The promoter of cell growth- and RNA protection-associated SND1 gene is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in human hepatoma cells

Background: Staphyloccocal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 (SND1) is involved in the regulation of gene expression and RNA protection. While numerous studies have established that SND1 protein expression is modulated by cellular stresses associated with tumor growth, hypoxia, inflammation, heat- shock and oxidative conditions, little is known about the factors responsible for SND1 expression. Here, we have approached this question by analyzing the transcriptional response of human SND1 gene to pharmacological endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in liver cancer cells. Results: We provide first evidence that SND1 promoter activity is increased in human liver cancer cells upon exposure to thapsigargin or tunicamycin or by ectopic expression of ATF6, a crucial transcription factor in the unfolded protein response triggered by ER stress. Deletion analysis of the 5'-flanking region of SND1 promoter identified maximal activation in fragment (-934, +221), which contains most of the predicted ER stress response elements in proximal promoter. Quantitative real- time PCR revealed a near 3 fold increase in SND1 mRNA expression by either of the stress- inducers; whereas SND1 protein was maximally upregulated (3.4-fold) in cells exposed to tunicamycin, a protein glycosylation inhibitor. Conclusion: Promoter activity of the cell growth- and RNA-protection associated SND1 gene is up-regulated by ER stress in human hepatoma cells.

Efeito da intervenção dietética individualizada no diagnóstico nutricional e no controle metabólico de diabéticos tipo 2 sedentários

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da intervenção dietética individualizada sobre o diagnóstico nutricional e controle metabólico em diabéticos tipo 2 sedentários Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico controlado e prospectivo com 80 adultos, de ambos dos sexos, com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 divididos em GI (grupo intervenção: 40 indivíduos submetidos à intervenção dietética e a utilização de hipoglicemiante) e GC (grupo controle: 40 indivíduos submetidos à medicação hipoglicemiante). Foi realizada intervenção dietética individualizada por três meses baseando-se nas recomendações da American Diabetes Association (2002). Foram analisadas as variáveis antropométricas: massa corporal total (MCT), estatura com determinação do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e perímetro da cintura (PC); as variáveis bioquímicas glicemia, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos (TG) e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e as variáveis dietéticas energia, proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos, colesterol e fibras alimentares. Para estatística inferencial foi utilizado o Anova two-way com nível de significância de 95%. Resultados: Na análise intergrupos, o GC apresentou aumento nas variáveis: MCT (Δ%=0,78; p=0,014), IMC (Δ%=0,76; p=0,012), PC (Δ%=0,75; p=0,019) enquanto que o GI apresentou redução nas variáveis: MCT (Δ%=-3,71; p<0,001), IMC (Δ%=-3,77; p<0,001), PC (Δ%=-3,98; p<0,001). Na comparação da média do IR intergrupos, observou-se diferença nas variáveis: energia (p<0,001), lipídeos (p=0,012), gorduras saturadas (p<0,001); colesterol dietético (p=0,006); fibras alimentares (p=0,001); glicemia (p<0,001), colesterol total (p<0,001), LDL-colesterol (p<0,001) e HbA1c (p<0,001).Conclusão: A intervenção dietética foi eficiente em melhorar o perfil antropométrico e o controle metabólico dos diabéticos tipo 2 sedentários.

Uptake and factors that influence the use of 'sit less, move more' occupational intervention strategies in Spanish office employees

Background: Little is known about the types of 'sit less, move more' strategies that appeal to office employees, or what factors influence their use. This study assessed the uptake of strategies in Spanish university office employees engaged in an intervention, and those factors that enabled or limited strategy uptake. Methods: The study used a mixed method design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with academics and administrators (n = 12; 44 +/- 12 mean SD age; 6 women) at three points across the five-month intervention, and data used to identify factors that influenced the uptake of strategies. Employees who finished the intervention then completed a survey rating (n = 88; 42 +/- 8 mean SD age; 51 women) the extent to which strategies were used [never (1) to usually (4)]; additional survey items (generated from interviewee data) rated the impact of factors that enabled or limited strategy uptake [no influence (1) to very strong influence (4)]. Survey score distributions and averages were calculated and findings triangulated with interview data. Results: Relative to baseline, 67% of the sample increased step counts post intervention (n = 59); 60% decreased occupational sitting (n = 53). 'Active work tasks' and 'increases in walking intensity' were the strategies most frequently used by employees (89% and 94% sometimes or usually utilised these strategies); 'walk-talk meetings' and ` lunchtime walking groups' were the least used (80% and 96% hardly ever or never utilised these strategies). 'Sitting time and step count logging' was the most important enabler of behaviour change (mean survey score of 3.1 +/- 0.8); interviewees highlighted the motivational value of being able to view logged data through visual graphics in a dedicated website, and gain feedback on progress against set goals. 'Screen based work' (mean survey score of 3.2 +/- 0.8) was the most significant barrier limiting the uptake of strategies. Inherent time pressures and cultural norms that dictated sedentary work practices limited the adoption of 'walk-talk meetings' and ` lunch time walking groups'. Conclusions: The findings provide practical insights into which strategies and influences practitioners need to target to maximise the impact of 'sit less, move more' occupational intervention strategies.

Social, economic, and health impact of the respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic search

Background: Bronchiolitis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and its related complications are common in infants born prematurely, with severe congenital heart disease, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia, as well as in immunosuppressed infants. There is a rich literature on the different aspects of RSV infection with a focus, for the most part, on specific risk populations. However, there is a need for a systematic global analysis of the impact of RSV infection in terms of use of resources and health impact on both children and adults. With this aim, we performed a systematic search of scientific evidence on the social, economic, and health impact of RSV infection. Methods: A systematic search of the following databases was performed: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Spanish Medical Index, MEDES-MEDicina in Spanish, Cochrane Plus Library, and Google without time limits. We selected 421 abstracts based on the 6,598 articles identified. From these abstracts, 4 RSV experts selected the most relevant articles. They selected 65 articles. After reading the full articles, 23 of their references were also selected. Finally, one more article found through a literature information alert system was included. Results: The information collected was summarized and organized into the following topics: 1. Impact on health (infections and respiratory complications, mid-to long-term lung function decline, recurrent wheezing, asthma, other complications such as otitis and rhino-conjunctivitis, and mortality; 2. Impact on resources (visits to primary care and specialists offices, emergency room visits, hospital admissions, ICU admissions, diagnostic tests, and treatments); 3. Impact on costs (direct and indirect costs); 4. Impact on quality of life; and 5. Strategies to reduce the impact (interventions on social and hygienic factors and prophylactic treatments). Conclusions: We concluded that 1. The health impact of RSV infection is relevant and goes beyond the acute episode phase; 2. The health impact of RSV infection on children is much better documented than the impact on adults; 3. Further research is needed on mid-and long-term impact of RSV infection on the adult population, especially those at high-risk; 4. There is a need for interventions aimed at reducing the impact of RSV infection by targeting health education, information, and prophylaxis in high-risk populations.

Unveiling the factors shaping the distribution of widely distributed alpine vertebrates, using multi-scale ecological niche modelling of the bat Plecotus macrobullaris

Several alpine vertebrates share a distribution pattern that extends across the South-western Palearctic but is limited to the main mountain massifs. Although they are usually regarded as cold-adapted species, the range of many alpine vertebrates also includes relatively warm areas, suggesting that factors beyond climatic conditions may be driving their distribution. In this work we first recognize the species belonging to the mentioned biogeographic group and, based on the environmental niche analysis of Plecotus macrobullaris, we identify and characterize the environmental factors constraining their ranges. Distribution overlap analysis of 504 European vertebrates was done using the Sorensen Similarity Index, and we identified four birds and one mammal that share the distribution with P. macrobullaris. We generated 135 environmental niche models including different variable combinations and regularization values for P. macrobullaris at two different scales and resolutions. After selecting the best models, we observed that topographic variables outperformed climatic predictors, and the abruptness of the landscape showed better predictive ability than elevation. The best explanatory climatic variable was mean summer temperature, which showed that P. macrobullaris is able to cope with mean temperature ranges spanning up to 16 degrees C. The models showed that the distribution of P. macrobullaris is mainly shaped by topographic factors that provide rock-abundant and open-space habitats rather than climatic determinants, and that the species is not a cold-adapted, but rather a cold-tolerant eurithermic organism. P. macrobullaris shares its distribution pattern as well as several ecological features with five other alpine vertebrates, suggesting that the conclusions obtained from this study might be extensible to them. We concluded that rock-dwelling and open-space foraging vertebrates with broad temperature tolerance are the best candidates to show wide alpine distribution in the Western Palearctic.

A uniform phase representation for the harmonic model in speech synthesis applications

Feature-based vocoders, e.g., STRAIGHT, offer a way to manipulate the perceived characteristics of the speech signal in speech transformation and synthesis. For the harmonic model, which provide excellent perceived quality, features for the amplitude parameters already exist (e.g., Line Spectral Frequencies (LSF), Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC)). However, because of the wrapping of the phase parameters, phase features are more difficult to design. To randomize the phase of the harmonic model during synthesis, a voicing feature is commonly used, which distinguishes voiced and unvoiced segments. However, voice production allows smooth transitions between voiced/unvoiced states which makes voicing segmentation sometimes tricky to estimate. In this article, two-phase features are suggested to represent the phase of the harmonic model in a uniform way, without voicing decision. The synthesis quality of the resulting vocoder has been evaluated, using subjective listening tests, in the context of resynthesis, pitch scaling, and Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based synthesis. The experiments show that the suggested signal model is comparable to STRAIGHT or even better in some scenarios. They also reveal some limitations of the harmonic framework itself in the case of high fundamental frequencies.

Changes in social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in Southern Europe: the case of the Basque Country

Background: Health expectancy is a useful tool to monitor health inequalities. The evidence about the recent changes in social inequalities in healthy expectancy is relatively scarce and inconclusive, and most studies have focused on Anglo-Saxon and central or northern European countries. The objective of this study was to analyse the changes in socioeconomic inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in a Southern European population, the Basque Country, during the first decade of the 21st century. Methods: This was an ecological cross-sectional study of temporal trends on the Basque population in 1999-2003 and 2004-2008. All-cause mortality rate, life expectancy, prevalence of disability and disability free-life expectancy were calculated for each period according to the deprivation level of the area of residence. The slope index of inequality and the relative index of inequality were calculated to summarize and compare the inequalities in the two periods. Results: Disability free-life expectancy decreased as area deprivation increased both in men and in women. The difference between the most extreme groups in 2004-2008 was 6.7 years in men and 3.7 in women. Between 1999-2003 and 2004-2008, socioeconomic inequalities in life expectancy decreased, and inequalities in disability-free expectancy increased in men and decreased in women. Conclusions: This study found important socioeconomic inequalities in health expectancy in the Basque Country. These inequalities increased in men and decreased in women in the first decade of the 21st century, during which the Basque Country saw considerable economic growth.

Novel equation to determine the hepatic triglyceride concentration in humans by MRI: diagnosis and monitoring of NAFLD in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of lipids within liver cells. Its prevalence is increasing in developed countries in association with obesity, and it represents a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Since NAFLD is usually asymptomatic at diagnosis, new non-invasive approaches are needed to determine the hepatic lipid content in terms of diagnosis, treatment and control of disease progression. Here, we investigated the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitate and monitor the hepatic triglyceride concentration in humans. Methods: A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy was conducted among 129 consecutive adult patients (97 obesity and 32 non-obese) to compare multi-echo MRI fat fraction, grade of steatosis estimated by histopathology, and biochemical measurement of hepatic triglyceride concentration (that is, Folch value). Results: MRI fat fraction positively correlates with the grade of steatosis estimated on a 0 to 3 scale by histopathology. However, this correlation value was stronger when MRI fat fraction was linked to the Folch value, resulting in a novel equation to predict the hepatic triglyceride concentration (mg of triglycerides/g of liver tissue = 5.082 + (432.104 * multi-echo MRI fat fraction)). Validation of this formula in 31 additional patients (24 obese and 7 controls) resulted in robust correlation between the measured and estimated Folch values. Multivariate analysis showed that none of the variables investigated improves the Folch prediction capacity of the equation. Obese patients show increased steatosis compared to controls using MRI fat fraction and Folch value. Bariatric surgery improved MRI fat fraction values and the Folch value estimated in obese patients one year after surgery. Conclusions: Multi-echo MRI is an accurate approach to determine the hepatic lipid concentration by using our novel equation, representing an economic non-invasive method to diagnose and monitor steatosis in humans.

The impact of the great recession on employment polarization in Spain

This article analyzes changes in the occupational employment share in Spain for the period 1997-2012 and the way particular sociodemographic groups adapt to those changes. There seems to be clear evidence of employment polarization between 1997 and 2012 that accelerates over the recession. Changes in the composition of the labour supply cannot explain the increase in the share of occupations at the low end of the wage distribution. Sector reallocation may have partially contributed to explain the polarization process in Spain during the years of expansion (1997-2007) but it is a minor factor during the recession. The polarization of occupations within sectors observed, especially during the recession, appears to be related to a decline in routine tasks which is compensated by an increase in occupations with non-routine service contents, which are found both in the low and high end of the wage distribution. Instead, jobs with a higher degree of abstract contents do not appear to increase their share in total employment during these 15 years. The paper finds that this process has affected males more strongly than females because of their higher concentration in occupations more focused on routine tasks. Among males, for workers under 30 years old, we find a decrease in the share of occupations with more routine tasks which turns into increases in those with more abstract content and particularly with more non-routine service content. Instead, male workers over 30 years old seem to remain in declining occupations to a greater extent. Females of different ages are not affected by the abovementioned changes.

Calibration method for a photoelastic modulator with a peak retardation of less than a half-wavelength

A new calibration method for a photoelastic modulator is proposed. The calibration includes a coarse calibration and a fine calibration. In the coarse calibration, the peak retardation of the photoelastic modulator is set near 1.841 rad. In the fine calibration, the value of the zeroth Bessel function is obtained. The zeroth Bessel function is approximated as a linear equation to directly calculate the peak retardation. In experiments, the usefulness of the calibration method is verified and the calibration error is less than 0.014 rad. The calibration is immune to the intensity fluctuation of the light source and independent of the circuit parameters. The method specially suits the calibration of a photoelastic modulator with a peak retardation of less than a half-wavelength. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Capacidade antioxidante e a prática de atividade física em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical

A lesão medular está associada a uma série de alterações bioquímicas e decomposição corporal. O aumento da gordura corporal e seu acúmulo na regiãoabdominal aliados a processos infecciosos decorrentes da lesão medular podemacarretar o incremento da concentração plasmática da proteína c-reativa (PCR).Tanto a gordura corporal quanto a elevada concentração da PCR estimulam aprodução de espécies reativas de oxigênio, favorecendo o desequilíbrio oxidativo e odesencadeamento de doenças. É possível que a prática de atividade física regularpossa atuar de modo benéfico através da melhor distribuição da gordura corporal eadaptação dos sistemas antioxidantes nesses indivíduos. Considerando aimportância deste tema e a escassos estudos sobre o assunto, o objetivo desteestudo foi comparar, em indivíduos com lesão medular cervical a composiçãocorporal e indicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante em indivíduos fisicamenteativos e não ativos. Participaram do estudo 24 tetraplégicos do gênero masculino(3210 anos de idade e 108 anos de tempo de lesão), divididos em dois grupos,fisicamente ativos (n=15, com pratica de atividade física há pelo menos 3 meses, 3vezes/semana ou mais, totalizando tempo mínimo de 150 minutos/semana) e nãoativos (n=9). A composição corporal foi determinada por absorciometria de duplaemissão de raio-X. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas após jejum de 12 horaspara determinação dos indicadores bioquímicos: de capacidade antioxidante, ácidoúrico, bilirrubina, albumina, alfa-tocoferol, malondialdeído e PCR no plasma eatividade da superóxido dismutase em eritrócitos. O grupo não ativo apresentoumaior IMC (=0,003), gordura total (%) e de tronco (%) (=<0,001) do que o grupoppfisicamente ativo. Foi encontrada relação entre a PCR e a porcentagem de gorduratotal (r=0,72, p=<0,001), de tronco (r=0,70, p=<0,001), massa gorda total (r=0,73,p=<0,001) e de tronco (r=0,67, p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre osindicadores bioquímicos de estado antioxidante, exceto a concentração da PCR quefoi maior no grupo não ativo (p=0,034). Considerando todos indivíduos, 50% apresentavam deficiência de alfa-tocoferol (concentração plasmática <11,6 mol/L).Foi observada relação negativa entre a concentração plasmática de alfa-tocoferol e aPCR (r=-0,18, =0,038).No grupo ativo houve correlação positiva entre a razãoptempo de atividade física:tempo de lesão e concentração plasmática demalondialdeido (r=0,38, =0,014). Nossos resultados, analisados em conjunto,psugerem que prática contínua de atividade física após a lesão atua auxiliando a umamelhor composição corporal e, possivelmente, a uma menor concentraçãoplasmática de PCR. O estado nutricional inadequado em alfa-tocoferol podecomprometer capacidade antioxidante, sendo necessárias medidas de apoionutricional para adequar a ingestão de alfa-tocoferol para este grupo.

Efeito da dieta hipocalórica no perfil metabólico e composição corporal de mulheres com e sem Síndrome Metabólica e genótipo Pro12Pro do gene PPARγγ2

A obesidade é uma doença crônica não transmissível, caracterizada pelo excesso de gordura corporal. Então, a gordura acumulada na região abdominal promove resistência à insulina e conseqüentemente alterações metabólicas as quais em conjunto configuram o quadro de síndrome metabólica (SM). O genótipo Pro12Pro parece estar relacionado à menor sensibilidade à insulina, desencadeando o processo fisiopatológico da SM. Então, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de uma dieta hipocalórica sobre o perfil metabólico e composição corporal de mulheres com e sem SM com genótipo Pro12Pro no gene PPARγ2. O presente estudo trata-se de um ensaio clínico, onde mulheres entre 30 e 45 anos, obesas grau I, sem SM (n=23) e com SM (n=7) foram submetidas à dieta hipocalórica por 90 dias. A identificação do genótipo foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). No início e nos dias 30, 60 e 90 foram avaliados peso corporal, massa magra (MM), massa gorda (MG), componentes da SM, uricemia, insulinemia, leptinemia, adiponectinemia, os índices HOMA-IR e QUICKI. O consumo energético foi avaliado nas 12 semanas de tratamento. Foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar os grupos entre si, e o modelo pareado para comparar a evolução dentro de cada grupo em relação ao início do estudo. Todas as mulheres apresentaram genótipo Pro12Pro. O grupo com SM apresentou menor HDL-c (44,43,2 vs. 56,82,4 mg/dL, p=0,013), e maior triglicerídeo (180,926,7 vs. 89,76,6mg/dL, p=0,014) e VLDL-c (36,25,3 vs. 17,91,3mg/dL, p=0,014) no início do estudo. Ambos os grupos apresentaram redução ponderal (-3,30,7% grupo sem SM e - 4,20,9% grupo com SM) e da circunferência da cintura (-2,40,5% grupo sem SM e - 5,91,4% grupo com SM) significativas. O grupo sem SM reduziu da MG progressivamente até os 90 dias (37,00,8 para 36,60,5%, p=0,02), e com isso aumentou MM (62,00,5 para 63,40,5%, p=0,01), o grupo com SM também reduziu MG ao longo do estudo (32,62,3 para 29,62,4%, p<0,01) e aumentou MM significativamente (62,21,0 para 64,31,3%). A pressão arterial sistólica reduziu no primeiro mês de tratamento no grupo sem SM (de 120,41,8 para 112,32,1 mmHg, p<0,01). No que diz respeito aos parâmetros metabólicos, o grupo sem SM mostrou redução da insulinemia (32,54,2 para 25,92,4U/mL, p=0,05) e aumento da adiponectinemia (4,70,6 para 5,10,8 ng/mL, p=0,02) aos 30 dias, do colesterol total (180,25,8 para 173,85,4 mg/dL, p=0,04), e da leptina (27,01,9 para 18,21,4 ng/mL, p<0,01) aos 60 dias, porém, houve redução do QUICKI aos 90 dias (0,390,03 para 0,350,01, p=0,01). No grupo com SM, a leptinemia reduziu aos 60 dias (20,31,9 para 14,71,1 ng/mL, p=0,01) e a adiponectinemia aos 90 dias (5,71,2 para 7,11,4 ng/mL, p<0,01), também houve remissão de 57,1% dos casos de SM. Sugerimos que, a dieta hipocalórica foi eficaz na redução do peso corporal e da MG, principalmente a localizada na região abdominal. Conseqüentemente, houve melhora considerável do perfil metabólico relacionado à obesidade no grupo sem SM, e também dos marcadores de sensibilidade à insulina e cardioprotetores relacionados à SM, além da remissão dos casos de SM.

Efeitos adversos da poluição atmosférica em crianças e adolescentes devido a queimadas na Amazônia: uma abordagem de modelos mistos em estudos de painel

Esta tese investiga os efeitos agudos da poluição atmosférica no pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) de escolares com idades entre 6 e 15 anos, residentes em municípios da Amazônia Brasileira. O primeiro artigo avaliou os efeitos do material particulado fino (PM2,5) no PFE de 309 escolares do município de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso (MT), durante a estação seca de 2006. Modelos de efeitos mistos foram estimados para toda a amostra e estratificados por turno escolar e presença de sintomas de asma. O segundo artigo expõe as estratégias utilizadas para a determinação da função de variância do erro aleatório dos modelos de efeitos mistos. O terceiro artigo analisa os dados do estudo de painel com 234 escolares, realizado na estação seca de 2008 em Tangará da Serra, MT. Avaliou-se os efeitos lineares e com defasagem distribuída (PDLM) do material particulado inalável (PM10), do PM2,5 e do Black Carbon (BC) no PFE de todos os escolares e estratificados por grupos de idade. Nos três artigos, os modelos de efeitos mistos foram ajustados por tendência temporal, temperatura, umidade e características individuais. Os modelos também consideraram o ajuste da autocorrelação residual e da função de variância do erro aleatório. Quanto às exposições, foram avaliados os efeitos das exposições de 5hs, 6hs, 12hs e 24hs, no dia corrente, com defasagens de 1 a 5 dias e das médias móveis de 2 e 3 dias. No que se refere aos resultados de Alta Floresta, os modelos para todas as crianças indicaram reduções no PFE variando de 0,26 l/min (IC95%: 0,49; 0,04) a 0,38 l/min (IC95%: 0,71; 0,04), para cada aumento de 10g/m3 no PM2,5. Não foram observados efeitos significativos da poluição no grupo das crianças asmáticas. A exposição de 24hs apresentou efeito significativo no grupo de alunos da tarde e no grupo dos não asmáticos. A exposição de 0hs a 5:30hs foi significativa tanto para os alunos da manhã quanto para a tarde. Em Tangará da Serra, os resultados mostraram reduções significativas do PFE para aumentos de 10 unidades do poluente, principalmente para as defasagens de 3, 4 e 5 dias. Para o PM10, as reduções variaram de 0,15 (IC95%: 0,29; 0,01) a 0,25 l/min (IC95%: 0,40 ; 0,10). Para o PM2,5, as reduções estiveram entre 0,46 l/min (IC95%: 0,86 to 0,06 ) e 0,54 l/min (IC95%: 0,95; 0,14). E no BC, a redução foi de aproximadamente 0,014 l/min. Em relação ao PDLM, efeitos mais importantes foram observados nos modelos baseados na exposição do dia corrente até 5 dias passados. O efeito global foi significativo apenas para o PM10, com redução do PFE de 0,31 l/min (IC95%: 0,56; 0,05). Esta abordagem também indicou efeitos defasados significativos para todos os poluentes. Por fim, o estudo apontou as crianças de 6 a 8 anos como grupo mais sensível aos efeitos da poluição. Os achados da tese sugerem que a poluição atmosférica decorrente da queima de biomassa está associada a redução do PFE de crianças e adolescentes com idades entre 6 e 15 anos, residentes na Amazônia Brasileira.

Elaboración de cuentas anuales previsionales de Cafés Aitona SL

El Trabajo de Fin de Grado que he realizado, gira en torno al sector cafetero en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca. Se trata de un sector en el que operan aproximadamente unas 20 empresas, y la mayoría de ellas son de carácter familiar. No son empresas de gran tamaño, la mayoría son microempresas. Concretamente, el trabajo consiste en la elaboración de unas Cuentas Anuales previsionales de la empresa Cafés Aitona para los años 2.014, 2.015 y 2.016. El trabajo comienza con la contextualización del lector al sector cafetero a modo de introducción, pasando en el siguiente punto a la realización de un diagnóstico de la situación presente de la empresa objeto de estudio en base a la trayectoria pasada, junto con un estudio del entorno y del sector donde opera (empresas de la competencia). En base a la información recabada y en alineación a las decisiones estratégicas adoptadas, realizaré una estimación de las variables básicas que afectarán al futuro inmediato de la empresa. El trabajo finalizará con la propuesta de las Cuentas Anuales Previsionales, en las que se incorporaré los efectos de las estimaciones y decisiones adoptadas. Los objetivos del presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado son demostrar la capacidad de realizar un diagnóstico sobre una realidad empresarial específica, y demostrar la capacidad de emitir juicios y tomar decisiones en base a los datos obtenidos.