牡丹复合体的分子进化和系统学研究---细胞核核糖体基因变异的分析

牡丹复合体(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Complex)属芍药属牡丹组，为中国特有的落叶亚灌木，野生类型均为濒危种，仅局限分布于以秦岭为中心的较小区域。由于分布区有限，个体数量少，栽培历史长，育种广泛，种间极易杂交，网状进化的广泛发生，使得该复合体分类混乱。本文选取牡丹复合体6个野生种以及2个近缘类群，采用分别基于核酸印迹杂交和聚合酶链式反应的限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析，对细胞核核糖体基因片段ITS/18s的变异进行了分析，并且结合采用微卫星DNA指纹分析技术。选取18种内切酶对特异片段进行酶切消化。共得149个酶切位点，其中67个为变异位点，占45.0%。其中编码区(2．Okb，含18s，5.8s，26s)有突变位点29个，占该区段长度的1.4%;非编码区(490bp，含ITS-1，ITS-2)有突变位点38个，占该区段长度的7.8%。由此，可明显比较二者进化的保守程度和进化速率。两段间隔区的变异程度也存在差异。ITS-1为6.0%．ITS-2为9.9%。这说明构建系统树时二者的选用应得到综合考虑或加权。在复合体内不存在长度变异，即无缺失或插入发生，暗示了该复合体各种之间亲缘关系的紧密。根据Neighbor-joining法并计算遗传距离构建系统关系图，结果如下：(1)卵叶牡丹（神农架红花类群）与紫斑牡丹分化较早，考虑其与复合体内其它各种之间的遗传距离，支持将其定为新种的观点;(2)神农架白花类群与与卵叶牡丹亲缘关系非常相近，这一结果支持了来自其它分子和表型分析的结果;(3)延安牡丹与紫斑牡丹亲缘关系极近，但与矮牡丹关系较远，是否为上述两个种的杂交种，目前为止尚无充分的证据，作为存疑种处理;(4)川牡丹和矮牡丹进化关系密切，这一结果与ITS序列分析结果完全一致，加之其地理分布式样的不连续性说明了它们的古老和残存性质，这可进而推广至本复合体乃至整个牡丹组。我们认为现存的分布格局可能是地理与气候演化的产物，估计牡丹组的野牡丹复合体从本复合体分化出去的时间约为310 - 750万年前。由于基因间协调进化的不均一作用和该类群杂种的早期起源限制了核糖体基因在追溯其网状进化历程上的作用，这符合基因转换的梯度理论。最后讨论了nrDNA得到的基因树与其它的基因树和种系树之间的关系。

中国三种野生稻的遗传变异与保护生物学研究

稻属(OryzaL．)隶属禾本科(Poaceae)之稻族(OryzeaeDUmort.)，广布于全球热带与亚热带地区。目前认为该属约含20个野生种和2个栽培种，中国产4个种。亚洲栽培稻(O. sativaL．)是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一，而在中国则为第一粮食作物。在稻种基因库中，发掘野生稻中丰富的遗传多样性是解决当今人口与粮食矛盾的必由之路。因此，保护野生稻的遗传多样性举世瞩目。针对热带与亚热带地区的环境恶化而导致野生稻居群的大量绝灭与急剧萎缩的状况，制订有效的策略，最大限度地保护野生稻的遗传多样性已迫在眉睫。然而，目前对野生稻种内遗传多样性的知识十分贫乏，缺乏制订保护策略的科学基础。这一问题在中国尤为突出。本文基于1994-1995年对中国三种野生稻濒危状况的调查结果，利用等位酶分析对普通野生稻26个居群，药用野生稻8个居群和疣粒野生稻l7个居群进行了遗传多样性的研究，并重点对目前育种价值最大而濒危程度最高的普通野生稻从五个方面作了进一步的探讨。最后根据遗传多样性的研究结果讨论了它们的濒危原因，并提出了初步的保护策略。主要结果如下： 一．普通野生稻D．rufipogon Griff. 在中国的三种野生稻中，普通野生稻的遗传多样性水平最高(A=1.33，P= 0.227，Ho=0.033和He=_0.068)，遗传分化水平较低(Fst=0,310)。广西与广东的居群较其它地区的居群具有较丰富的遗传变异。因此，华南可能是中国普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心;云南现存的所有三个居群的遗传多样性水平偏低(A=1.10.p=0.148，Ho=0.007和He=0.079)，与该地区栽培稻丰富的遗传多样性形成鲜明对照，普通野生稻居群间的遗传一致度与地理距离无明显相关。 1．通过14个中央居群与5个边缘居群的对比研究表明了边缘居群的遗传结构明显不同于中央居群：其遗传多样性水平与遗传分化均低予中央居群，杂合子比中央居群更为不足。而且，从中央居群到边缘居群，位点的多态性逐渐丧失，遗传多样性水平递减，一些多态位点的等位基因频率逐渐地发生变化。 2. 通过7个受栽培稻基因渗入的居群与5个隔离较好居群的对比研究表明，被渗入居群虽然在形态上表现出复杂的变异式样，但遗传多样性水平并无相应的增高。栽培稻基因流对野生居群遗传结构的影响可能主要是遗传同化，即阻止其居群内与居群间的遗传分化。 3. 通过对2个低纬度居群与2个北缘居群两个生活史阶段的遗传多样性研究表明繁育系统是影响普通野生稻居群遗传结构的因素之一。在低纬度居群中种子阶段的遗传变异高于植株阶段，在高纬度居群中则相反。 4．通过对北缘居群(江西东乡)1980年，1985年和1994年的居群遗传结构的研究，发现该居群的遗传结构逐渐在发生变化，表现为遗传多样性水平不断下降，居群越来越偏移哈迪一温伯格平衡和杂合子变得越来越缺乏。 5．通过对一个典型的普通野生稻居群（元江居群）的居群内遗传结构的研究，表明遗传变异在3个亚居群间分布不均衡，基因型里聚集分布，使得亚居群间有一定的遗传分化。导致其居群遗传结构的亚划分的主要原因可能是有限的基因流(Nm=0.964

毛乌素沙地两种蜜源植物羊柴和角蒿的传粉生物学研究

本论文从传粉生物学的角度出发，运用野外观察、室内测定和生物统计学方法，对毛乌素沙地的两种蜜源植物羊柴（Hedysarum leave）和角蒿（Incarvillea sinensis var. sinensis）的开花物候、花生物学特性、传粉昆虫行为以及繁育系统进行了研究，得出如下结论： 1．在自然居群中，存在着开白色花和紫红色花的两种羊柴植株，其中白色花植株仅占5.5±1.56%左右。白色花和紫红色花植株的花期存在明显的重叠，白色花植株的花期集中在8月中旬到9月上旬，而紫红色花植株的花期从7月中旬持续到9月中旬。在整个花期内，单个白色花植株的生产的总花数为125±11.33朵，明显少于紫红色花植株的372±30.38朵，两者存在极显著差异。 2． 羊柴白色花和紫红色花的单花花粉量、胚珠数和P/O值都存在显著差异。在单花开放的整个过程中，白色花的花蜜分泌量显著地高于紫红色花，但白色花和紫红色花的花蜜糖分浓度变化趋势相似，即都具有两个花蜜浓度高峰值。 3. 羊柴白色花植株稳定且访花频率较高的传粉者是散熊蜂、白脸条蜂和意大利蜂，而紫红色花植株稳定且访花频率较高的传粉者有散熊蜂、白脸条蜂、意大利蜂和海切叶蜂。传粉昆虫在白色花上的单花停留时间比紫红色花的稍长，两者存在显著差异。 4. 羊柴白色花植株和紫红色花植株自花授粉的结实率（白色花：4.31±0.34%;紫红色花：4.58±0.53%），相对于人工异花授粉的结实率（白色花：19.77±2.31%;紫红色花：21.03±3.02%）较低。自然结实率（白色花：25.93±2.30%;紫红色花：25.24±1.61%）没有显著性差异（F=0.25;P=0.80）。此外，羊柴不存在无融合生殖现象。 5. 角蒿花期从7月中旬持续到9月初，单花开放时间为5-9h;单花花粉量为18816.27±326.70、在花开放后3-4h时，花粉活力达到最大值71.98±1.23%，胚珠数为180.80±5.30，P/O值为104.7。在花开放后3-4h时，花蜜量达到最大值1.41±0.35ul。角蒿的传粉昆虫仅有散熊蜂和四条无垫蜂。在花开放过程中，花粉活力动态和花蜜分泌动态都与传粉昆虫的行为不吻合。 6. 角蒿自花授粉和人工异花授粉的结实率和结籽率均无显著差异。自然结实率为85.93±1.63%，显著地低于自花授粉和人工异花授粉，但是，自花授粉、人工异花授粉及自然对照的结籽率无显著差异。在开放传粉的情况下，被去雄的花结实率仅为48.90±5.37%，说明昆虫传粉仅贡献一部分结实率。角蒿不存在无融合生殖。

Liver genomic responses to ciguatoxin: evidence for activation of Phase I and Phase II detoxification pathways following an acute hypothermic response in mice

Ciguatoxins (CTX) are polyether neurotoxins that target voltage-gated sodium channels and are responsible for ciguatera, the most common fish-borne food poisoning in humans. This study characterizes the global transcriptional response of mouse liver to a symptomatic dose (0.26 ng/g) of the highly potent Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1). At 1 h post-exposure 2.4% of features on a 44K whole genome array were differentially expressed (p ≤ 0.0001), increasing to 5.2% at 4 h and decreasing to 1.4% by 24 h post-CTX exposure. Data were filtered (|fold change| ≥ 1.5 and p ≤ 0.0001 in at least one time point) and a trend set of 1550 genes were used for further analysis. Early gene expression was likely influenced prominently by an acute 4°C decline in core body temperature by 1 h, which resolved by 8 h following exposure. An initial downregulation of 32 different solute carriers, many involved in sodium transport, was observed. Differential gene expression in pathways involving eicosanoid biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis was also noted. Cytochrome P450s (Cyps) were of particular interest due to their role in xenobiotic metabolism. Twenty-seven genes, mostly members of Cyp2 and Cyp4 families, showed significant changes in expression. Many Cyps underwent an initial downregulation at 1 h but were quickly and strongly upregulated at 4 and 24 h post-exposure. In addition to Cyps, increases in several glutathione S-transferases were observed, an indication that both phase I and phase II metabolic reactions are involved in the hepatic response to CTX in mice.

Age and growth of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the North Atlantic Ocean

Age and growth estimates for the blue shark (Prionace glauca) were derived from 411 vertebral centra and 43 tag-recaptured blue sharks collected in the North Atlantic, ranging in length from 49 to 312 cm fork length (FL). The vertebrae of two oxytetracycline-injected recaptured blue sharks support an annual spring deposition of growth bands in the vertebrae in sharks up to 192 cm FL. Males and females were aged to 16 and 15 years, respectively, and full maturity is attained by 5 years of age in both sexes. Both sexes grew similarly to age seven, when growth rates decreased in males and remained constant in females. Growth rates from tag-recaptured individuals agreed with those derived from vertebral annuli for smaller sharks but appeared overestimated for larger sharks. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters derived from vertebral length-at-age data are L∞ = 282 cm FL, K = 0.18, and t0 = –1.35 for males, and L∞ = 310 cm FL, K = 0.13, and t0 = −1.77 for females. The species grows faster and has a shorter life span than previously reported for these waters.

光系统II原初过程的微观反应动力学研究

本论文在国内首次利用飞秒吸收光谱技术对PSII颗粒和PSII 核心复合物两个不同层次的PSII样品的原初反应过程进行了研 究。实验采用 400nm 激发， 520～700nm探测，时间分辨率为 120fs。通过多指数拟合和全局分析，对不同波长下的多条衰减 曲线同时采用一套时间组分进行解析，得到了不同波长下的各个 组分的衰减相关差异吸收谱(DADS)。 在 PSII 颗粒的研究中，通过对所有衰减曲线进行数据拟合，解析出了0.16ps、2.8ps、8.6ps、20.9ps、38.8ps和一个非衰减的组分。分析它们各自在520nm～700nm范围内的不同吸收变 化特点，我们得到以下结论： 1．在LHCII中，同一单体同一层中的Chlb与Chla分子之间 的能量传递时间常数约为0.16ps左右; 2．LHCII同一单体中，同一层中的Chla分子之间的能量传递时间常数约为 2.8ps 左右。这与在纯化的 LHCII研究中认为的一3ps组分为不同层的 Chlb→Chla的能量传递过程不同; 3．在PSII颗粒中，8.6ps 组分是与光化学过程有关的时间常数，它可能是从 LHCII 色素蛋白复合物向反应中心等的能量传递及在反应中心中的原初电荷分离过程的平均时间常数; 4．LHCII中不同单体之间的Chla之间的能量传递时间常数约为20.9ps。 在PSII核心复合物的研究中，通过对所有衰减曲线进行数据拟合，解析出了0.35ps、2.9ps、11.2ps、20.lps、36.5ps和一个非衰减的组分。分析它们各自在520nm～700nm范围内的不同吸收变化特点，并与PSII颗粒复合物所得结果相比较，我们得出以下结论： 1．PSII内周天线中相邻 Chla 之间的能量传递时间常数约为 0.35ps左右，这比LHCII中相邻Chlb与Chla之间的能量传递时间常数( 0.16ps )要长;这说明内、外周天线色素蛋白复合物 具有不同的色素空间排列。可以预见在PSII核心天线中相邻叶绿素分子之间的距离要比 LHCII中相邻叶绿素分子的8.3—10.5A 的距离要大一些。这在以前的研究中，并没有见到报导; 2．PSII内周天线中不相邻的Chla之间的能量传递时间常数 约为11.2ps; 3．在PSII核心复合物研究中，2.9ps 和 20.lps 两个组分均与光化学反应过程有关，推测原初电荷分离过程可能是有辅助叶绿 素分子参与的两步反应。

Influence of some abiotic factors on the acute toxicity of cadmium to Cyprinus carpio

Hardness of water had significant effect on the acute toxicity of cadmium to common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The 96h LC sub(50) and safe application rate increased from 43.17 and 22.77 mg 1 super(-1) in soft water (0.9 mM Ca super(2+) l super(-1)) to 310.48 and 177.66 mg l super(-1), respectively, in very hard water (6.0 mM Ca super(2+) l super(-1)). In medium hard and hard water, 96h LC sub(50) values were 48.39 and 116.45 mg l super(-1). When sediments were included in the medium hard, hard and very hard water treatments, the 96h LC sub(50) were 111.20, 133.71 and 334.47 mg l super(-1), respectively. Among these values, the one for medium hard water with sediment treatment was significantly higher than medium hard water treatment; values for the other two treatments were non-significant when compared with respective water treatments. Sediment was able to reduce the acute toxicity of cadmium mainly due to the complexation of cadmium with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). At the lower hardness level, cadmium complexed with DOC and the acute toxicity was reduced significantly. At higher hardness, most of the DOC sites were occupied by calcium and the acute toxicity of cadmium was not significantly reduced in hard water with sediment and very hard water with sediment experiments in comparison to respective water treatments.

The Development of Ceylon's fisheries (a symposium)

In July, 1964, it was decided that a Government Fisheries Corporation be set up. At the request of the Directors-designate of this Corporation a series of lectures on the development of Ceylon's fisheries was organised by the Fisheries Research Station, all except two being delivered at a seminar on 15th September, 1964. The speakers were asked to prepare and submit their texts and these are presented in the sequence in which the talks themselves were delivered: 1. Ceylon's fisheries: past and future (A.C.J. Weerekoon) 2. Fisheries by-products (C.St.E. Gunesekara) 3. The role of technology in fisheries development in Ceylon (N.N. De Silva) 4. Seaweeds (M. Durairatnam) 5. Coastal fisheries (T.P. Goonewardente) 6. The trawler fishery (A.S. Mendis) 7. A review of Japan's tuna long-line fishery in the Indian Ocean (K. Sivasubramaniam) 8. Off shore and deep sea fishery for larger scombroids in the Indian Ocean (K. Sivasubramaniam) 9. The development of fresh water fisheries in Ceylon (H.H.A. Indrasena) 10. Brackish-water fish farming in Ceylon (T.G. Pillai) 11. The role of inland waters in relation to the development of Ceylon's fisheries and a note on the pearl oyster fishery (C.H. Fernando) 12. The mechanization of the inshore fisheries and the relationship to fisheries development in Ceylon (E. Kvaran)