On Variable Selection of a Nonlinear Non-parametric System with a Limited Data Set: A Stepwise Algorithm

his paper considers a problem of identification for a high dimensional nonlinear non-parametric system when only a limited data set is available. The algorithms are proposed for this purpose which exploit the relationship between the input variables and the output and further the inter-dependence of input variables so that the importance of the input variables can be established. A key to these algorithms is the non-parametric two stage input selection algorithm.

Individual factors and perceived community characteristics in relation to mental health and mental well-being

Background
It has been argued that though correlated with mental health, mental well-being is a distinct entity. Despite the wealth of literature on mental health, less is known about mental well-being. Mental health is something experienced by individuals, whereas mental well-being can be assessed at the population level. Accordingly it is important to differentiate the individual and population level factors (environmental and social) that could be associated with mental health and well-being, and as people living in deprived areas have a higher prevalence of poor mental health, these relationships should be compared across different levels of neighbourhood deprivation.

Methods
A cross-sectional representative random sample of 1,209 adults from 62 Super Output Areas (SOAs) in Belfast, Northern Ireland (Feb 2010 – Jan 2011) were recruited in the PARC Study. Interview-administered questionnaires recorded data on socio-demographic characteristics, health-related behaviours, individual social capital, self-rated health, mental health (SF-8) and mental well-being (WEMWBS). Multi-variable linear regression analyses, with inclusion of clustering by SOAs, were used to explore the associations between individual and perceived community characteristics and mental health and mental well-being, and to investigate how these associations differed by the level of neighbourhood deprivation.

Results
Thirty-eight and 30 % of variability in the measures of mental well-being and mental health, respectively, could be explained by individual factors and the perceived community characteristics. In the total sample and stratified by neighbourhood deprivation, age, marital status and self-rated health were associated with both mental health and well-being, with the ‘social connections’ and local area satisfaction elements of social capital also emerging as explanatory variables. An increase of +1 in EQ-5D-3 L was associated with +1SD of the population mean in both mental health and well-being. Similarly, a change from ‘very dissatisfied’ to ‘very satisfied’ for local area satisfaction would result in +8.75 for mental well-being, but only in the more affluent of areas.

Conclusions
Self-rated health was associated with both mental health and mental well-being. Of the individual social capital explanatory variables, ‘social connections’ was more important for mental well-being. Although similarities in the explanatory variables of mental health and mental well-being exist, socio-ecological interventions designed to improve them may not have equivalent impacts in rich and poor neighbourhoods.

Entity Linking for Web Search Queries

We consider the problem of linking web search queries to entities from a knowledge base such as Wikipedia. Such linking enables converting a user’s web search session to a footprint in the knowledge base that could be used to enrich the user profile. Traditional methods for entity linking have been directed towards finding entity mentions in text documents such as news reports, each of which are possibly linked to multiple entities enabling the usage of measures like entity set coherence. Since web search queries are very small text fragments, such criteria that rely on existence of a multitude of mentions do not work too well on them. We propose a three-phase method for linking web search queries to wikipedia entities. The first phase does IR-style scoring of entities against the search query to narrow down to a subset of entities that are expanded using hyperlink information in the second phase to a larger set. Lastly, we use a graph traversal approach to identify the top entities to link the query to. Through an empirical evaluation on real-world web search queries, we illustrate that our methods significantly enhance the linking accuracy over state-of-the-art methods.

The basic principles of uncertain information fusion. An organised review of merging rules in different representation frameworks.

We propose and advocate basic principles for the fusion of incomplete or uncertain information items, that should apply regardless of the formalism adopted for representing pieces of information coming from several sources. This formalism can be based on sets, logic, partial orders, possibility theory, belief functions or imprecise probabilities. We propose a general notion of information item representing incomplete or uncertain information about the values of an entity of interest. It is supposed to rank such values in terms of relative plausibility, and explicitly point out impossible values. Basic issues affecting the results of the fusion process, such as relative information content and consistency of information items, as well as their mutual consistency, are discussed. For each representation setting, we present fusion rules that obey our principles, and compare them to postulates specific to the representation proposed in the past. In the crudest (Boolean) representation setting (using a set of possible values), we show that the understanding of the set in terms of most plausible values, or in terms of non-impossible ones matters for choosing a relevant fusion rule. Especially, in the latter case our principles justify the method of maximal consistent subsets, while the former is related to the fusion of logical bases. Then we consider several formal settings for incomplete or uncertain information items, where our postulates are instantiated: plausibility orderings, qualitative and quantitative possibility distributions, belief functions and convex sets of probabilities. The aim of this paper is to provide a unified picture of fusion rules across various uncertainty representation settings.

Investigating the Implications of a Variable RBE on Proton Dose Fractionation Across a Clinical Pencil Beam Scanned Spread-Out Bragg Peak

Purpose: To investigate the clinical implications of a variable relative biological effectiveness (RBE) on proton dose fractionation. Using acute exposures, the current clinical adoption of a generic, constant cell killing RBE has been shown to underestimate the effect of the sharp increase in linear energy transfer (LET) in the distal regions of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). However, experimental data for the impact of dose fractionation in such scenarios are still limited.

Methods and Materials: Human fibroblasts (AG01522) at 4 key depth positions on a clinical SOBP of maximum energy 219.65 MeV were subjected to various fractionation regimens with an interfraction period of 24 hours at Proton Therapy Center in Prague, Czech Republic. Cell killing RBE variations were measured using standard clonogenic assays and were further validated using Monte Carlo simulations and parameterized using a linear quadratic formalism.

Results: Significant variations in the cell killing RBE for fractionated exposures along the proton dose profile were observed. RBE increased sharply toward the distal position, corresponding to a reduction in cell sparing effectiveness of fractionated proton exposures at higher LET. The effect was more pronounced at smaller doses per fraction. Experimental survival fractions were adequately predicted using a linear quadratic formalism assuming full repair between fractions. Data were also used to validate a parameterized variable RBE model based on linear α parameter response with LET that showed considerable deviations from clinically predicted isoeffective fractionation regimens.

Conclusions: The RBE-weighted absorbed dose calculated using the clinically adopted generic RBE of 1.1 significantly underestimates the biological effective dose from variable RBE, particularly in fractionation regimens with low doses per fraction. Coupled with an increase in effective range in fractionated exposures, our study provides an RBE dataset that can be used by the modeling community for the optimization of fractionated proton therapy.

Towards the 2021 UK Census imputation strategy: Response mode as a matching variable in a donor-based approach?

Since July 2014, the Office for National Statistics has committed to a predominantly online 2021 UK Census. Item-level imputation will play an important role in adjusting the 2021 Census database. Research indicates that the internet may yield cleaner data than paper based capture and attract people with particular characteristics. Here, we provide preliminary results from research directed at understanding how we might manage these features in a 2021 UK Census imputation strategy. Our findings suggest that if using a donor-based imputation method, it may need to consider including response mode as a matching variable in the underlying imputation model.

Are food-related perceptions associated with meal portion size decisions? A cross-sectional study

The purpose of this study was to test a comprehensive model of meal portion size determinants consisting of sociodemographic, psychological and food-related variables, whilst controlling for hunger and thirst.
Using cross-sectional nationally representative data collected in 2075 participants from the Island of Ireland (IoI) and Denmark (DK), eight separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between food-related variables and meal portion size (i.e. pizza, vegetable soup, chicken salad and a pork meal) within each country. Stepwise regressions were run with physiological control measures (hunger and thirst) entered in the first step, sociodemographic variables (sex, age, body mass index (BMI)) in the second step; psychological variables (cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, general health interest (GHI)) in the third step and food-related variables (expected fillingness, liking, expected healthfulness, food familiarity) in the fourth step.
Sociodemographic variables accounted for 2-19% of the variance in meal portion sizes; psychological variables explained an additional 3-8%; and food-related variables explained an additional 2-12%. When all four variable groups were included in the regression models, liking and sometimes expected healthfulness was positively associated with meal portion size. The strongest association was for liking, which was statistically significant in both countries for all meal types. Whilst expected healthfulness was not associated with pizza portion size in either country, it was positively associated with meals that have a healthier image (vegetable soup; chicken salad and in IoI, the pork meal).
In conclusion, after considering sociodemographic and psychological variables, and the food-related variables of liking and expected healthfulness, there may be little merit in manipulating the satiating power, at least of these type of meals, to maintain or promote weight loss.
Keywords: Meal portion size; psychological variables; expected fillingness; expected healthfulness; food liking; food familiarity.

Variable Window Power Spectral Density Attack

Side channel attacks permit the recovery of the secret key held within a cryptographic device. This paper presents a new EM attack in the frequency domain, using a power spectral density analysis that permits the use of variable spectral window widths for each trace of the data set and demonstrates how this attack can therefore overcome both inter-and intra-round random insertion type countermeasures. We also propose a novel re-alignment method exploiting the minimal power markers exhibited by electromagnetic emanations. The technique can be used for the extraction and re-alignment of round data in the time domain.

Habitat-species interactions in a carnivore community

Na maioria das area protegidas nacionais existe uma considerável falta de informação científica relativa aos mamíferos carnívoros. A Reserva Natural da Serra da Malcata, localizada no centro-este de Portugal, tem vindo a desenvolver, desde os últimos 20 anos, estudos de ecologia e esta tese pretende dar seguimento a esse esforço de monitorização, através do desenvolvimento de métodos simples e eficientes, de monitorização de carnívoros, que possam servir como percursores de trabalhos a longo-prazo em áreas relevantes para a conservação. Através do uso de armadilhagem fotográfica, foram estudadas relações espécies-habitats para 5 espécies: gato-bravo (Felis silvestris), fuinha (Martes foina), raposa (Vulpes vulpes), gineta (Genetta genetta), e sacarrabos (Herpestes ichneumon). Foram desenvolvidos métodos para se determinar a densidade absoluta de raposa e gineta e a população de gato-bravo foi estudada em detalhe. As principais conclusões do estudo foram: 1) a ocupação de raposas é uniforme e parece ser independente de variáveis ambientais; 2) a ocupação de fuinha encontra-se relacionada com variáveis de habitat, estrutura paisagística e presas; 3) a ocupação de gineta está relacionada com a cobertura de folhosas e distribuição de presas; 4) para o sacarrabos verificase que a ocupação é influenciada pelas extensões de habitat arbustivos, 5) a população de gato-bravo sofreu um forte declínio durante o trabalho e requer urgentes medidas de conservação. Metodologicamente foi demonstrada a importância da modelação das probabilidades de detecção para espécies para as quais este parâmetros apresenta valores baixos ou é muito variável. Esta tese também demonstrou a grande importância da Serra da Malcata para a conservação de carnívoros e a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitorização padronizadas para uma correcta gestão adaptativa das áreas protegidas.

Qualidade de vida e doença mental

Atendendo à conjuntura nacional e internacional que norteia a saúde mental e psiquiatria, a Qualidade de Vida (QDV) das pessoas com doença mental torna-se uma área fundamental de investigação, tendo em conta a sua inquestionável importância na aferição de medidas de intervenção. Um facto observável relaciona-se com um interesse crescente nos últimos anos na QDV da pessoa com doença mental como objeto de investigação. Estudos apontam para que as pessoas com doença mental percecionem a sua QDV inferior às pessoas sem doença mental e/ou com doenças físicas. Esta investigação foi realizada com base em três estudos. O Estudo I pretendeu estudar relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e a QDV de pessoas (n = 39) com doenças do humor (Depressão Major, Distimia, Doença Bipolar e Perturbações Depressivas Sem Outra Especificação). Para isso, foram utilizados o WHOQOL-Bref, o Índice de Graffar, um Questionário de Dados Sociodemográficos e Clínicos e um Guia de Observação. Os dados foram recolhidos no domicílio dos sujeitos. No Estudo II compararam-se diferenças de QDV em duas amostras independentes: sujeitos com doenças do humor (n = 39) e sujeitos sem doença mental diagnosticada (n = 39). Utilizaram-se os mesmos instrumentos do Estudo I exceto o Guia de Observação. Nestes dois estudos os dados foram tratados recorrendo ao IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 19.0. O Estudo III teve como objetivo recolher dados sobre as narrativas dos sujeitos com doença mental e sobre o conhecimento sobre a Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados e Integrados de Saúde Mental (RNCCISM). Para esta segunda parte do objetivo foi utilizada uma amostra de profissionais de saúde mental (n = 42) que respondeu a um Questionário sobre a RNCCISM construído para o efeito. Este Instrumento foi validado e do qual resultou uma variável final: “avaliação do conhecimento sobre a RNCCISM”. Os resultados desta pesquisa sugeriram, pelo Estudo I, que a QDV difere em função da doença apresentada pelos sujeitos; encontraram-se também diferenças em relação à idade, sexo, escolaridade, classe social, estado civil e transportes utilizados para a consulta de especialidade. Pelo Estudo II, os resultados indicaram-nos diferenças entre a QDV nos dois grupos, sendo que, o Grupo com doença do humor apresenta scores mas baixos em todos os domínios do WHOOL-Bref que o Grupo sem doença mental diagnosticada. Os dados do EstudoIII sugeriram-nos: i) no primeiro momento, uma reflexão que girou em torno de cinco eixos: o sofrimento; a estigmatização; os eventos de vida perturbadores; o modelo de tratamento adotado pelos profissionais; e o acompanhamento das pessoas com doença mental; ii) no segundo momento, que os enfermeiros são os que, em média, possuíam um score de conhecimento sobre a RNCCISM mais baixo. Esta investigação sugeriu que a QDV das pessoas com doença mental é baixa, indicando algumas relações entre algumas variáveis. Durante o seu desenvolvimento, pretendemos também reforçar a necessidade do envolvimento de todos os profissionais da saúde nas alterações preconizadas, o que permite intervir de forma mais informada. Porque, durante este percurso surgiram dificuldades sérias de acesso à amostra clínica, esta tese chama ainda a atenção para a importância da investigação em saúde mental e psiquiatria e para as formalidades de acesso aos dados que a podem condicionar. De facto, ao assumirmos a QDV como uma medida de resultado em saúde, torna-se importante, por um lado, aprofundar a investigação neste domínio e, por outro, e pelo conhecimento de que já dispomos, equacionar de forma efetiva novas modalidades de intervenção, contribuindo para um plano terapêutico mais amplo, pondo em prática uma filosofia de cuidados mais abrangente e de continuidade, implementando as politicas comunitárias e globais preconizadas para a prestação de cuidados em saúde mental e psiquiatria.

Architecture for real-time coordination of multiple autonomous mobile units

Interest on using teams of mobile robots has been growing, due to their potential to cooperate for diverse purposes, such as rescue, de-mining, surveillance or even games such as robotic soccer. These applications require a real-time middleware and wireless communication protocol that can support an efficient and timely fusion of the perception data from different robots as well as the development of coordinated behaviours. Coordinating several autonomous robots towards achieving a common goal is currently a topic of high interest, which can be found in many application domains. Despite these different application domains, the technical problem of building an infrastructure to support the integration of the distributed perception and subsequent coordinated action is similar. This problem becomes tougher with stronger system dynamics, e.g., when the robots move faster or interact with fast objects, leading to tighter real-time constraints. This thesis work addressed computing architectures and wireless communication protocols to support efficient information sharing and coordination strategies taking into account the real-time nature of robot activities. The thesis makes two main claims. Firstly, we claim that despite the use of a wireless communication protocol that includes arbitration mechanisms, the self-organization of the team communications in a dynamic round that also accounts for variable team membership, effectively reduces collisions within the team, independently of its current composition, significantly improving the quality of the communications. We will validate this claim in terms of packet losses and communication latency. We show how such self-organization of the communications can be achieved in an efficient way with the Reconfigurable and Adaptive TDMA protocol. Secondly, we claim that the development of distributed perception, cooperation and coordinated action for teams of mobile robots can be simplified by using a shared memory middleware that replicates in each cooperating robot all necessary remote data, the Real-Time Database (RTDB) middleware. These remote data copies, which are updated in the background by the selforganizing communications protocol, are extended with age information automatically computed by the middleware and are locally accessible through fast primitives. We validate our claim showing a parsimonious use of the communication medium, improved timing information with respect to the shared data and the simplicity of use and effectiveness of the proposed middleware shown in several use cases, reinforced with a reasonable impact in the Middle Size League of RoboCup.

Análise do comportamento de polímeros na estabilização de solos em fundações

O presente projeto de investigação em Engenharia Civil é construído em torno das necessidades atuais expressas pelos setores da construção e obras públicas em fundações. Em colaboração com a empresa GEO este trabalho pretende dar resposta em tempo útil aos empreiteiros, pondo o conhecimento científico ao serviço da indústria, colmatando a escassez de investigação académica que se verifica neste domínio. Esta investigação, à qual se associou a empresa BRASFOND, recorre ao estudo de ensaios de carga estática à compressão realizados no Brasil, segundo a NBR 12131 (2005) e NBR 12131 (2006). Assim, para estudar o desempenho de polímeros aplicados na estabilização de solos em fundações, foram analisados 6 ensaios de carga realizados em obras de intervenção da empresa GEO, disponibilizados pela empresa BRASFOND. Os ensaios de carga verticais estáticos de compressão axial foram realizados em estacas de 3 obras, nomeadamente a construção de uma central termoelétrica, em 2009, e de dois edifícios, em 2010. O projeto de fundações da central termoelétrica assentou na execução de estacas com polímeros, com 1270 estacas moldadas “in loco” com 1 000 mm de diâmetro e profundidade variável de 10 m a 18 m, em solos moles e pouco compactos de 8 m a 9 m de espessura, encastradas até 3 m sobre um maciço Gnaisse medianamente alterado (W3). Dos ensaios de carga realizados nesta obra, foram alvo deste estudo a análise dos primeiros 4 disponibilizados pela empresa. Os valores estimados por métodos semi-empíricos da capacidade resistente das estacas, considerando a recuperação da rocha nos trechos encastrados, foram comparados com a carga resistente última à compressão obtida através do ensaio de carga. O projeto de fundações de dois edifícios de elevado número de andares (cerca de 30) no litoral do Estado de São Paulo, em Santos, assentou na execução de fundações indiretas em solos moles a muito moles, com estacas de grandes dimensões moldadas com recurso a polímeros. Para atestar a qualidade das estacas, de forma a avaliar o comportamento carga versus assentamento e estimar as características da capacidade de carga, procedeu-se à execução de dois ensaios de carga estática à compressão, um dos quais instrumentado em profundidade. Os valores estimados por métodos semi-empíricos da capacidade resistente das estacas foram comparados com a carga resistente última à compressão obtida através do ensaio de carga. Para além deste estudo se revestir de interesse académico e empresarial, o contexto inerente à aplicação de polímeros em fundações é relevante para a prática pedagógica. Assim, este projeto envolve também uma componente educacional, esta última implementada numa escola do ensino básico e secundário da região centro do país.

Ecological quality assessment in transitional systems

Estuaries are poles of attraction for human settlement which is a source of pressures to surface water bodies. The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WDF, 2000/60/EC) has increased the investigation in order to develop methodologies to assess the Ecological Quality Status (EQS) of aquatic ecosystems. Transitional systems are naturally stressed and characterized by highly dynamic physical, chemical and hydro-morphologic conditions and by species with a higher level of tolerance to change, being more difficult to develop suitable quality indicators for these systems. The general purpose of this study is to test the ability of synthesis descriptors, including primary (S, taxa richness) and derived biological variable (H’, Shannon-Wiener diversity), biotic indices (AMBI and M-AMBI), body size properties (abundance distribution by body size classes, length, weight and length-weight relationships) and non-taxonomic indices (ISS), as well as functional indicators related to the decomposition rates of various experimental substrates, a macrophyte (Phragmites australis) and an alga (Fucus vesiculosus), to evaluate the environmental quality in transitional systems. This study was carried out in one of the most pristine channels of the Ria the Aveiro, Mira Channel, along a full salinity gradient and in a metals and metalloid sediment contamination area, the Estarreja Channel, and two reference channels (Canelas and Salreu). In this study were used different sampling techniques, the leaf-bag technique and a hand-held corer. In Mira Channel, the alga and the macrophyte presented an opposite trend in the decomposition rate along the salinity gradient, with the decomposition rates of the alga always higher than those of the macrophyte. The decomposition rates of the macrophyte and the alga were higher in the mid estuary and in higher salinity areas, respectively, corresponding to the preferencial distribution areas of each species. The macrobenthic fauna associated with the decaying and an artificial substrate (control) showed equally well the benthic succession from the marine to the freshwater areas and, despite the strong differences in the decay rates, no significant differences were found between the benthic communities associated with the alga and the macrophyte. The body size properties of the macrobenthic fauna associated with the P. australis leaf-bag (1mm and 5mm) and corer samples were studied along the full salinity gradient. The dominant species of the sub-set of measured specimens were not the same of the original macrobenthic fauna sampled but, despite that, the sub-set of measured specimens was also able to show the benthic succession from the marine to the freshwater areas. The body size abundance distribution of the benthic macroinvertebrates according to the ISS size classes did not show a particular trend in any sampler along the salinity gradient. Significant differences were found in the length, weight and length-weight relationships of Annelids, , Molluscs and even some species along the salinity gradient. No significant differences were found in the AMBI, M-AMBI and ISS values along the salinity gradient for all the samplers. The EQS of the corer samples obtained using the M-AMBI was lower than that of the leaf-bags. The EQS obtained with the ISS was higher than that obtained with the M-AMBI in the leaf-bags but not in the corer samples. The ecological effects of contaminated sediments associated with the industrial chemical effluents discharged in the Estarreja Channel were studied a decade after ceasing the emissions, using the Sediment Quality Triad approach and two reference channels. The results showed that despite the emissions ceased in 2004, the sediment remains polluted with high levels of metals and metalloid, available to bioaccumulation and with severe consequences at the community level. The sediment contamination problem was also studied using the leaf-bag technique with a macrophyte, an alga and a control substrate. The results showed that the decay rates, the associated macrofauna and the application of the AMBI, M-AMBI and ISS indices to the mesh-bag samples were not able to identify the sediment contamination. Contrarily to the AMBI, the M-AMBI and the ISS showed significant differences between the contaminated and the reference channels for the corer samples. Although such statistical significance, the interest of using these complex biotic indices could be questioned, when much simple ones, like the S and H’ allow to reach the same conclusions.

Spiking neural network connectivity and its potential for temporal sensory processing and variable binding

The most biologically-inspired artificial neurons are those of the third generation, and are termed spiking neurons, as individual pulses or spikes are the means by which stimuli are communicated. In essence, a spike is a short-term change in electrical potential and is the basis of communication between biological neurons. Unlike previous generations of artificial neurons, spiking neurons operate in the temporal domain, and exploit time as a resource in their computation. In 1952, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley produced the first model of a spiking neuron; their model describes the complex electro-chemical process that enables spikes to propagate through, and hence be communicated by, spiking neurons. Since this time, improvements in experimental procedures in neurobiology, particularly with in vivo experiments, have provided an increasingly more complex understanding of biological neurons. For example, it is now well-understood that the propagation of spikes between neurons requires neurotransmitter, which is typically of limited supply. When the supply is exhausted neurons become unresponsive. The morphology of neurons, number of receptor sites, amongst many other factors, means that neurons consume the supply of neurotransmitter at different rates. This in turn produces variations over time in the responsiveness of neurons, yielding various computational capabilities. Such improvements in the understanding of the biological neuron have culminated in a wide range of different neuron models, ranging from the computationally efficient to the biologically realistic. These models enable the modeling of neural circuits found in the brain.

Spiking Neural Network Connectivity and its Potential for Temporal Sensory Processing and Variable Binding

The most biologically-inspired artificial neurons are those of the third generation, and are termed spiking neurons, as individual pulses or spikes are the means by which stimuli are communicated. In essence, a spike is a short-term change in electrical potential and is the basis of communication between biological neurons. Unlike previous generations of artificial neurons, spiking neurons operate in the temporal domain, and exploit time as a resource in their computation. In 1952, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley produced the first model of a spiking neuron; their model describes the complex electro-chemical process that enables spikes to propagate through, and hence be communicated by, spiking neurons. Since this time, improvements in experimental procedures in neurobiology, particularly with in vivo experiments, have provided an increasingly more complex understanding of biological neurons. For example, it is now well understood that the propagation of spikes between neurons requires neurotransmitter, which is typically of limited supply. When the supply is exhausted neurons become unresponsive. The morphology of neurons, number of receptor sites, amongst many other factors, means that neurons consume the supply of neurotransmitter at different rates. This in turn produces variations over time in the responsiveness of neurons, yielding various computational capabilities. Such improvements in the understanding of the biological neuron have culminated in a wide range of different neuron models, ranging from the computationally efficient to the biologically realistic. These models enable the modelling of neural circuits found in the brain. In recent years, much of the focus in neuron modelling has moved to the study of the connectivity of spiking neural networks. Spiking neural networks provide a vehicle to understand from a computational perspective, aspects of the brain’s neural circuitry. This understanding can then be used to tackle some of the historically intractable issues with artificial neurons, such as scalability and lack of variable binding. Current knowledge of feed-forward, lateral, and recurrent connectivity of spiking neurons, and the interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons is beginning to shed light on these issues, by improved understanding of the temporal processing capabilities and synchronous behaviour of biological neurons. This research topic aims to amalgamate current research aimed at tackling these phenomena.