Annual report 1991-1992

This report summarizes the Commission's activities during the fiscal year which included accomplishments for FY 91-92, History and Organization of the Health and Human Services Finance Commission , Summary of Law/statutory authority, commission advisory committee, Medical Care Advisory Committee, Statewide Health Coordinating Council, management organization chart, and expenditure report.

Annual report 1992-1993

This report summarizes the Commission's activities during the fiscal year which included accomplishments for FY 92-93, History and Organization of the Health and Human Services Finance Commission , Summary of Law/statutory authority, commission advisory committee, Medical Care Advisory Committee, Statewide Health Coordinating Council, management organization chart, and expenditure report.

Annual report 1993-1994

This report summarizes the Commission's activities during the fiscal year which included accomplishments for FY 93-94, History and Organization of the Health and Human Services Finance Commission , Summary of Law/statutory authority, commission advisory committee, Medical Care Advisory Committee, Statewide Health Coordinating Council, management organization chart, and expenditure report.

Validation of PigBal model predictions for pig manure production

PigBal is a mass balance model that uses pig diet, digestibility and production data to predict the manure solids and nutrients produced by pig herds. It has been widely used for designing piggery effluent treatment systems and sustainable reuse areas at Australian piggeries. More recently, PigBal has also been used to estimate piggery volatile solids production for assessing greenhouse gas emissions for statutory reporting purposes by government, and for evaluating the energy potential from anaerobic digestion of pig effluent. This paper has compared PigBal predictions of manure total, volatile, and fixed solids, and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), with manure production data generated in a replicated trial, which involved collecting manure from pigs housed in metabolic pens. Predictions of total, volatile, and fixed solids and K in the excreted manure were relatively good (combined diet R2 ≥ 0.79, modelling efficiency (EF) ≥ 0.70) whereas predictions of N and P, were generally less accurate (combined diet R2 0.56 and 0.66, EF 0.19 and -0.22, respectively). PigBal generally under-predicted lower N values while over-predicting higher values, and generally over-predicted manure P production for all diets. The most likely causes for this less accurate performance were ammonium-N volatilisation losses between manure excretion and sample analysis, and the inability of PigBal to account for higher rates of P uptake by pigs fed diets containing phytase. The outcomes of this research suggest that there is a need for further investigation and model development to enhance PigBal's capabilities for more accurately assessing nutrient loads. However, PigBal's satisfactory performance in predicting solids excretion demonstrates that it is suitable for assessing the methane component of greenhouse gas emission and the energy potential from anaerobic digestion of volatile solids in piggery effluent. The apparent overestimation of N and P excretion may result in conservative nutrient application rates to land and the over-prediction of the nitrous oxide component of greenhouse gas emissions. © CSIRO 2016.

Transmission Easement and Adverse Possession of Transmission Easement in the Polish Law

The object of analysis in the text are the issues concerned with the transmission easement and the adverse possession thereof on the grounds of the Polish law. The text features: (1) a historical outline of the solutions concerned with easements in the Polish law following 1945, (2) the institution of transmission easement introduced in 2008 and the solutions concerned with the claims for the establishment thereof at court, (3) the institution of adverse possession of transmission easement pursuant to civil law regulations, judicature and the legal doctrine. On account of the need to elaborate the wide-ranging legal issues concerned with the transmission easement in this text, the analysis embraces two research questions giving rise to the following conclusions: (1) What function is performed by the institution of transmission easement in the system of civil-law relations in the Polish law? The legislator in the articles introducing a transmission easement ossified the solutions functioning in the judicature of the Polish courts before 2008. The legal interpretation took a turn for clarification, that is for the establishment of a norm in the situation where its comprehension was dubious. It is noteworthy that in the period prior to 2008, the law provided for easement appurtenant, and on account of the usual course of judicial decisions also for easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to transmission easement. In 2008 these two “legal existences” were supplemented with a transmission easement, which nevertheless failed to resolve all the legal problems; nay, this gave rise to even more problems, e.g. the one of non-establishment of interpolar norms which would address the issues arising in connection with the use of various easement institutions in legal transactions. While amending the civil law, the legislator aimed to bring order to legal transactions by streamlining the unregulated actual state of easement in relation to transmission infrastructure, but also in relation to the situations where an easement was yet to be established and a facility yet to be constructed. Thus, such action is intended to regulate the disorderly legislation in force as well as to safeguard investment processes. This is of particular significance, for example, for energy companies which are burdened with statutory public-law obligations as regards securing energy supplies and providing for the development of energy infrastructure. Hence, the de facto introduced civil-law solutions indirectly served to realise the principles of the doctrine of easement in the public interest. (2) What legal problems in the civil-law relations does the application of the institution of transmission easement by adverse possession entail? On account of the functioning of various institutions of easement, that is (1) an easement appurtenant, (2) an easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to a transmission easement, and as of 2008 (3) a transmission easement, a problem arose as to which of the given easements companies exercised in particular periods, all the more so because before 1989 the State Treasury owned them and many of the transmission facilities were put in place by virtue of administrative decisions. The commonly held belief is that in the period of “society-oriented economy” as well as up to 2008 infrastructure companies could exercise an easement appurtenant which corresponded to the content of a transmission easement. Therefore, in such a case the running of the prescriptive period should allow for the general rules laid down for an easement appurtenant. Apart from the problem of the relation of a capacity to exercise a right to property and the free development of civil-law relations before 1989, the recognition of the running of prescriptive periods – given the functioning of the three various easements as legal institutions – became a significant legal problem. By way of illustration, the recognition – against the period of exercising transmission easement – of the period required for the acquisition thereof by adverse possession, whereby before 3 August 2008 the real estate featured the legal state corresponding to the content of this right, is debatable. One cannot recognise that within that period a transmission easement was exercised, because such a right was not in existence as yet. Therefore, the institution that might be employed is the running of the period as regards the adverse possession in relation to an easement appurtenant with the content of a transmission easement. Still, the problem remains as to whether the period of the exercise of the easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to a transmission easement can be recognised against the period of possession required for the adverse possession of a transmission easement pursuant to the regulations introduced in 2008. One might incline to the position whereby in such a case it would be right to fully recognise – against the period of exercising a transmission easement – the period of exercising an easement appurtenant corresponding thereto in respect of its content. That being so, the adverse possession of a transmission easement might ensue in such a situation on 3 August 2008 at the earliest, that is the moment the regulations governing this right come into effect. Conversely, if the prescriptive period expires before that date, the entrepreneur would acquire an easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to the transmission easement. Such an interpretation is aligned with the purpose intended by the legislator, which is to bring order to the actual state of the broadest scope with the aid of a new legal instrument. The text, while analysing the issue of a transmission easement and an adverse possession thereof as a institution of the civil law, presents only some selected problems. Hence, the analysis does not include, for example, the issues concerned with claims for remuneration (for usufruct without contractual basis or usufruct fees), or claims for compensation (redress or amends). Furthermore, the text does not conduct a more profound analysis of the relation between the provisions regulating public-law relations (e.g. acts of law introducing the institution of dispossession) and the provisions regulating civil-law relations (the easements in question).

Analiza terminów „stosunek społeczny” a „stosunek prawny”

Analysis of terms ‘social relationship’ and ‘legal relationship’ in the literature of legal theory and legal philosophy encounters many difficulties especially because of the ambiguity of such terms as ‘law’, ‘positive (statutory) law’, ‘rule’, ‘legal rule’, ‘norm’ and ‘legal norm’. Insight into the mentioned above literature points out that particularly the former pair of these notions have been so far wrongly considered as equivalent. It does not result a correct description of the relationship between different normative social systems such as statutory (positive) law, morality, religion and customs. Next it translates into a numbers of disputes about the content of positive law both in law-making’ and law-applying’s decisions.

Executive order no. 2016-14

This executive order by Governor Nikki R. Haley orders a new election to be held for the offices of Mayor and Town Council for the Town of Williams in Colleton County and further orders the Colleton County Board of Registration and Elections to perform all necessary official duties pertaining to the election in accordance with applicable constitutional and statutory provisions.

Veto of R268, H.4762

This veto message from Governor Nikki Haley vetoes a bill that allows county and local governments to increase taxes above existing statutory millage caps if it contains a significant amount of federally-owned forestland.

A house, not a home? Examining the use of the private rented sector to resolve homelessness in Scotland

Changes to homelessness legislation in post-devolution Scotland have resulted in an expansion of rights for homeless households seeking formal assistance from local authorities. These changes have led to Scotland’s homelessness arrangements being considered among the most progressive in Europe. In recent years, however, the Scottish Government has increasingly promoted homelessness prevention and Housing Options approaches as a means by which homelessness might be avoided or resolved without recourse to statutory rights. As part of that, they have promoted greater use of the private rented sector (PRS) as a key housing option, with the potential to meet the needs of homeless households. The arguments made to support use of the PRS have much in common with arguments for privatisation in other areas of social policy, notably greater choice for the individual promoting better welfare outcomes, and competition among providers encouraging improvements in quality of service provision. Critics have argued that such benefits may not be realised and that, on the contrary, privatisation may lead to exclusion or act to worsen households’ outcomes. This thesis considers the extent to which the PRS has been utilised in Scotland to accommodate homeless households, and the consequences of this for their welfare. The thesis uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. To examine trends in the use of the PRS, it presents quantitative analysis of the data on the operation of the statutory system and Housing Options arrangements, and of data from a survey of local authority homelessness strategy officers. To examine the consequences of this for homeless households, the thesis uses qualitative research involving face-to-face interviews with 35 homeless households across three local authority areas. This research considers the extent to which households’ experiences of homelessness, housing need and the PRS reflect the arguments presented in the literature, and how settled accommodation has impacted on households’ ability to participate fully in society. The research found an increasing but still limited role for the PRS in resolving statutory homelessness in Scotland, with indications that the PRS is being increasingly used as part of the Housing Options approach and as a means of resolving homelessness outside the statutory system. The PRS is being utilised to varying degrees across different local authority areas, and a variety of methods are being used to do so. While local authorities saw clear advantages to making greater use of the sector, a number of significant barriers including affordability, available stock and landlord preferences - made this difficult in practice. Research with previously homeless households in the PRS similarly found broadly positive experiences and views of the sector, particularly with regard to enabling households to access good quality accommodation in desirable areas of their choosing, with many households highlighting improvements relating to social inclusion and participation. Nevertheless, concerns around the security of tenure offered by the sector, repairs, service standards and unequal power relations between landlord and tenant persisted. As such, homeless households frequently expressed their decision to enter the sector in terms of a trade-off between choice and security.

Young people with learning disabilities who sexually harm others: the role of criminal justice within a multi-agency response

This paper outlines the key findings from a recent study of statutory service responses to young people with learning disabilities who show sexually inappropriate or abusive behaviours, with a particular focus on the involvement of criminal justice agencies. The study found that although inappropriate sexual behaviours were commonplace in special schools, and that serious acts of abuse including rape had sometimes occurred, education, welfare and criminal justice agencies struggled to work together effectively. In particular, staff often had difficulty in determining the point at which a sexually inappropriate behaviour warranted intervention. This problem was frequently compounded by a lack of appropriate therapeutic services. In many cases this meant that no intervention was made until the young person committed a sexual offence and the victim reported this to the police. As a consequence, young people with learning disabilities are being registered as sex offenders. The paper concludes by addressing some of the policy and practice implications of the study’s findings, particularly those which relate to criminal justice.

Young people with learning disabilities who sexually abuse: understanding, identifying and responding from within generic education and welfare services

This chapter will start by providing an overview of current knowledge about young people with learning disabilities who sexually abuse. Research cited will, unless otherwise indicated, be limited to UK studies since international variations in the definitions of both learning disability and sexual abuse make the use of a wider literature base problematic – particularly that relating to prevalence and incidence. It will then go on to report key findings from a recent study (Fyson et al, 2003; Fyson, 2005) which examined how special schools and statutory child protection and youth offending services in four English local authorities responded to sexually inappropriate or abusive behaviours exhibited by young people with learning disabilities. It will conclude by highlighting areas of current practice which give cause for concern, and suggest some pointers for future best practice.

Yhteistä turvallisuutta rakentaen : poliisi- ja upseeriprofessioiden yhteiskehittelyn mahdollisuuksista

Poliisin rakenneuudistus Pora III ja Puolustusvoimauudistus 2011–2015 ovat olleet viime vuosien esimerkkejä julkisen sektorin työn tehostamisen vaatimuksista. Sekä Puolustusvoimilla että poliisilla, kahdella turvallisuusalan viranomaistaholla, on lakisääteiset tehtävänsä, jotka tulee työn tehostamisen vaatimuksista huolimatta suorittaa. Turvallisuusala yksityistyy vauhdilla, ja keskustelua käydään siitä, mitä tehtäviä viranomainen hoitaa itse, mitä annetaan kaupallisen toimijan tai järjestöjen hoidettavaksi ja mistä kansalainen vastaa itse jatkossa. Resurssi- ja tehostamisvaatimuksia mietittäessä nousee esille upseereiden kohdalla koko maan puolustus ja turvaaminen. Kyetäänkö tämän tehtävän täyttämiseen mahdollisessa sotatilanteessa enää nykyisellä tai mahdollisesti vähenevällä resursoinnilla? Poliisitoimen osalta vasteajat eri puolilla Suomea puhuttavat, samoin se, miten tehtäviä priorisoidaan hoidettavaksi. Saavatko kansalaiset enää perusoikeuksiinsa kuuluvaa arjen turvallisuutta, jonka vielä tänä päivänä katsotaan kuuluvan valtion perustehtäviin? Viranomaisten pitäisi tutkimukseen valittujen aineistojen sekä lakien perusteella hoitaa tehtävänsä laadukkaasti ja tasa-arvoisesti kaikkialla Suomessa. Nykyiset sisäistä ja ulkoista turvallisuutta käsittelevät asiakirjat, esimerkiksi strategiat, puhuvat laajasta turvallisuuskäsityksestä, sisäisen ja ulkoisen turvallisuuden rajojen hämärtymisestä globalisoitumisen seurauksena ja lisääntyvästä poikkihallinnollisesta yhteistyöstä toimintaa ohjaavana ajattelumallina. Viranomaisyhteisyötä tulisi lisätä osana normaalia toimintaa, samoin yhteistyötä järjestöjen, elinkeinoelämän ja jokaisen kansalaisen kanssa. Valtioneuvoston tulevaisuusselonteossa (2013) peräänkuulutetaan uusia, innovatiivisia tapoja hoitaa sekä valtion että kuntien tehtäviä. Yhteisen toiminnan kohteen eli laajan turvallisuuskäsityksen viitekehyksessä on mahdollisuus pohtia uudenlaista turvallisuusalan viranomaisyhteistyötä, eli etsiä perusteluja upseeri- ja poliisiprofession syvemmälle yhteistyölle – yhteiskehittelylle. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on herätellä keskustelua siitä, onko yhteisen toiminnan kohteen löytymiselle edellytyksiä. Nähtävissä on, että valtiolle kuuluvia toimintoja tehostetaan jatkossakin. Yksi järkevä tapa tehostamisessa on löytää töiden rajapintoja ja yhdistää resurssit näiden osalta. Jotta toiminta olisi tehokasta, sen pitää olla osa jokapäiväistä toimintaa eikä perustua vain muutamiin yhteistoimintaharjoituksiin tai jo tapahtuneiden poikkeustilanteiden hoitoon. Suurin osa kriisiajan toiminnasta perustuu normaaliolojen toimintaan, jolloin sen lähtökohdat voisivat olla yhteisessä työssä ja alkaa jo koulutuksesta, mikä nostetaan tässä työssä yhtenä mahdollisuutena esille. Koulutuksellinen yhteistyö ja liikkuvuus ovat eurooppalaisen tutkintojen viitekehyksen perusteella mahdollista myös kahden eri hallinnonalan koulutuksessa. Tällaista koulutuksen tehostamista haetaan tällä hetkellä muualla yhteiskunnassa. Mutta halutaanko omasta toiminnasta ja tehtävistä luopua edes osittain ja tehdä yhteistyötä mahdollisesti oman työn hallinnan, vallan tai resurssien menettämisen pelossa? Vai onko kyse vain siitä, että yhteistyön syventämiselle ei ole nähty kovinkaan suurta tarvetta tai hyötyä eikä yhteistyö näytä tuovan mitään uutta ammattikuntien osaamiseen? Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu valtionhallinnon aineistoista, kuten strategioista, mietinnöistä ja raporteista niin sisäisen kuin ulkoisen turvallisuuden alalta. Aineistona käytetään myös upseeri- (n=71) ja poliisipäällystöopiskelijoille (n=65) suunnattua kyselyä ja kirjoitelmaa tulevaisuuden turvallisuusasiantuntijuudesta vuonna 2030. Lisäksi opiskelijavastauksista tehtyä analyysia syvennetään molempien korkeakoulujen (Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu ja Poliisiammattikorkeakoulu) rehtoreiden sekä molempien hallinnonalojen (puolustusministeriö sekä sisäministeriö) kansliapäälliköiden haastatteluilla. Aineistojen avulla pyritään herättelemään ajatuksia siitä, voisiko yhteisiä töitä löytyä yhteistyön pohjaksi. Tarkoituksena on perustella, miksi yhteistyötä kannattaa tehdä ja ikään kuin vastata etukäteen vastaväitteisiin, miksi sitä ei voitaisi tehdä. Strategioiden yhteistyön tahtotilaa verrataan muihin strategioiden toimenpide ehdotuksiin ja sitä kautta vielä kyselyaineistoon. Opiskelijakyselyllä haetaan näkemyksiä tulevaisuuden turvallisuusasiantuntijuudesta ja mahdollisesta yhteistyöstä sekä sen painopisteistä. Muilla asiantuntijahaastatteluilla haetaan korkeakoulujen sekä ministeriön tason näkemyksiä opiskelijoiden mielipiteisiin. Opiskelijakyselyn avulla on haluttu selvittää sitä, mitä jo työelämässä olleet mutta vaihteeksi opiskelevat sotatieteiden maisteriopiskelijat Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulussa ja poliisin päällystötutkinnon opiskelijat Poliisiammattikorkeakoulussa ajattelevat turvallisuusalan ja -asiantuntijuuden muutoksesta. Minkälaisena he näkevät oman tulevan työnsä ja yhteistyökentän muiden viranomaisten kanssa? Selvää opiskelijavastausten mukaan on se, että turvallisuus halutaan pitää jatkossakin viranomaisen vastuulla ja välttää viimeiseen asti yksityisen sektorin liiallista vastuuta enempää kuin on pakko. Yhteistyötä halutaan edelleen lisätä, ja erityisesti tämä koskee viranomaisten välistä yhteistyötä. Tutkimus on tietoisesti rajattu koskemaan kahta turvallisuusalan viranomaistoimijaa, ammattikorkeakoulutuksen käyneitä poliiseja ja Puolustusvoimien Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulussa opiskelevia upseereita, joiden tehtävistä ja koulutuksesta on löydettävissä yhteisiä rajapintoja ja yhteistyön alueita. Kiinnostus syventyä valittuun kahteen ammattialaan johtuu myös siitä, että usein esimerkiksi sisäasianhallinnon strategioissa Puolustusvoimat jätetään ulkopuolelle varsinkin normaaliolojen yhteistyötä tarkasteltaessa tai vain yksittäisen maininnan asteelle. Sama huomio on havaittavissa puolustushallinnon strategioista. Tämä nousee esille erityisesti alueellista yhteistyötä tai viranomaisyhteistyötä pohdittaessa. Silti sekä sisäministeriön että puolustusministeriön hallinnonalan strategiat ym. perustuvat laajaan turvallisuuskäsitykseen, ja usein eri ammattikuntia analysoitaessa puhutaan tehtävistä, joita tekevät useat ammattikunnat ja professiot. Puhutaan niin sanotuista harmaista alueista. Ministeriöiden tahtotilassa ja toiminnassa on tutkimukseni mukaan nähtävissä ristiriita. Koulutuksen osalta yhteistyön lisääminen on mahdollista etenkin nyt, kun Poliisiammattikorkeakoulussa peruskoulutus on muuttunut ammattikorkeakoulutasoiseksi ja näin tämän ammattikunnan professioasema koulutuksen näkökulmasta on vahvistunut entisestään. Käsittelenkin tutkimuksessani kahta professiota professiotutkimuksen perinteisiä kriteereitä käyttäen, eli rinnastaessani näitä kahta ammattia. Rinnastettavuus koulujen kesken on tullut mahdolliseksi sekä tutkintojen että osaamisen tarkastelun näkökulmasta. Tämän myötä myös molempia korkeakouluja hyödyttävää yhteistyötä olisi mahdollista miettiä osana muutakin hallinnon tehostamista ja rauhan ajan viranomaistoimintaa.

Odpowiedzialność za szkodę medyczną wynikającą ze zdarzenia medycznego – pojęcie zdarzenia medycznego

Artykuł dotyczy problematyki pojęcia zdarzenia medycznego, a zatem kwestii wyznaczających przedmiotowy zakres postępowania przed wojewódzką komisją do spraw orzekania o zdarzeniach medycznych. Pojęcie zdarzenia medycznego jest pojęciem normatywnym i zostało ono zdefiniowane w art. 67a ust. 1 ustawy o prawach pacjenta i Rzeczniku Praw Pacjenta. W pierwszej kolejności zostały omówione zagadnienia ogólne dotyczące postępowania przed wojewódzką komisją do spraw orzekania o zdarzeniach medycznych. Dalsze rozważania dotyczą przesłanek rozpoznania sprawy przez wojewódzką komisję. Autorka wyjaśnia znaczenie poszczególnych pojęć ustawowych składających się na pojęcie „zdarzenia medycznego”, tj. terminu: pacjent, zakażenie, biologiczny czynnik chorobotwórczy, uszkodzenie ciała, rozstrój zdrowia, śmierć oraz aktualna wiedza medyczna. W artykule ponadto poruszono istotną problematykę miejsca wystąpienia zdarzenia medycznego, a także podano przykłady zdarzeń medycznych.

The SUPERB Advisory Committee Annual Report

The State Underground Petroleum Environmental Response Bank (SUPERB) Act requires the SUPERB Advisory Committee to submit an annual report that addresses the financial status and viability of the SUPERB Account and the SUPERB Financial Responsibility Fund, the number of sites successfully remediated, the number of sites remaining to be remediated, and any statutory or regulatory changes the committee recommends.

SUPERB Advisory Committee Annual report

The State Underground Petroleum Environmental Response Bank (SUPERB) Act requires the SUPERB Advisory Committee to submit an annual report that addresses the financial status and viability of the SUPERB Account and the SUPERB Financial Responsibility Fund, the number of sites successfully remediated, the number of sites remaining to be remediated, and any statutory or regulatory changes the committee recommends.