Multicomponent Biginelli’s Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Promoted by SnCl2.2H2O

The ability of SnCl2.2H2O as catalyst to promote the Biginelli three-component condensation reaction from a diversity of aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and urea or thiourea is described. The reaction was carried out in acetonitrile or ethanol as solvents in neutral media and represents an improvement of the classical Biginelli protocol and an advantage in comparison with FeCl3.6H2O, NiCl2.6H2O and CoCl2.6H2O which were used with HCl as co-catalyst. The synthesis of 3,4- dihydropyrimidinones was achieved in good to excelent yields.

The Larned A. Waterman Iowa Nonprofit Resource Center e-Newsletter, Summer 2009, Vol. 5, no.3

The Larned A. Waterman Iowa Nonprofit Resource Center is a University of Iowa interdisciplinary collaboration created to make more accessible educational and service programs focused on strengthening the operational capacity of Iowa nonprofit organizations. The Center works collaboratively with government agencies, nonprofit organizations and educational institutions to impart new knowledge through activities and provide information and training resources to help nonprofit organizations and interested persons throughout Iowa. We seek to build the capacity and develop the effectiveness of community-based organizations and enhance the overall effectiveness of local organizations in building communities.

Consecutive days of cold water immersion: effects on cycling performance and heart rate variability.

We investigated performance and heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) over consecutive days of cycling with post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) or passive recovery (PAS). In a crossover design, 11 cyclists completed two separate 3-day training blocks (120 min cycling per day, 66 maximal sprints, 9 min time trialling [TT]), followed by 2 days of recovery-based training. The cyclists recovered from each training session by standing in cold water (10 °C) or at room temperature (27 °C) for 5 min. Mean power for sprints, total TT work and HR were assessed during each session. Resting vagal-HRV (natural logarithm of square-root of mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals; ln rMSSD) was assessed after exercise, after the recovery intervention, during sleep and upon waking. CWI allowed better maintenance of mean sprint power (between-trial difference [90 % confidence limits] +12.4 % [5.9; 18.9]), cadence (+2.0 % [0.6; 3.5]), and mean HR during exercise (+1.6 % [0.0; 3.2]) compared with PAS. ln rMSSD immediately following CWI was higher (+144 % [92; 211]) compared with PAS. There was no difference between the trials in TT performance (-0.2 % [-3.5; 3.0]) or waking ln rMSSD (-1.2 % [-5.9; 3.4]). CWI helps to maintain sprint performance during consecutive days of training, whereas its effects on vagal-HRV vary over time and depend on prior exercise intensity.

Design and modification of three-component randomly incorporated copolymers for high performance organic photovoltaic applications

In this study we report the molecular design, synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties of a series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and dithienothiophene (DTT) based donor-acceptor random copolymers. The six random copolymers are obtained via Stille coupling polymerization using various concentration ratios of donor to acceptor in the conjugated backbone. Bis(trimethylstannyl)thiophene was used as the bridge block to link randomly with the two comonomers 5-(bromothien-2-yl)-2,5-dialkylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1, 4-dione and 2,6-dibromo-3,5-dipentadecyl-dithieno[3,2-b;2′,3′-d] thiophene. The optical properties of these copolymers clearly reveal a change in the absorption band through optimization of the donor-acceptor ratio in the backbone. Additionally, the solution processability of the copolymers is modified through the attachment of different bulky alkyl chains to the lactam N-atoms of the DPP moiety. Applications of the polymers as light-harvesting and electron-donating materials in solar cells, in conjunction with PCBM as acceptor, show power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 5.02%.

On the effect of Reynolds number for flow past three side-by-side square cylinders for unequal gap spacings

Flow patterns and aerodynamic characteristics behind three side-by-side square cylinders has been found depending upon the unequal gap spacing (g1 = s1/d and g2 = s2/d) between the three cylinders and the Reynolds number (Re) using the Lattice Boltzmann method. The effect of Reynolds numbers on the flow behind three cylinders are numerically studied for 75 ≤ Re ≤ 175 and chosen unequal gap spacings such as (g1, g2) = (1.5, 1), (3, 4) and (7, 6). We also investigate the effect of g2 while keeping g1 fixed for Re = 150. It is found that a Reynolds number have a strong effect on the flow at small unequal gap spacing (g1, g2) = (1.5, 1.0). It is also found that the secondary cylinder interaction frequency significantly contributes for unequal gap spacing for all chosen Reynolds numbers. It is observed that at intermediate unequal gap spacing (g1, g2) = (3, 4) the primary vortex shedding frequency plays a major role and the effect of secondary cylinder interaction frequencies almost disappear. Some vortices merge near the exit and as a result small modulation found in drag and lift coefficients. This means that with the increase in the Reynolds numbers and unequal gap spacing shows weakens wakes interaction between the cylinders. At large unequal gap spacing (g1, g2) = (7, 6) the flow is fully periodic and no small modulation found in drag and lift coefficients signals. It is found that the jet flows for unequal gap spacing strongly influenced the wake interaction by varying the Reynolds number. These unequal gap spacing separate wake patterns for different Reynolds numbers: flip-flopping, in-phase and anti-phase modulation synchronized, in-phase and anti-phase synchronized. It is also observed that in case of equal gap spacing between the cylinders the effect of gap spacing is stronger than the Reynolds number. On the other hand, in case of unequal gap spacing between the cylinders the wake patterns strongly depends on both unequal gap spacing and Reynolds number. The vorticity contour visualization, time history analysis of drag and lift coefficients, power spectrum analysis of lift coefficient and force statistics are systematically discussed for all chosen unequal gap spacings and Reynolds numbers to fully understand this valuable and practical problem.

Prevalence of foot disease and risk factors in general inpatient populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To systematically review studies reporting the prevalence in general adult inpatient populations of foot disease disorders (foot wounds, foot infections, collective ‘foot disease’) and risk factors (peripheral arterial disease (PAD), peripheral neuropathy (PN), foot deformity). Methods: A systematic review of studies published between 1980 and 2013 was undertaken using electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL). Keywords and synonyms relating to prevalence, inpatients, foot disease disorders and risk factors were used. Studies reporting foot disease or risk factor prevalence data in general inpatient populations were included. Included study's reference lists and citations were searched and experts consulted to identify additional relevant studies. 2 authors, blinded to each other, assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Applicable data were extracted by 1 author and checked by a second author. Prevalence proportions and SEs were calculated for all included studies. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using random-effects models where 3 eligible studies were available. Results: Of the 4972 studies initially identified, 78 studies reporting 84 different cohorts (total 60 231 517 participants) were included. Foot disease prevalence included: foot wounds 0.01–13.5% (70 cohorts), foot infections 0.05–6.4% (7 cohorts), collective foot disease 0.2–11.9% (12 cohorts). Risk factor prevalence included: PAD 0.01–36.0% (10 cohorts), PN 0.003–2.8% (6 cohorts), foot deformity was not reported. Pooled prevalence estimates were only able to be calculated for pressure ulcer-related foot wounds 4.6% (95% CI 3.7% to 5.4%)), diabetes-related foot wounds 2.4% (1.5% to 3.4%), diabetes-related foot infections 3.4% (0.2% to 6.5%), diabetes-related foot disease 4.7% (0.3% to 9.2%). Heterogeneity was high in all pooled estimates (I2=94.2–97.8%, p<0.001). Conclusions: This review found high heterogeneity, yet suggests foot disease was present in 1 in every 20 inpatients and a major risk factor in 1 in 3 inpatients. These findings are likely an underestimate and more robust studies are required to provide more precise estimates.

Reactions of tetrahalogeno-1,2-benzoquinones. Part III. Reaction of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone with tetralones and naphthols: Pathway to the condensates

With a view to understanding the mechanism of the formation of 6-methoxy-2,2-(tetrachloro--phenylenedioxy)-naphthalen-1 (2H)-one (IIIa) in the reaction of 6-methoxy-1-tetralone (Ia) with tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (II), the reaction of (II) with various tetralones and naphthols has been studied. Reaction with either α-tetralone or α-naphthol gives 2,2-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)naphthalen-1 (2H)-one (IIIb), whereas reaction with either β-tetralone or β-naphthol gives a mixture of (IIIb) and ,1-(tetrachloro-o-phenylenedioxy)-naphthalen-2 (1H)-one (IX), with the former predominating. Further, reactions of (II) with 7-methoxy-3,4-dihydrophenanthren- 1 (2H)-one and m-methoxyphenol gave respectively 7-methoxy- ,2-(tetrachloro-o- phenylenedioxy)phenanthren-1 (2H)-one (VII) and 3-methoxy-6,6-(tetrachloro-o- phenylenedioxy)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one (VIII). Structures of all these compounds have been proved on the basis of i.r. and n.m.r. data. The pathway to the formation of the condensates (III) is discussed.

Reactivity of some tetra substituted furans and thiophenes towards BF3-Et(2)O catalysed Diels-Alder reaction

Some tetra substituted furans and thiophenes were reacted with methyl acrylate under BF3-etherate catalysed Diels-Alder conditions. While the derivatives of furan underwent Diels-Alder reaction in a facile manner, an observation of 2,5-dimethyl-3,4-dianisylthiophene undergoing Diels-Alder reaction with methyl acrylate is remarkable. (C) 1997, Elsevier Science Ltd.

Raman spectroscopic characterization of different regioisomers of monoacyl and diacyl chlorogenic acid

We have investigated the Raman spectra of different regioisomeric forms of monoacyl and diacyl chlorogenic acids. Raman spectra of 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and a synthetic derivative of 3-feruloylqunic acid were recorded using visible Raman spectroscopic technique and vibrational bands are assigned. Additionally, a theoretical study of 5-caffeoylquinic acid was performed using Gaussian 03. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

LEVEL SET输运方程的求解方法及其对气-液两相流运动界面数值模拟的影响

用数值模拟方法来研究气-液两相流动与传热现象是当今多相流领域的一个热门课题.由于两相流固有的复杂性,气-液两相流界面迁移现象的数值模拟一直是两相流研究中的一大难点.本文介绍了捕捉气-液两相流相界面运动的水平集方法(Level Set)及其研究进展,介绍了求解Level Set输运方程的3种方法,即一般差分格式、Superbee-TVD格式和Runge-Kutta法-5阶WENO组合格式.结合主流场的求解,分别用这3种方法对4种典型相界面在5种流场中的迁移特性进行了模拟计算,并对计算结果进行了比较和分析.结果表明,Runge-Kutta法-5阶WENO组合格式求解Level Set输运方程的效果最好,在以后的计算中将主要采用这种组合格式来进行气-液相界面输运方程的求解.

玉米原生质体培养、超低温保存和组织培养的研究

本文叙述了两个玉米基因型（小八趟×水白和白17）原生质体培养的植株再生;用基因型（小八趟×水白）为材料研究影响玉米原生质体培养的各种因素，并此基因型的原生质体经超低温保存后获得植株再生;以及用多种基因型玉米幼胚为材料诱导愈伤组织与植株再生。 影响玉米原生质体游离、分裂与植株再生的因素是多方面的。酶液组合0.2% Onozuka RS + 1% Hemicellulase + 0.1% Pectolyase，利用继代8-16天的愈伤组织，所获原生质体的数量与质量最佳。在原生质体植板率方面，结果表明：N6作为基本培养基是理想的;氮源中，NO3-具有明显的促进作用，而NH4+具有明显的抑制作用;有机氮源是不能缺少的，所使用的四种有机氮源中L-脯氨酸效果最明显。2,4-D浓度以1.0 mg/l最佳。原生质体培养后的渗透压浓度降低的时间以培养四星期后为宜。利用三步诱导，成功地获得胚胎发生的植株再生，并且还指出原生质体起始材料的保存年限大大影响原生质体所再生愈伤组织的分化。 采用上述筛选出的最佳游离、培养以及植株再生的方法，成功地培养了基因型（白17）的原生质体，并获得植株再生。原生质体再生细胞培养4-5天后开始一次分裂;培养15天后，植板率为3-4%。一个月后，原生质体所再生的肉眼可见的愈伤组织，分步转至分化培养基。最后，愈伤组织通过胚胎发生获得植株再生，频率约10%。 玉米原生质体，利用5%DMSO与0.55 M葡萄糖作为混合保护剂，经慢速（1 ℃/分钟）降至－40 ℃，停留二小时后直接投入液氮保存。保存3天后，原生质体在40 ℃的温水浴中快速化冻，成活率高达30-40%。成活原生质体培养后生长正常，植板率高达8-10%。培养5-6星期后，再生愈伤组织转至分化培养基;最后获得植株再生，频率为5-10%。 本文最后叙述了玉米七种基因型的幼胚诱导获得愈伤组织，再生植株频率可达70-80%。 上述各方面的研究结果，对玉米的遗传操作和细胞抗寒性研究、生理代谢的研究等都是十分有价值的。

中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)胚胎发育及双受精作用在进化上的意义

本文对中麻黄(Ephedra intermedia)的双受精作用进行了较为详细的研究。其主要结果如下： 1．中麻黄约5月中旬传粉，5月下旬受精。中央细胞分裂形成卵核及腹沟核。卵核沿合点端方向移至卵细胞质富含细胞器区，被富含细胞器的细胞质所包围。卵核的受精发生在浓厚卵细胞质区内。精子向卵核靠近，穿过浓厚细胞质区，与卵核建立联系，二核逐渐靠拢。卵核核膜出现凹陷，并逐渐包围精子，最后完成受精。刚受精后的精核卵核的核质并不立即融合，各自保持独立。之后不久，二核完成融合，形成合子。 2．腹沟核刚形成后， 并不退化而是继续发育，并象卵核一样沿合点端方向从其顶端位置向卵细胞基部移动至卵细胞质富含细胞器区。第二个精子向腹沟核移动，靠近，并建立联系，最后完成融合，形成第二个合子。 3．双受精是中麻黄的正常生殖特征。中麻黄的双受精及第二次受精产物的命运具有重要的进化上的意义。 4．两个合子连续二次分裂形成八个游离核，或者叫次生合子。八个游离核进一步发育并细胞化形成具胚性功能的单细胞原胚．或者次生合子进一步分裂增殖形成多余游离核后再进一步发育并细胞化形成具胚性功能的单细原胚或在胚的发育中解体退化，以提供营养．一个胚珠可观察到一至七个发育时期不同的胚成熟胚珠中只有一个成熟胚，双子叶。 5．由游离核发育而来的单细胞原胚在进一步的发育中沿合点端方向向配子体内上移并形成单细胞球形胚。单细胞球形胚分裂形成二细胞胚，即胚原始细胞及胚柄细胞。胚原始细胞先进行一次平周分裂而后进行一次垂周分裂形成四细胞胚。之后胚体进一步分裂发育形成多细胞球形胚。发育至一定时期后，胚柄细胞及次生胚柄分裂、膨大、伸长形成胚柄，胚柄细胞逐渐增多、增长、弯曲疏松，成熟的胚中胚柄系统消失。胚体发育至圆柱状后，中央一层弧行排列的细胞形成根冠原始细胞，之后这些根冠原始细胞不断分裂、发育分化形成成熟胚的各种组织包括胚皮层、髓、原形成层及根冠等等。

内蒙古锡盟白音锡勒地区沙地植被的初步研究

内蒙古锡盟白音锡勒地区位于N43°26—44°08'、E116°04'—117°05'，属半干旱栗钙土草原区。区内有一东西绵亘40余公里宽10余公里的固定沙地。作者从沙地西段到沙地东段进行了植被调查。作样地60个，测定了各种立地条件下的土壤含水量。对沙地植被的区系组成、群落类型、分布规律和动态演替等方面做了具体分析： 1。沙地植被的植物种类组成丰富，计有162种，分属于37科108属。区系地理成分复杂，有13个类型。其中以达乌里—蒙古成分占优势，达26.9%。还包括一些华北种和东亚种如白扦云杉、虎榛子、山荆子和山杨等。生活型谱包括高位芽植物（12.7%）、地上芽植物（3.6%）、地面芽植物（58.8%）、地下芽植物（7.8%）和一年生植物（17.8%）等5种类型，其中高位芽植物是沙地植物群落中构成建群层片或优势层片。水分生态型包括旱地特有的，并在沙地植物群落中构成建群层片或优势层片。水分生态型包括旱生植物（40.8%）、中生植物（29.9%）、中旱生植物（19.1%）和旱生植物（10.2%）。 2。沙地植被呈疏林灌丛草原或森林灌丛草原相间分布的景观，沙地植被可分为5个植被型、17个群系。其中沙地羊草原和达乌里羊茅草原是地带性草原植被的沙生变体;而白扦云杉林、山杨林、白桦林、榆树疏林、爬地柏灌丛、山荆子灌丛、虎榛子灌丛、稠李十栒子木灌丛、西伯利亚杏灌丛、耧斗叶绣线菊灌丛、内蒙古沙蒿群落和林缘杂类草草甸等，则是超地带性或隐域性植被类型。 3。沙地植物群落多是复合分布景观。从沙地西段到东段随海拔高度升高构成一个生态系列。植被排序的结果表明沙地基质稳定性梯度和沙地环境水分梯度是控制沙地植物群落空间分布格局的二个主要环境因素。 4。描述了沙地原生植被演替的各个阶段。沙地植被演替阶段与沙地固定过程相一致，群落稳定性与沙地地貌稳定性相关。并且由于地形分异引起立地水热条件组合变化、植被演替系列分化为阴坡系列和阳坡系列。前者向森林化方向发展，后者向草原化方向发展。 5。就沙地植被资源的利用、保护和改造等问题提出了一些建议。