅰ型开顶式气室优化设计与性能分析

为了模拟CO2、O3质量浓度升高的环境条件,OTC-Ⅰ型优化开顶式气室设计实现计算机自动控制气室内的气体质量浓度,其它环境条件接近自然状态,气室内空间适合木本植物生长。对气室性能试验分析结果表明,高质量浓度CO2处理(700μmol/mol)的变异量≤4%,高质量浓度O3处理(80mmol/mol)的变异量≤9%,说明处理气室内CO2与O3质量浓度比较稳定,各重复气室之间控制气体质量浓度无显著差异。本套系统可用于植物对气候变化的响应研究,所得数据相对可靠,是模拟气体环境的较好装置,适用于长期的监测研究。

SBR法处理高盐度海产品加工废水

采用SBR工艺对高盐度海产品加工废水进行了试验研究,结果表明,海产品加工废水中氯离子浓度不超过10000mg/L的情况下,采用具有一定耐盐度冲击负荷能力的SBR工艺是可行的;当进水中COD_(Cr)浓度为700～1000mg/L、NH4+-N浓度为80～120mg/L、[Cl-]≤8000mg/L的情况下,出水COD_(Cr)、NH3-N去除率分别为77.9%～81.2%、69.5%～76.6%,当进水中氯离子浓度继续增加,系统受盐度的影响加剧,处理效果变差。

不同二氧化碳浓度条件下红松和长白赤松幼苗根际土壤微生物数量研究

以连续5年不同CO2浓度(开顶箱700μmol·mol-1、500μmol·mol-1、对照箱和裸地)处理的长白赤松和红松幼苗为研究对象,在2003年7～9月分别对幼苗根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量进行比较研究.结果表明,高浓度CO2处理对长白赤松幼苗根际土壤细菌数量起显著的(P≤0.001)促进作用,对根际真菌和放线菌数量的促进作用却不明显;对红松来说,除8月份700μmol·mol-1CO2处理和7月份500μmol·mol-1CO2处理之外,在各月份中受高浓度CO2处理的根际土壤细菌数量均较对照箱和裸地显著增多(P≤0.001),而根际土壤真菌数量变化除9月份(P≤0.001)外均不明显,放线菌数量受高浓度CO2的影响亦不明显.

长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO_2的响应(英文)

研究了2003 年夏季长白赤松和红松土壤微生物活性对高浓度CO2的响应规律。结果表明,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌数量受高浓度CO2影响显著(p < 0.05)减少;与对照箱(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)和裸地(350 μmol ·mol-1 CO2)相比,红松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性降低,而长白赤松土壤淀粉酶和转化酶活性却表现为增加;同时发现受700 μmol ·mol-1 CO2处理的红松和长白赤松土壤微生物生物量碳均表现为显著降低。DGGE 结果表明:受高浓度CO2 的影响,长白赤松和红松土壤细菌群落结构发生了明显的变化。研究结果表明土壤微生物对高浓度CO2的响应规律与所研究的的树种有关。图2 表2 参29。

长白山北坡不同海拔植物群落物种丰富度估计(英文)

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700-2600 m 之间,海拔每上升100 m设置一块样地,共20块样地。以具体的样地观测数据为基础,应用刀切法和自助法等非参数估计法对各海拔群落的物种丰富度进行了估计,结果表明,用自助法所得到的物种估计数,与客观实际更为接近。同时,根据各海拔群落观测物种数与估计物种数的差异,进一步验证了最小取样面积的合理性。表4参12。

长白山北坡植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化(英文)

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700-2600 m之间每100 m设置一样地，共计20块样地，应用Jaccard指数，对植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化进行了分析。不同海拔群落间的共有度，无论以哪一层次的植物种来表达，基本都以与其最相邻海拔的群落之间为最高。相邻海拔群落的不同层次物种间的共有度变化存在相似性和相异性；但如相邻海拔的两个群落属于不同植被类型，其共有度则较低。群落间物种共有度的峰值与谷点反映了植被的海拔梯度格局，且灌木种的物种更替在这些地段具有非常明显的规律。在同一海拔差群落间的共有度数值都非常接近，并均随着海拔差的增加呈明显的下降趋势，表明群落各层次物种的构成有很大的相关性。

Ultrafast dynamics of dye molecules in solution as a function of temperature

Femtosecond time-resolved studies using fluorescence depletion spectroscopy were performed on Rhodamine 700 in acetone solution and on Oxazine 750 in acetone and formamide solutions at different temperatures. The experimental curves that include both fast and slow processes have been fitted using a biexponential function. Time constants of the fast process, which corresponds to the intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) of solute molecules, range from 300 to 420 fs and increase linearly as the temperature of the environment decreases. The difference of the average vibrational energy of solute molecules in the ground state at different temperatures is a possible reason that induces this IVR time-constant temperature dependence. However, the time constants of the slow process, which corresponds to the energy transfer from vibrational hot solute molecules to the surroundings occurred on a time scale of 1-50 ps, changed dramatically at lower temperature, nonlinearly increasing with the decrease of temperature. Because of the C-H...O hydrogen-bond between acetone molecules, it is more reasonable that acetone molecules start to be associated, which can influence the energy transfer between dye molecules and acetone molecules efficiently, even at temperatures far over the freezing point.

Ultrafast vibrational and thermal relaxation of dye molecules in solutions

Intra- and intermolecular relaxations of dye molecules are studied after the excitation to the high-lying excited states by a femtosecond laser pulse, using femtosecond time-resolved stimulated emission pumping fluorescence depletion spectroscopy (FS TR SEP FD). The biexponential decays indicate a rapid intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) depopulation followed by a slower process, which was contributed by the energy transfer to the solvents and the solvation of the excited solutes. The time constants of IVR in both oxazine 750 and rhodamine 700 are at the 290-360 fs range, which are insensitive to the characters of solvents. The solvation of the excited solutes and the cooling of the hot solute molecules by collisional energy transfer to the surrounding takes place in the several picoseconds that strongly depend on the properties of solvents. The difference of Lewis basicity and states density of solvents is a possible reason to explain this solvent dependence. The more basic the solvent is, which means the more interaction between the solute and the neighboring solvent shell, the more rapid the intermolecular vibrational excess energy transfer from the solute to the surroundings and the solvation of the solutes are. The higher the states density of the solvent is, the more favorable the energy transfer between the solute and solvent molecules is.

Promotional effect of colloidal alumina on the activity of the In/HZSM-5 catalyst for the selective reduction of NO with methane

Colloidal alumina was used to improve the activity of an In/HZSM-5 catalyst for the selective reduction of NO with CH4 in the excess of oxygen. Compared with In/HZSM-5, the In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst showed higher activity in a wide range of reaction temperatures. It is visualized that a synergetic effect between In/HZSM-5 and Al2O3 enhances the conversion of NOx. The addition of Al2O3 improved the conversion of NO to NO2 and facilitated the activation of methane. An In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 pre-treated with steam for 15 h at 700 degreesC still showed a high activity for the removal of NOx with methane, while an In/HZSM-5 similarly pre-treated with steam showed a lower activity than the fresh sample. The activity of the In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst could be restored completely after water vapor was removed from the feed gas. Furthermore, it was found that the In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 remained fairly active under high GHSV and O-2 concentration conditions. It was also interesting to find that an increase in NO content could enhance the conversion of methane, and this illustrates that the existence of NO is beneficial for the activation of methane. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

大气CO_2倍增对长白山不同树种的苗木的影响(英文)

组成长白山阔叶红松林的主要树种红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的幼树,盆栽于模拟自然光照和人工调节CO2浓度为700祄olmol-1、400祄olmol-1的气室内两个生长季(1998-1999),以生长在400祄olmol-1下的幼树为对照组。研究结果表明:高CO2浓度下生长的红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的高生长比对照组的幼树提高10%~40%。水分利用效率均有不同程度的提高,但不同树种叶绿素含量和蒸腾速率对高CO2浓度反应不一。长期高CO2浓度环境下生长的阔叶树对大气CO2浓度升高反应较针叶树敏感,供试8个树种对CO2浓度的升高均发生光合驯化现象。图2表2参24。

大气CO_2浓度升高对红松和长白赤松幼苗非根际土壤微生物的影响

以连续5 a不同CO2浓度处理的长白赤松和红松幼苗为对象,采用CFU(活细胞计数)菌落计数法研究了大气CO2浓度对幼苗非根际土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:高浓度CO2(700μmol.mol-1和500μmol.mol-1)处理对长白赤松和红松幼苗非根际土壤细菌数量具有显著的(p<0.01)抑制作用,对真菌数量亦有抑制作用。大气CO2浓度升高对红松幼苗非根际土壤放线菌数量具有抑制作用(p<0.05),而对长白赤松幼苗土壤放线菌数量没有明显的影响。

大气CO_2体积分数升高对油松叶片光合生理特性的影响

近年来大气CO2体积分数不断升高,虽然CO2体积分数升高对植物影响的研究已取得一定进展,但目前针对城市森林树种的相关研究甚少。利用开顶式气室研究了大气CO2体积分数升高对沈阳市城市森林主要树种油松(PinustabulaefomisCarr.)光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,整个生长季内,与对照相比,在大气CO2体积分数为700×10-6条件下,油松叶片的Chla、Chlb及Chl(a+b)质量分数提高,Chla/Chlb值降低,而类胡萝卜素质量分数则呈现出降低—升高—降低的趋势;整个处理期间,净光合速率显著提高,提高幅度为23.68%～133.18%(P<0.05或P<0.01);可溶性蛋白质量分数增加,并随着处理时间延长增加幅度增大,在通气40d时就达到差异极显著水平(P<0.01);大气CO2体积分数升高促进了油松叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉的积累;实验中并未观察到光合下调现象。

大气中CO_2、O_3浓度升高对银杏成年叶片气孔数量特征的影响

利用开放式气室(OTC)持续观测了2个生长季(2005—2006年)。在每年9月30日停止供气后,采样1次。观测高浓度CO2和O3处理的银杏(Ginkgo biloba)成年叶片气孔数量的变化规律。结果表明:在700μmol.mol-1CO2处理条件下,叶片气孔的长度、宽度、周长和面积均明显高于对照(P<0.05);在80μmol.mol-1O3处理条件下,气孔的长度、宽度、周长和面积却显著低于对照(P<0.01);成年叶片气孔在高浓度CO2影响下,气孔密度略有升高(P>0.05),而气孔指数显著减少(P<0.05);大气O3浓度升高对气孔密度影响不大(P>0.05),气孔指数显著减少(P<0.05);银杏成年叶片气孔的长度、宽度与气孔比密度存在一定的负相关关系,可用一元二次曲线方程较好地描述。

Activated carbon supported bimetallic CoMo carbides synthesized by carbothermal hydrogen reduction

A carbothermal hydrogen reduction method was employed for the preparation of activated carbon supported bimetallic carbide. The resultant samples were characterized by BET surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction, and temperature-programmed reduction-mass spectroscopy. The results showed that nanostructured beta-Mo2C can be formed on the activated carbon by carbothermal hydrogen reduction above 700 degreesC. The particle sizes of beta-Mo2C increase with increasing reaction temperatures and Mo loading. The bimetallic CoMo carbide can be synthesized by the carbothermal hydrogen reduction even around 600 degreesC. The bimetallic CoMo carbide is from carbothermal hydrogen reduction of CoMoO4 precursor and is easily formed when the Co/Mo molar ratio is 1.0. Separation of the bimetallic CoMo carbide phase into Mo carbide and Co metal occurs when the temperature of the reduction is above 700 degreesC. The addition of a second metal such as Co and Ni, decreases the formation temperature of carbide because the second metal promotes formation of CHx species from reactive carbon atoms or groups on carbon material and hydrogen, which further carburizes oxide precursors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

东亚地区植被净第一性生产力对气候变化的时空响应

为了了解气候变化对东亚地区植被生产力的影响,该文利用气象数据和卫星遥感数据(NOVA/AVHRR NDVI,8 km×8 km),采用改进参数的CASA模型研究了东亚地区植被净第一性生产力的时空变化.结果表明:18年来研究区净第一性生产力在波动中呈现增加趋势;净第一性生产力介于8~300 gC/(m2.a)的植被主要分布于气候干旱或气候严寒、冬季漫长的高纬度地区,因而植被生产力较低;净第一性生产力介于300~700 gC/(m2.a)的植被主要分布于10°~35°N低纬度地区以及50°~60°N中高纬度地区;净第一性生产力平均介于700~2 000 gC/(m2.a)的植被主要分布于缅甸、泰国、越南的热带雨林,这些区域的植被生产力最高;各种植被类型中常绿阔叶林的净第一性生产力平均值最大,约为1 229.97 gC/(m2.a).13种植被按其净第一性生产力对气候变化响应的相似性,可以分为4种类型.