Iron deficiency in infancy: is an immigrant more at risk?

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Iron deficiency with or without anaemia is the most common deficiency in the world. Its prevalence is higher in developing countries and in low socioeconomic populations. We aimed at determining and comparing the prevalence of iron deficiency in an immigrant and non-immigrant population. METHODS: Every child scheduled for a routine check-up at 12 months of age was allowed to participate in the study. Haemoglobin, ferritin, anthropometric data, familial and nutritional status were measured. RESULTS: 586 infants were eligible and 463 were included in the study as they had assessment data at 12 months. Children were divided into two groups: immigrants' children and non-immigrants' children. The global prevalence of iron deficiency was 5.7% at 12 months. A significant difference for iron deficiency was noticed between the groups at 12 months (p = 0.01). Among risk factors, immigration (odds ratio 2.91; 95% CI 1.05-8.04) and unemployment (odds ratio 6.08; 95% CI 1.18-31.30) had the higher odds in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of iron deficiency in the immigrant population is higher than in non-immigrants. Immigration and the category of employment are risk factors for iron deficiency, as starting baby cereals before 9 months is a protective factor. Good socioeconomic conditions in Switzerland, the quality of food for pregnant women and young infants may be the explanation. A study up to five years of age is necessary before drawing general conclusions on infancy.

Medication use in pregnancy: a cross-sectional, multinational web-based study.

OBJECTIVES: Intercountry comparability between studies on medication use in pregnancy is difficult due to dissimilarities in study design and methodology. This study aimed to examine patterns and factors associated with medications use in pregnancy from a multinational perspective, with emphasis on type of medication utilised and indication for use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, web-based study performed within the period from 1 October 2011 to 29 February 2012. Uniform collection of drug utilisation data was performed via an anonymous online questionnaire. SETTING: Multinational study in Europe (Western, Northern and Eastern), North and South America and Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Pregnant women and new mothers with children less than 1 year of age. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of and factors associated with medication use for acute/short-term illnesses, chronic/long-term disorders and over-the-counter (OTC) medication use. RESULTS: The study population included 9459 women, of which 81.2% reported use of at least one medication (prescribed or OTC) during pregnancy. Overall, OTC medication use occurred in 66.9% of the pregnancies, whereas 68.4% and 17% of women reported use of at least one medication for treatment of acute/short-term illnesses and chronic/long-term disorders, respectively. The extent of self-reported medicated illnesses and types of medication used by indication varied across regions, especially in relation to urinary tract infections, depression or OTC nasal sprays. Women with higher age or lower educational level, housewives or women with an unplanned pregnancy were those most often reporting use of medication for chronic/long-term disorders. Immigrant women in Western (adjusted OR (aOR): 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) and Northern Europe (aOR: 0.50, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.83) were less likely to report use of medication for chronic/long-term disorders during pregnancy than non-immigrants. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the majority of women in Europe, North America, South America and Australia used at least one medication during pregnancy. There was a substantial inter-region variability in the types of medication used.

Support for a demographically based selection method at University: The role of competition

Building on the instrumental model of group conflict (IMGC), the present experiment investigates the support for discriminatory and meritocratic method of selections at university in a sample of local and immigrant students. Results showed that local students were supporting in a larger proportion selection method that favors them over immigrants in comparison to method that consists in selecting the best applicants without considering his/her origin. Supporting the assumption of the IMGC, this effect was stronger for locals who perceived immigrants as competing for resources. Immigrant students supported more strongly the meritocratic selection method than the one that discriminated them. However, contrasting with the assumption of the IMGC, this effect was only present in students who perceived immigrants as weakly competing for locals' resources. Results demonstrate that selection methods used at university can be perceived differently depending on students' origin. Further, they suggest that the mechanisms underlying the perception of discriminatory and meritocratic selection methods differ between local and immigrant students. Hence, the present experiment makes a theoretical contribution to the IMGC by delimiting its assumptions to the ingroup facing a competitive situation with a relevant outgroup. Practical implication for universities recruitment policies are discussed.

Characterizing the vulnerability of frequent emergency department users by applying a conceptual framework: a controlled, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Frequent emergency department (ED) users meet several of the criteria of vulnerability, but this needs to be further examined taking into consideration all vulnerability's different dimensions. This study aimed to characterize frequent ED users and to define risk factors of frequent ED use within a universal health care coverage system, applying a conceptual framework of vulnerability. METHODS: A controlled, cross-sectional study comparing frequent ED users to a control group of non-frequent users was conducted at the Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland. Frequent users were defined as patients with five or more visits to the ED in the previous 12 months. The two groups were compared using validated scales for each one of the five dimensions of an innovative conceptual framework: socio-demographic characteristics; somatic, mental, and risk-behavior indicators; and use of health care services. Independent t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Pearson's Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used for the comparison. To examine the -related to vulnerability- risk factors for being a frequent ED user, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: We compared 226 frequent users and 173 controls. Frequent users had more vulnerabilities in all five dimensions of the conceptual framework. They were younger, and more often immigrants from low/middle-income countries or unemployed, had more somatic and psychiatric comorbidities, were more often tobacco users, and had more primary care physician (PCP) visits. The most significant frequent ED use risk factors were a history of more than three hospital admissions in the previous 12 months (adj OR:23.2, 95%CI = 9.1-59.2), the absence of a PCP (adj OR:8.4, 95%CI = 2.1-32.7), living less than 5 km from an ED (adj OR:4.4, 95%CI = 2.1-9.0), and household income lower than USD 2,800/month (adj OR:4.3, 95%CI = 2.0-9.2). CONCLUSIONS: Frequent ED users within a universal health coverage system form a highly vulnerable population, when taking into account all five dimensions of a conceptual framework of vulnerability. The predictive factors identified could be useful in the early detection of future frequent users, in order to address their specific needs and decrease vulnerability, a key priority for health care policy makers. Application of the conceptual framework in future research is warranted.

Sciences politiques (Paris)

Périodicité : Bimestriel

Revue des sciences politiques (Paris)

Périodicité : Bimestriel ; trimestriel

[Lettre autographe signée de Ferdinand Albert Décombe, dit Albert, à Léon Pillet, directeur de l'Opéra, Paris, 8 juillet 1844]

Recommande de jeunes élèves de la danse

[Lettre autographe signée de Ferdinand Albert Décombe, dit Albert, à Léon Pillet, directeur de l'Opéra, Paris, 30 décembre 1844]

Envoie la liste des élèves de la danse qu'il recommande pour avancement

[Lettre autographe signée d'Henri Montan Berton aux Académiciens, Paris, 17 mars 1838]

Communication à l'Académie : "proposition tendant à améliorer le sort des élèves musiciens à leur retour de Rome dans la capitale". - Signé : Berton, Halévy, Paer, Meyerbeer, Carafa, Cherubini

全人矩矱Quan ren ju he.La règle de tout l'homme.

Contient : I, livre préliminaire太上感應篇纂註Tai shang gan ying pian zuan zhu.Le Tai shang gan ying pian, avec commentaires ; II, livre préliminaire文昌帝君陰隲文纂註Wen chang di jun yin zhi wen zuan zhu.Le Yin zhi wen, du dieu de la Littérature, avec commentaires ; III, livre préliminaire文昌帝君覺世文纂註Wen chang di jun jue shi wen zuan zhu.Traité pour éveiller le monde, par le dieu de la Littérature ; IV, livre préliminaire關聖帝君覺世經 。釋略并諭Guan sheng di jun jue shi jing. Shi lüe bing yu.Le vrai livre sacré du réveil du monde, par le dieu de la Guerre ; V, livre préliminaire純陽祖師警士文Chun yang zu shi jing shi wen.Avertissement aux lettrés, traité du dieu Fu you ; VI, livre préliminaire魏元君勸世文Wei yuan jun quan shi wen ; VII, livre 1勸孝集說Quan xiao ji shuo.Recueil de textes recommandant la piété filiale ; VIII, livre 2戒淫集說Jie yin ji shuo.Recueil de textes contre l'impureté ; IX, livre 2文昌帝君戒淫文Wen chang di jun jie yin wen.Traité contre l'impureté, par le dieu de la Littérature ; X, livre 2文昌帝君天戒錄Wen chang di jun tian jie lu.Défenses célestes, notées par le dieu de la Littérature ; XI, livre 2三丰張眞人戒淫說San feng zhang zhen ren jie yin shuo.Traité contre l'impureté, par l'homme vrai Zhang, de San feng ; XII Livre 2文昌帝君慾海廻狂寶訓Wen chang di jun yu hai hui kuang bao xun.Instructions pour tirer l'insensé de la mer de la concupiscence, par le dieu de la Littérature ; XIII, livre 3勸戒彚抄Quan jie hui chao.Recueil de conseils et de défenses.Wen di quan zhong.Traité pour conseiller la fidélité, par le dieu de la Littérature ; XIV, livre 3文帝戒士子文Wen di jie shi zi wen.Conseils aux lettrés, par le dieu de la Littérature ; XV, livre 3文帝鱣壇勸世文Wen di zhan tan quan shi wen.Conseils donnés au monde par le dieu de la Littérature, à l'autel Zhan ; XVI, livre 3文帝鱣壇語錄Wen di zhan tan yu lu.Entretiens du dieu de la Littérature à l'autel Zhan ; XVII, livre 3蕉窻十則并序Jiao chuang shi ze bing xu.Les dix commandements de Jiao tchhoang, avec préface ; XVIII, livre 3文帝三教論 。七願 。十戒Wen di san jiao lun. Qi yuan. Shi jie.Dissertation sur les trois religions ; les sept vœux ; les dix commandements : du dieu de la Littérature ; XIX, livre 3呂祖師訓世文Lü zu shi xun shi wen.Instructions au monde par le dieu Fu you ; XX, livre 3勸敬惜字紙文Quan jing xi zi zhi wen.Traité pour conseiller le respect des caractères d'écriture ; XXI, livre 3敬字說Jing zi shuo.Traité sur le respect des caractères d'écriture ; XXII, livre 3惜字說Xi zi shuo.Traité sur le ménagement des caractères d'écriture ; XXIII, livre 3勸敬惜五榖文Quan jing xi Wu gu wen.Traité du respect des cinq sortes de grains ; XXIV, livre 3戒殺生說Jie sha sheng shuo.Traité pour défendre de tuer les êtres ayant vie ; XXV, livre 3戒溺女說Jie ni nü shuo.Traité pour défendre de noyer les petites filles ; XXVI, livre 3戒賭文Jie du wen.Traité contre le jeu ; XXVII, livre 3戒嗜酒Jie shi jiu.Défense d'aimer le vin ; XXVIII, livre 3戒貪財Jie tan cai.Défense de convoiter les richesses ; XXIX, livre 3戒聽讒Jie ting chan.Défense d'écouter la calomnie ; XXX, livre 3戒口過文Jie kou ge wen.Traité pour interdire les péchés de langue ; XXXI, livre 3戒損人利己說Jie sun ren li ji shuo.Traité pour interdire de chercher des avantages personnels au détriment d'autrui ; XXXII, livre3不自棄文Bu zi qi wen.Traité recommandant de ne pas s'abandonner au vice ; XXXIII, livre 3戒慢葬Jie man zang.Traité pour défendre d'user de négligence dans les funérailles ; XXXIV, livre 3戒不修治墳墓Jie bu xiu zhi fen mu.Traité recommandant d'entretenir les tombes ; XXXV, livre 3勸塾師培植子弟Quan shu shi pei zhi zi di.Traité recommandant aux maîtres de prendre soin de leurs élèves ; XXXVI, livre 3勸尊重師傅Quan zun zhong shi fu.Traité recommandant aux élèves d'honorer leur maître ; XXXVII, livre 3勸幕賓Quan mo bin.Conseils aux secrétaires privés des mandarins ; XXXVIII, livre 3勸公門修行Quan gong men xiu xing.Dans les affaires publiques, il faut régler sa conduite ; XXXIX, livre 3勸擇術慎業Quan ze shu shen ye.Il faut choisir un métier et s'y appliquer ; XL, livre 3勸化惡助善Quan hua e zu shan.Il faut corriger le mal et contribuer au bien ; XLI, livre 3勸排難解紛Quan phai nan jie fen.Il faut écarter les obstacles et dissiper les difficultés ; XLII, livre 3勸謙和雍睦Quan qian he yong mu.Traité pour conseiller l'esprit de conciliation et de concorde ; XLIII, livre 3勸救濟Quan jiu ji.Il faut aider (ceux qui ont besoin d'aide) ; XLIV, livre 3賑饑十二善Zhen ji shi er shan.Il faut nourrir les affamés ; XLV, livre 3勸敬說Quan jing shuo.Traité sur le respect ; XLVI, livre 3勸畏說Quan wei shuo.Traité sur la crainte respectueuse ; XLVII, livre3改過之法Gai ge zhi fa.Moyen de corriger les fautes ; XLVIII, livre3勸惜福Quan xi fu.Il faut ménager sa part de bonheur ; XLIX, livre3耕心說Geng xin shuo. Autre titre : 勸耕治心地Quan geng zhi xin di.Il faut cultiver son cœur ; L, livre3廣立命說Guang li ming shuo.Développement du traité sur la direction de la vie ; LI, livre3為學當從事性道Wei xue lang cong shi xing dao.Pour étudier, il faut s'appliquer à la voie naturelle ; LII, livre3性道集說Xing dao ji shuo.Recueil de textes sur la voie naturelle ; LIII, livre3夢覺圖說Mong jue tu shuo.Traité et figure sur l'illusion universelle ; LIV, livre4功過格彚編Gong ge ge hui bian.Liste des mérites et des péchés ; LV, livre4行功過格說Xing gong ge ge shuo.Traité sur l'usage de l'échelle des mérites et des péchés ; LVI, livre4功過格例Gong ge ge li.Règles annexes à l'échelle des mérites et des péchés ; LVII, livre4功過格分類彚編Gong ge ge fen lei hui bian.Liste méthodique des mérites et des péchés ; LVIII, livre 4不費錢功德例Bu fei qian gong de li.Manière d'obtenir des mérites sans dépenser d'argent ; LIX, livre final勸世詩歌Quan shi shi ge.Recueil de poésies morales

[Portrait de garçon en uniforme de collégien à mi-jambes, debout portant un brassard de communiant] : [photographie] / Pierre Eugène Fixon

Ancien possesseur : Gilles, Albert (1873-1959)

Preliminary epidemiological study of latent tuberculosis in Mexican agricultural workers in the Niagara region, Canada

It is well documented that the majority of Tuberculosis (TB) cases diagnosed in Canada are related to foreign-bom persons from TB high-burden countries. The Canadian seasonal agricultural workers program (SAWP) operating with Mexico allows migrant workers to enter the country with a temporary work permit for up to 8 months. Preiimnigration screening of these workers by both clinical examination and chest X-ray (CXR) reduces the risk of introducing cases of active pulmonary TB to Canada, but screening for latent TB (LTBI) is not routinely done. Studies carried out in industrialized nations with high immigration from TBendemic countries provide data of lifetime LTBI reactivation of around 10% but little is known about reactivation rates within TB-endemic countries where new infections (or reinfections) may be impossible to distinguish from reactivation. Migrant populations like the SAWP workers who spend considerable amounts of time in both Canada and TBendemic rural areas in Mexico are a unique population in terms of TB epidemiology. However, to our knowledge no studies have been undertaken to explore either the existence of LTBI among Mexican workers, the probability of reactivation or the workers' exposure to TB cases while back in their communities before returning the following season. Being aware of their LTBI status may help workers to exercise healthy behaviours to avoid TB reactivation and therefore continue to access the SAWP. In order to assess the prevalence of LTBI and associated risk factors among Mexican migrant workers a preliminary cross sectional study was designed to involve a convenience sample of the Niagara Region's Mexican workers in 2007. Research ethics clearance was granted by Brock University. Individual questionnaires were administered to collect socio-demographic and TB-related epidemiological data as well as TB knowledge and awareness levels. Cellular immunity to M tuberculosis was assessed by both an Interferon-y release assay (lGRA), QuantiFERON -TB Gold In-Tube (QFf™) and by the tuberculin skin test (TSn using Mantoux. A total of 82 Mexican workers (out of 125 invited) completed the study. Most participants were male (80%) and their age ranged from 22 to 65 years (mean 38.5). The prevalence of LTBI was 34% using TST and 18% using QFTTM. As previously reported, TST (using ~lOmm cut-off) showed a sensitivity of 93.3% and a specificity of 79.1 %. These findings at the moment cannot predict the probability of progression to active TB; only longitudinal cohort studies of this population can ascertain this outcome. However, based on recent publications, lORA positive individuals may have up to 14% probability of reactivation within the next two years. Although according to the SA WP guidelines, all workers undergo TB screening before entering or re-entering Canada, CXR examination requirements showed to be inconsistent for this population: whereas 100% of the workers coming to Canada for the first time reported having the procedure done, only 31 % of returning participants reported having had a CXR in the past year. None of the participants reported ever having a CXR compatible with TB which was consistent with the fact that none had ever been diagnosed with active pulmonary TB and with only 3.6% reporting close contact with a person with active TB in their lifetime. Although Mexico reports that 99% of popUlation is fully immunized against TB within the first year of age, only 85.3% of participants reported receiving BOC vaccine in childhood. Conversely, even when TST is not part of the routine TB screening in endemic countries, a suqDrisingly high 25.6% reported receiving a TST in the past. In regards to TB knowledge and awareness, 74% of the studied population had previous knowledge about (active) TB, 42% correctly identified active TB symptomatology, 4.8% identified the correct route of transmission, 4.8% knew about the existence of LTBI, 3.6% knew that latent TB could reactivate and 48% recognized TB as treatable and curable. Of all variables explored as potential risk factors for LTBI, age was the only one which showed statistical significance. Significant associations could not be proven for other known variables (such as sex, TB contact, history of TB) probably because of the small sample size and the homogeneity of the sample. Screening for LTBI by TST (high sensitivity) followed by confirmation with QFT''"'^ (high specificity) suggests to be a good strategy especially for immigrants from TB high-burden countries. After educational sessions, workers positive for LTBI gained greater knowledge about the signs and symptoms of TB reactivation as well as the risk factors commonly associated with reactivation. Additionally, they were more likely to attend their annual health check up and request a CXR exam to monitor for TB reactivation.

Foreign trained teachers : the emergence of the right to practise their profession in Ontario

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of 2 recent legal events, specifically the Fair Access to Regulated Professions Act (2006) and Siadat v. Ontario College of Teachers (2007) decision, with regards to the opportunity of foreign trained teachers to practice their profession in Ontario. The emphasis is on the case of Fatima Siadat, who was a teacher in Iran but was unable to satisfy all the licensing requirements of the Ontario College of Teachers and consequently was unable to practise her profession in Ontario. When the Ontario College of Teachers Appeals Committee upheld the previous decision of the Ontario College of Teachers Registrar to refuse to issue her a teacher's certificate, Ms. Fatima Siadat decided to initiate a lawsuit. Ms. Fatima Siadat challenged the decision ofthe Ontario College of Teachers Appeals Committee by raising a question of applicability of human rights legislation (i.e., The Ontario Human Rights Code, 1990) on the Ontario College of Teachers' decisions. The Ontario Superior Court of Justice decided in January of2007 in favour of Ms. Fatima Siadat (Siadat v. Ontario College of Teachers , 2007) and ordered that her licensing application be reconsidered by the Ontario College of Teachers Appeals Committee. In this thesis the author argues that the Fatima Siadat decision, together with the Fair Access to Regulated Professions Act, 2006, will likely make a significant contribution to enhancing the access of foreign trained teachers and other professionals to practice their regulated professions in Ontario.

Exploring Chinese-Canadians' perspectives on health : a quantitative study

Chinese have unique perspectives on health and illness, which is mostly umecognized by western medicine. Immigration may contribute to problems with health consultations, inconvenience, and dissatisfaction. As the largest visible minority in Canada, Chinese- Canadians' perspectives on health should be studied in order to help Chinese immigrants adapt to a new health-care and health-promotion system, and keep them healthy. A quantitative questionnaire was designed based on the findings from a pilot study and previous literature. A hundred participants were recruited from Toronto, Vancouver, Halifax, and St. Catharines. Descriptive analysis and correlation analysis were used to investigate the structure of the variables. Findings indicated that most oftheir attitudes and corresponding practices to the different health aspects were positive. The relation between dietary practices and attitude was only found in small cities. Their attitudes were impacted by their length of stay in Canada. Their attitudes to regularly timed meals and psychological consultation were related to their acculturation level, as was the regularity of their practice of dental flossing. Their self-evaluated general health levels were also found to be affected by their medical history, education level, feeling to talk about • sexual health, and smoking, particularly in the male subjects of the study. In conclusion, they realized that each health aspect w~s important to their health. However, their practices did not bear a strong relation to their beliefs. Traditional thoughts about health reseeded with time. Acculturation level did not affect most of their attitudes or practices. Under pressure, the priority of the daily health practices decreased. Older persons, those with low incomes, lower education levels or families under stress need to pay more attention to their health level. In-depth future research was recommended.

Living between two cultures : personality and adaptation in Chinese immigrant youth /

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between shyness and acculturation modes of Chinese immigrant youth in Canada and whether shyness moderates the relationship between acculturation and adaptation. In addition, I examined whether shyness, in conjunction with sociability, moderates the relationship between acculturation and adaptation. Ninety-nine young Chinese immigrants (42 men), ranging in age from 16 to 26 years old, completed a questionnaire that assessed their demographic information, acculturation modes, shyness, sociability, psychological adaptation Oife satisfaction, self-esteem, and depression), and socio-cultural adaptation. Results showed that Chinese orientation was significantly and negatively correlated with age, generation status, English proficiency, and length of residence in Canada. In contrast, Canadian orientation was significantly and positively correlated with generation status, English proficiency, and length of residence in Canada. Canadian orientation was also significantly and negatively correlated with shyness and positively correlated with sociability and psychological and socio-cultural adaptation. Participants who were shyer were more likely to have poorer psychological and socio-cultural adaptation, and to report lower life satisfaction and self-esteem and higher depression. Results from hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that Chinese immigrant youth who were separated had higher scores on shyness than those who were integrated and assimilated. There were no significant differences in shyness between youth who were separated and youth who were marginalized, nor were there differences between youth who were integrated and those who were assimilated. Furthermore, integrated Chinese youth reported significantly higher scores in sociability than those who were separated and marginalized but not significantly higher than those who were assimilated.' Shyness did not moderate the relationship between acculturation modes and psychological and socio-cultural adaptation. Unfortunately, the hypothesis to examine if shyness, in combination with sociability, moderated the relationship between acculturation and psychological adaptation could not be tested in the present study because of limitations in cell sizes. The findings suggested that how Chinese immigrant youth acculturate in the receiving country might not be the crucial factor in determining their adaptation. Instead, other factors, such as personality characteristics and nature of the acculturating group, may playa more crucial role. Shyness may have important ramifications for the acculturation and adaptation of young Chinese immigrants to a new society.