848 resultados para ultrafiltration membrane


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Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPGs) forment la plus grande et la plus diversifiée des familles de protéines localisées à la surface cellulaire et responsables de la transmission de signaux à l’intérieur des cellules. D’intenses recherches effectuées au cours des trente dernières années ont mené à l’identification de dizaines de protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant la signalisation, la désensibilisation, l’internalisation et la dégradation de ces importantes cibles pharmacologiques. Contrairement aux processus régulant l’activité des récepteurs à partir de la membrane plasmique, les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant la biosynthèse des RCPGs dans le reticulum endoplasmique (RE) et leur transport jusqu’à la surface cellulaire sont très peu caractérisés. Une meilleure compréhension de ces processus nécessite l’identification de la machinerie protéique responsable de la maturation des RCPGs. Un crible protéomique basé sur le transfert d’énergie de résonance de bioluminescence (BRET), qui permet la mesure d’interactions protéiques dans les cellules vivantes, a mené à l’identification de plusieurs nouvelles protéines localisées dans la voie de sécrétion et interagissant potentiellement avec les RCPGs. Ces protéines étant localisées dans les compartiments cellulaires (reticulum endoplasmique et appareil de Golgi) responsables de la synthèse, du repliement adéquat et du transport à la membrane plasmique des récepteurs, il est très probable qu’elles soient impliquées dans le contrôle de l’expression des RCPGs à la surface cellulaire. La caractérisation de l’homologue humain de cornichon 4 (CNIH4), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs identifié dans le crible, a démontré que cette protéine localisée dans les compartiments précoces de la voie de sécrétion (RE et ERGIC) interagit de façon sélective avec les RCPGs. De plus, la suppression de l’expression endogène de cette protéine préalablement non-caractérisée, diminue le transport à la membrane plasmique d’un récepteur, indiquant que CNIH4 influence positivement l’export des RCPGs du RE. Ceci est supporté par l’observation que la surexpression de CNIH4 à de faibles niveaux favorise la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE. Nous avons également pu démontrer que CNIH4 est associée à la protéine Sec23, une des composantes de l’enveloppe des vésicules COPII qui sont responsables du transport des protéines du RE vers le Golgi, suggérant que CNIH4 pourrait favoriser le recrutement des récepteurs dans ces vésicules. La surexpression de CNIH4 à de très hauts niveaux provoque également la rétention intracellulaire des récepteurs. Cet effet dominant négatif pourrait être causé par la titration d’un autre facteur d’export des RCPGs. Une deuxième étude a permis de révéler que la protéine transmembranaire 9 (TMEM9), un nouvel intéracteur des RCPGs également identifié dans le crible, interagit sélectivement avec les récepteurs et avec CNIH4. La surexpression de cette protéine aux fonctions précédemment inconnues, rétablit le transport normal d’un récepteur en présence de CNIH4 surexprimée. De plus, la co-expression de TMEM9 potentialise la capacité de CNIH4 à augmenter la maturation d’un récepteur mutant normalement retenu dans le RE, suggérant que ces deux protéines forment un complexe régulant la maturation des RCPGs. Au cours de cette thèse, de nouvelles protéines interagissant avec les RCPGs et contrôlant leur expression à la membrane plasmique ont donc été identifiées, permettant une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulant le transport des récepteurs du RE à la surface cellulaire.

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Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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Les antibiotiques sont fréquemment utilisés dans l’alimentation de la volaille afin de prévenir certaines maladies, dont l’entérite nécrotique, ce qui occasionne l’émergence de souches bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques. Une alternative prometteuse est l’utilisation de peptides antimicrobiens (AMPs) comme suppléments alimentaires, tels les AMPs provenant des produits laitiers. L’objectif du projet était de développer une méthode de production d’extraits peptidiques à partir de coproduits de la transformation alimentaire (babeurre, lactoferrine, isolat de protéines de pois), afin de tester si ces extraits peptidiques possédaient une activité antimicrobienne sur les pathogènes spécifiques aviaires suivants : Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli et Staphylococcus aureus. Les protéines ont été mises en suspension dans l’eau (5% p/p) et hydrolysées par la pepsine, 6 heures, pH de 2.5. Les peptides furent récupérés par ultrafiltration (< 10 kDa), puis fractionnés selon leur charge nette : totaux, cationiques, anioniques et non liés. L’effet antimicrobien a été évalué surmicroplaques, par la survie bactérienne en présence de concentrations croissantes d’extraits peptidiques. Les extraits cationiques de babeurre ont démontré une efficacité à une concentration inférieure ou égale à 5 mg/mL; perte de 3 log pour Escherichia coli O78 :H80. En comparaison, la lactoferrine cationique a été efficace à une concentration inférieure ou égale à 0.6 mg/mL; perte de 6 log pour E. coli O78 :H80. Les extraits peptidiques du pois ont démontré une efficacité faible. Cette méthode s’avère prometteuse pour le développement d’une alternative ou d’un complément pour la réduction de l’utilisation des antibiotiques dans l’alimentation de la volaille.

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Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté de médecine en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences appliquées (M.Sc.A.) en génie biomédical, option génie clinique.

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A new PVC membrane sensor, which is highly selective towards Ni (II) ions, has been developed using a thiophene-derivative Schiff base as the ionophore. The best performance was exhibited by the membrane having the composition percentage ratio of 5:3:61:31 (ionophore:NaTPB:DBP:PVC) (w=w), where NaTPB is the anion excluder, sodium tetraphenylborate and DBP is the plasticizing agent (dibutyl phthalate). The membrane exhibited a good Nernstian response for nickel ions over the concentration range of 1.0 10 1– 5.0 10 6M (limit of detection is 1.8 10 6 M) with a slope of 29.5 1.0mV per decade of activity. It has a fast response time of<20 s and can be used for a period of 4 months with good reproducibility. The sensor is suitable for use in aqueous solutions of a wide pH range of 3.2–7.9. The sensor shows high selectivity to nickel ions over a large number of mono-, bi- and trivalent cations. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of nickel ions against EDTA and also for direct determination of nickel content in real samples – wastewater samples from electroplating industries and Indian chocolates.

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A new PVC membrane sensor, which is highly selective towards Ni (II) ions, has been developed using a thiophene-derivative Schiff base as the ionophore. The best performance was exhibited by the membrane having the composition percentage ratio of 5:3:61:31 (ionophore:NaTPB:DBP:PVC) (w=w), where NaTPB is the anion excluder, sodium tetraphenylborate and DBP is the plasticizing agent (dibutyl phthalate). The membrane exhibited a good Nernstian response for nickel ions over the concentration range of 1.0 10 1– 5.0 10 6M (limit of detection is 1.8 10 6 M) with a slope of 29.5 1.0mV per decade of activity. It has a fast response time of<20 s and can be used for a period of 4 months with good reproducibility. The sensor is suitable for use in aqueous solutions of a wide pH range of 3.2–7.9. The sensor shows high selectivity to nickel ions over a large number of mono-, bi- and trivalent cations. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of nickel ions against EDTA and also for direct determination of nickel content in real samples – wastewater samples from electroplating industries and Indian chocolates.

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PVC supported liquid membrane and carbon paste potentiometric sensors incorporating an Mn(III)-porphyrin complex as a neutral host molecule were developed for the determination of paracetamol. The measurements were carried out in solution at pH 5.5. Under such conditions paracetamol exists as a neutral molecule. The mechanism of molecular recognition between the Mn(III)-porphyrin and paracetamol, leading to potentiometric signal generation, is discussed.The sensitivity and selectivity toward paracetamol of carbon paste and polymeric liquid membrane electrodes incorporating an Mn(III)-porphyrin host were compared. The applicability of these sensors to the direct determination of paracetamol was checked by performing a recovery test in human plasma.

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This thesis describes several important advancements in the understanding of the assembly of outer membrane proteins of Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli. A first study was performed to identify binding regions in the trimeric chaperone Skp for outer membrane proteins. Skp is known to facilitate the passage of unfolded outer membrane proteins (OMPs) through the periplasm to the outer membrane (OM). A gene construct named “synthetic chaperone protein (scp)” gene was used to express a fusion protein (Scp) into the cytoplasm of E. coli. The scp gene was used as a template to design mutants of Scp suitable for structural and functional studies using site-directed spectroscopy. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to identify distances in Skp-OmpA complexes that separate regions in Scp and in outer membrane protein A (OmpA) from E. coli. For this study, single cysteine (Cys) mutants and single Cys - single tryptophan (Trp) double mutants of Scp were prepared. For FRET experiments, the cysteines were labeled with the tryptophan fluorescence energy acceptor IAEDANS. Single Trp mutants of OmpA were used as fluorescence energy donors. In the second part of this thesis, the function of BamD and the structure of BamD-Scp complexes were examined. BamD is an essential component of the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex of the OM of Gram-negative bacteria. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to probe the interactions of BamD with lipid membranes and to investigate the interactions of BamD with possible partner proteins from the periplasm and from the OM. A range of single cysteine (Cys) and single tryptophan (Trp) mutants of BamD were prepared. A very important conclusion from the extensive FRET study is that the essential lipoprotein BamD interacts and binds to the periplasmic chaperone Skp. BamD contains tetratrico peptide repeat (TPR) motifs that are suggested to serve as docking sites for periplasmic chaperones such as Skp.

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Immunity to severe malaria is the first level of immunity acquired to Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies to the variant antigen PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) present at the surface of the parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) confer protection by blocking microvascular sequestration. Here we have generated antibodies to peptide sequences of subdomain 2 of PfEMP1-DBL1a previously identified to be associated with severe or mild malaria. A set of sera generated to the amino acid sequence KLQTLTLHQVREYWWALNRKEVWKA, containing the motif ALNRKE, stained the live pRBC. 50% of parasites tested (7/14) were positive both in flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays with live pRBCs including both laboratory strains and in vitro adapted clinical isolates. Antibodies that reacted selectively with the sequence REYWWALNRKEVWKA in a 15-mer peptide array of DBL1a-domains were also found to react with the pRBC surface. By utilizing a peptide array to map the binding properties of the elicited anti-DBL1a antibodies, the amino acids WxxNRx were found essential for antibody binding. Complementary experiments using 135 degenerate RDSM peptide sequences obtained from 93 Ugandan patient-isolates showed that antibody binding occurred when the amino acids WxLNRKE/D were present in the peptide. The data suggests that the ALNRKE sequence motif, associated with severe malaria, induces strain-transcending antibodies that react with the pRBC surface

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Immunity to severe malaria is the first level of immunity acquired to Plasmodium falciparum. Antibodies to the variant antigen PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) present at the surface of the parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) confer protection by blocking microvascular sequestration. Here we have generated antibodies to peptide sequences of subdomain 2 of PfEMP1-DBL1 alpha previously identified to be associated with severe or mild malaria. A set of sera generated to the amino acid sequence KLQTLTLHQVREYWWALNRKEVWKA, containing the motif ALNRKE, stained the live pRBC. 50% of parasites tested (7/14) were positive both in flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays with live pRBCs including both laboratory strains and in vitro adapted clinical isolates. Antibodies that reacted selectively with the sequence REYWWALNRKEVWKA in a 15-mer peptide array of DBL1 alpha-domains were also found to react with the pRBC surface. By utilizing a peptide array to map the binding properties of the elicited anti-DBL1 alpha antibodies, the amino acids WxxNRx were found essential for antibody binding. Complementary experiments using 135 degenerate RDSM peptide sequences obtained from 93 Ugandan patient-isolates showed that antibody binding occurred when the amino acids WxLNRKE/D were present in the peptide. The data suggests that the ALNRKE sequence motif, associated with severe malaria, induces strain-transcending antibodies that react with the pRBC surface.

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The work presented in this PhD thesis includes various partial studies aimed at developing a decision support system for membrane bioreactor integrated control. The decision support systems (DSS) have as a main goal to facilitate the operation of complex processes due to the multiple variables that are processed. For this reason, the research used has focused on aspects related to nutrient removal, and on the development of indicators or sensors capable of facilitating, automating and controlling the filtration process in an integrated way with the biological processes that taking place. Work has also been done on the design, development, implementation and validation of tools based on the knowledge made available by the automatic control and the supervision of the MBRs

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The thesis involves the development and implementation of a new and robust control system based on permeability trends but at the same time capable of reducing aeration proportionally to permeate flux. Permeability was made a key parameter for directly comparing temporary changes in membrane performance. Transmembrane pressure and flux were gathered every 10 seconds and permeability values were automatically calculated; different mathematical algorithms were applied for the signal filtering of on-line data. Short term and long term permeability trends were compared once a day, and a control action was applied proportionally to the short term/long term permeability ratio without exceeding the aeration flow recommended by the membrane suppliers.

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This paper presents a study of the effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on the auditory brainstem response (ABR) of twenty-three neonates, and whether there was asymmetric ABRs in the neonates who had ECMO.