Etudes coût-efficacité : ce que devraient retenir les médecins

Les ressources de notre système de santé sont limitées. Des choix dans l'attribution de ressources sont nécessaires pour assurer son équilibre. Une analyse coût-efficacité compare les effets d'une intervention de santé à une autre, en prenant en compte les coûts (y compris ceux économisés) et les années de vie gagnées, ajustées pour la qualité de vie (coût-utilité). Une analyse coût-efficacité devrait se placer dans la perspective de la société et l'intervention étudiée doit être comparée à une intervention actuelle pertinente. Les médecins, situés à l'interface entre les patients et les payeurs, sont dans une position idéale pour interpréter, voire effectuer des analyses coût-efficacité, et pour promouvoir les interventions les plus efficaces ayant des coûts raisonnables. [Auteurs]

Les itinéraires cliniques sont-ils efficaces ? : revue Cochrane pour le praticien

Cet article présente les résultats de la revue systématique: Rotter T, Kinsman L, James E, et al. Clinical pathways : Effects on professional practice, patient outcomes, length of stay and hospital costs. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 3. Art. No:CD006632. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006632.pub2. PMID: 20238347.

Pédiatrie: nouveautés en médecine 2007 [Pediatrics]

Cette année, nous avons résumé les avances dans deux pathologies très fréquentes et deux plus rares : 1) la cryptorchidie est opérée plus précocement sans utiliser des hormones. Ce traitement vise à assurer la fertilité et à éviter le développement de tumeurs testiculaires. 2) Dans le traitement de la pharyngite streptococcique, les céphalosporines orales durant quatre à cinq jours, peuvent remplacer la pénicilline. 3) Le carvédilol (bêtabloquant), le lévosimendan (sensibilisateur du calcium) et le nésiritide (analogue du peptide natriurétique) permettent une approche neurohormonale à l'insuffisance cardiaque. 4) Les glucocorticoïdes administrés tôt et une prise en charge multidisciplinaire ralentissent le cours de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne. This article summarizes the medical progress achieved in 2 frequent and 2 rare pathologies: 1. Cryptorchidism should be operated around 12 months of age and hormonal treatment abandoned in order to maintain fertility and avoid development of testicular tumors. 2. For the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis oral cephalosporins for 4 to 5 days are equivalent to a Penicillin treatment of 10 days. 3. Thanks to carvedilol (a beta-blocker agent), levosimendan (a calcium sensibiliser) and nesiritide (an analog to the natriuretic peptide) a new hormonal approach to cardiac failure is possible. 4. Corticosteroids allow to improve quality of live and life expectancy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, provided treatment starts early and a multidisciplinary approach is assured

Dermatologie. 2009: quoi de neuf en dermatologie [Dermatology]

Many significant advances in dermatology were published during 2009, focussing on infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders and oncology. Molecular medicine, as a result of the human genome project, also modifies the field of dermatology. Bioinformatics and biotechnology revolutionize the daily clinical practice in dermatology. A change of paradigm occurs notably in infectious diseases.

Prevention du diabète de type 2: état des connaissances [Prevention of type 2 diabetes: where do we stand?]

It is anticipated that one out of 3 children born in the year 2000 in the United States may develop diabetes. In Switzerland, a population based study in the city of Lausanne (CoLaus) has shown that about 30% of the participants have abnormal glucose homeostasis, and that the prevalence of obesity in the younger age groups has doubled since 1992. In this review, we describe clinical and biological factors associated with an increased risk to develop diabetes and summarize the most important intervention studies that have shown a beneficial effect in the prevention of diabetes. While life style modifications should be recommended for everybody, the place of pharmacological interventions (oral hypoglycemic agents, blood pressure and cholesterol lowering agents) is more controversial.

Glomérulonéphrite rapidement progressive: une urgence diagnostique et thérapeutique [Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency]

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPG) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by kidney damage that can lead to irreversible kidney failure. RPG can be caused by primary glomerular disease or can be part of a systemic autoimmune disorder. All RPG have a similar pathophysiology (proliferation of cells in Bowman's capsule and formation of crescents) and clinical evolution (rapidly progressive kidney failure with proteinuria and an active urine sediment). Immunosuppressive therapy and sometimes plasma exchanges are required. Overall- and kidney survival are closely linked to the blood creatinine level at presentation, the percentage of damaged glomeruli, and to the underlying cause. RPG is therefore a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency that needs quick referral to a nephrologist.

Urologie [Trends in urology]

The systemic treatment of kidney cancers is promising regarding the first results of the inhibiting molecules of the angiogenesis. Projections in research are encouraging for more specific and sensitive markers of the prostate cancer. For this last the intermittent hormonotherapy improves the quality of life of the patients. The overweight control in infertility allows greater chances of giving birth. The morbidity of the kidney percutaneous surgery is decreased by the use of smaller tools. Reduction rate of reobstruction thanks to new manufactoring stents. The botulinic toxin for the hyperactive bladder refunded by the health insurances.

Chirurgie de l'ongle incarné [Surgery for ingrowing toenails].

Ingrown toenail is a relatively frequent condition of the great toe affecting usually young adults. Surgery is most often required but the rate of recurrences is high with the risk of definitive functional and esthetical consequences. Among the numerous surgical procedures described, none is unanimously considered as the most effective. As for all dermatological surgery, the procedure must be not only curative but also esthetically acceptable. The surgeon's skills and experience are determining factors. A review of the most common procedures is presented.

Le rein de l'enfant face à la chimiothérapie [The kidney in children under chemotherapy].

Nowadays more and more children survive after an intensive anti-tumoral therapy. The price to pay consists of numerous and relatively frequent long-term sequelae (secondary tumors, neuropsychological deficits, endocrine or cardiac damage). After chemotherapy, we sometimes observe renal side-effects, either tubular (metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, proteinuria, Fanconi syndrome, rickets) or glomerular (acute or chronic decreased GFR). These renal toxic side-effects are encountered especially after cisplatinum and ifosfamide, less frequently after carboplatin and cyclophosphamide. The pediatrician has to be aware of these toxic nephrologic side-effects, to look out for them and monitor carefully the renal function of all paediatric patients receiving these potentially nephrotoxic chemotherapies.

Renoncement aux soins: comment appréhender cette réalité en médecine de premier recours [Patients forgoing health care for economic reasons: how to identify this in a primary care setting?].

Although the performance of the Swiss health system is high, one out of ten patients in general practitioner's (GP) office declares having foregone care in the previous twelve months for economic reasons. Reasons for foregoing care are several and include a lack of knowledge of existing social aids in getting health insurance, unavailability of GPs and long waiting lists for various types of care. Although long term knowledge of patients or a psychosocial history of deprivation or poverty may help identify individuals at risk of foregoing care, many may remain undetected. We propose then a few instruments to help GPs to identify, in a simple and structured approach, patients at risk of forgoing care for economic reasons; these patients are frequently deprived and sometimes poor.

Maladie de Behçet: d'Hippocrate aux antagonistes du TNF-alpha

Behçet's disease is a systemic vasculitis affecting small and large vessels (arteries, veins, veinules), characterized by recurrent oral ulcerations, genital ulcerations, inflammation of the eye and skin lesions. It can also involve articulations, central nervous system and gastro-intestinal tract. The etiology of this disease is still unknown, but the most largely discussed hypothesis is that of an important inflammatory response triggered by an infectious agent in a genetically susceptible host. The diagnostic is a based on clinical elements, because no specific diagnostic test exists. The treatment of Behçet's disease is depending on the clinical involvement and has been enlarged in recent years by TNF-alpha-blockers which constitute undoubtedly an important progress in the management of this complex disease.