Consórcio de espécies nativas da floresta estacional semidecidual com mandioca (Manihot sculenta Crantz) para restauração de mata ciliar

Intercropping of trees and annual crops could be an important alternative for promoting forest restoration in small farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intercropping of cassava (Manihot sculenta Crantz) with native trees for restoration of natural forest in riparian areas in the western São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replications for comparing two restoration systems: pure afforestation and afforestation intercropped with cassava. It was evaluated the variables related to seedling development (height, crown diameter, crown cover, and height/crown diameter ratio), mortality and the economic impact were assessed for using cassava. No differences were found between treatments for any dendrometrical variable and mortality. Economic impact of the intercroppoing treatment was positive because costs for establishment of intercropped system were partially reduced by the income from the cassava crop, which covered 32% of total costs. Cassava income made final costs 19% lesser than restoration in the pure afforestation system.

Associação micorízica em espécies arbóreas, atividade microbiana e fertilidade do solo em áreas degradadas de cerrado

The recuperation of areas used during the construction of the hydroelectric plant, especially in 'borrowed areas', is a difficult and long process since all vegetation and the fertile layer of soil were removed. Interventions in these degraded areas could accelerate the revegetation process. The objective of this research was to evaluate the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in tree species, microbial activity (basal respiration) and fertility of 'cerrado' degraded areas. Soil from two areas, pasture soil and exposed subsoil, were utilized. Organic and mineral fertilization, and liming, were added to the pit for better seedlings' initial growth, where 50 mL of preserved cerrado soil was applied as inoculum of microorganisms. Seedlings of 11 tree species were planted: Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg ('angico-preto'), Acacia polyphylla D. C. ('monjoleiro'), Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville ('barbatimao'), Dimorphandra mollis Benth ('faveiro'), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne ('jatoba-de-cerrado'), Dipteryx alata Vog. ('baru'), Machaerium acutifolium Vogel ('jacaranda-do-campo'), Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi ('aroeirapimenteira'), Magonia pubescens St. Hil. ('tingui'), Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. ('dedaleira') and Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook ('ipe-amarelo'). Twelve months later, root samples were colleted at the depth of 0-0.10 m and used for evaluations. The subsoil, as compared to pasture soil, was poor in organic matter and presented less microbial activity. The highest mycorrhizal colonization was seen in the species Acacia polyphylla D. C. (monjoleiro), Magonia pubescens St. Hil. (tingui), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (jatoba-de-cerrado) and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (aroeira-pimenteira). These species could be indicated in revegetation projects in 'cerrado' degraded areas. Plants from both areas showed seedlings form high mycorrhizal colonization and low numbers of spores.

Comparação do peso dos quelípodos e crescimento em duas espécies de sirís do gênero Callinectes (Brachyura, Portunidae)

A comparison of the cheliped's weight in two species of the genus Callinectes was accomplished. The species C. danae e C. ornatus were collected by two otter trawl in Ubatuba bay (23°26' S and 45°02' W). The allometric constants obtained from the regression adjusted to a power function (Y = aXb) were analyzed. These species presented different allometry degrees for each sex considered. The relation PQ x PC presented positive allometry for sex of both species, but male presented higher positive allometry than female. C. danae presented higher positive allometry for chelipeds than C. ornatus. We suggest here that C. danae could be indicated to be submitted to grow out in ponds since it reaches higher size and bigger chelipeds. © 1998, Paraná Institute of Technology Publication.

Espécies de uso medicinal popular nativas e introduzidas cultivadas em cinco municípios do estado do amazonas

The objective if this work was a survey of medicinal plants plus commonly cultivated in quintais in Amazon State, Brazil. The work was carried out in five counties at the Solimões/Amazonas and Negro Rivers, by questionnaires, interviews and collections of botanical materials, using the literature to define the geographic origins. It was showed 105 species of medicinal plants, with average of 13 per house. The Amazonian plants, in general wood plants, meaning 10,9 percent of the total of species that was survey, with predominance of the American continent plants out of Amazonian (38,2 per cent). The major group was herbaceous or shrubs exotic plants, aromatics. In general, the peoples unknown the origin of the species of medicinal plants that use day after day.

Associações de espécies de peixes em ambientes lóticos da bacia do rio Iguatemi, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul

The aim of this paper is to describe the patterns of associations between fish species and their distribution in lotic habitats at basin level. Samples were accomplished in 27 localities of Iguatemi river basin, distributed in four environments (Iguatemi river, Jogui river, Puitã river and streams). The presence/absence data of those species which occurred in 2 or more sites were submitted at multivariate methods with the aim to describe the major species associations. The species distribution was considered determinative in these communities (C-score = 17,33; P = 0,000), with significant difference among the studied environments (ANOSIM r = 0,082; P = 0,012), with verified difference between Iguatemi river and streams (P = 0,001) and also streams and Jogui river (P = 0,014). We verified a strong segregation among species from headstreams and more discharge river stretches or even larger streams.

Retorno de nutrientes ao solo via deposição de serapilheira de quatro espécies leguminosas arbóreas na região de Botucatu - São Paulo, Brasil

The annual litter fall production and the concentrations of macronutrients of four leguminous tree species were evaluated. The experiment was installed in a distrophic red yellow latosol (Oxisol), derivative of the Bauru sandstone group. The studied species were: Leucaena leucocephala. Acacia melanoxylon, L. diversifolia and Mimosa scabrella. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four treatments (species) and four replications. The litter fall was collected in boxes measuring 50×50×10 cm, two boxes by treatment in each block. The material was collected monthly and dried, weighed and chemically analyzed. The litter fall deposition occurred in the following order: M. scabrella (7,051 kg ha -1 ano -1), A. melanoxylon (2,789 kg ha -1 ano -1), L. diversifolia (1,576 kg ha -1 ano -1) and L. leucocephala (1,389 kg ha -1 ano -1). The content of nutrients obeyed the following order: N>Ca>K>Mg>P>S, with the exception of L. leucocephala that presented a bigger content of S in relation to the P.

Espécies do gênero Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) em caprinos leitros mantidos em sistema intensivo na região de São Jose do Rio Preto, estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

Were examined 58 dairy goats, 41 kids and 17 adults, Saanen and Alpine breeds, males and females, in intensive system, in the São José do Rio Preto region, São Paulo state, for detection and identification of Eimeria spp. oocysts. The 58 feces samples analyzed by the Centrifugal-flotation technique, were positive for, at least, one Eimeria species. The Eimeria species found in this research were: E. ninakohlyakimovae (77,6%), E. jolchijevi (72,4%), E. alijevi (63,8%), E. christenseni (63,8%), E. arloingi (62,1%), E. caprovina (56,9%), E. hirci (50,0%) and E. caprina (48,3%). It follows that the high rate of the positive animals and the high frequency of the Eimeria species among the animals demonstrated that the disease is common in dairy goats, kids and adults, in intensive system.

Espécies do gênero Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) em Tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) em cativeiro.

The parasitism of the two giant anteaters adults (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), one male and one female, infected naturally with Eimeria escomeli, E. tamanduae e E. marajoensis was related in the present research. In E. escomeli oocysts were 23.9 +/- 1.89 by 19.7 +/- 1.60 microm and its sporocysts were 11.47 +/- 1.25 by 6.48 +/- 0.80 microm. In E. tamanduae oocysts were 23.52 +/- 0.95 by 20.59 +/- 0.92 microm and its sporocysts were 12.19 +/- 0.65 by 7.15 +/- 0.55 microm. In E. marajoensis oocysts were 13.5 +/- 1.7 by 13.1 +/- 1.8 microm and its sporocysts were 7.4 +/- 0.58 by 5.4 +/- 0.8 microm. Eimeria escomeli was described before parasitizing giants anteater from Bolivia, and it was point out as the first time in Brazil. The presence of E. tamanduae and E. marajoensis parasitizing giant anteaters indicate the possibility of having co-infection of them among animals of the family Myrmecophagidae.

Espécies reativas de oxigênio no controle neurovegetativo da pressão arterial

The control of the blood pressure depends on the activity of select groups of neurons present in the central nervous system. Evidence has demonstrated that the redox state (a balance between oxidizing and reducing species) is involved in the control of neuronal activity, which suggests that the redox state can influence the neuronal transmission within the central nervous system acting on the neuronal modulation of biological functions. For instance, the glutamatergic transmission may be widely affected by reactive oxygen species, oxidizing agents that have been extensively investigated due to their involvement in physiological and pathological processes. In the present article, we discuss the main experimental finds that support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species have important role in physiological (and pathological) modulation of the cardiovascular function through alterations in the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Therefore, reactive oxygen species can actively participate in the development of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension when the balance in the redox state is disrupted.

Novas espécies de Staurogyne Wall. (Acanthaceae) para o Brasil

The genus Staurogyne Wall. comprises about 140 tropical species, and in the Neotropics 28 species are recognized, especially found in preserved forested areas. A recent revision of the genus for the Americas revealed four new species in Brazil, which are here described. The new taxa are known from Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná and Santa Catarina States, three of them occurring in the Atlantic Rain Forest, and one in the gallery forests of the cerrado domain.

Morfologia de plântulas e estádios juvenis de espécies invasoras

The morphology of 20 species of weeds that occur in the most common crops in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil and adjacent regions were described at early developmental stages, in order to identify the species in the field and provide information for taxonomic and ecological works. Sixteen species featured epigeal-foliaceous seedlings. The seedling in Cardiospenuum halicacabum is epigeal-fleshy; in Cenchrus echinatus and Digitaria horizontalis it is hypogeal and in Commelina virginica is epigeal-cryptocotyledonar. The differentiation of the first eophyll occurred within ten (Digitaria horizontalis) to 35 days (Bidens pilosa) and the first metaphyll appeared within 22 (Commelina virginica) to 49 days (Acanthospenuum australe). The number of eophylls varied from one to four, and the phyllotaxis varied from alternate to opposite.

Estudo morfológico e histológico dos ovos de seis espécies do gênero Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological and histological characteristics of eggs from six triatomine species in order to obtain a generic and specific characterization of this group of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors and better understand their phylogenetic and taxonomic aspects. The eggs of the respective species came from the collection of the Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Culicídeos da Faculdade de Saúde Pública/USP, from the Insetário do Serviço Especial de Saúde de Araraquara - SESA and from the Triatomine insectary of the Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos (FIOCRUZ), in Rio de Janeiro. Morphological studies were done with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Histological analyses used only optical microscopy. All of the species analyzed showed a predominance of hexagonal cells. The exchorion of Triatoma breyeri Del Ponte, T. costalimai Verano & Galvão, and T. tibiamaculata (Pinto) consists of unornamented cells, overlapping or slightly separated, with a smooth, padded appearance. Meanwhile, in T. matogrossensis Leite & Barbosa, T. sherlocki Papa, Juberg, Carcavallo, Cerqueira & Barata, and T. williami Galvão, Souza & Lima, the exchorion cells are ornamented on their entire surface with perforations and fissures. Egg histology showed undulations, pores, and orifices. The study helps to expand the generic and specific knowledge of the Triatominae subfamily. The characteristics identified in the exchorion of the eggshells can help separate close species. These new parameters will back the elaboration of future dichotomous keys, help to determine each vector species' role and expand knowledge of the various species.

Espécies invasoras: Conceitos, modelose atributos

The distribution of species in ecosystems is influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors, and physical barriers operate as filters to dispersion. The ancient processes of human migration and settlement, and the recent globalization trends are the main responsible factors for the transposition of geographic barriers by organisms and species introduction in regions outside their original distribution range. In order to designate introduced species, the adopted terminology may eventually lead to a lack of operational definitions, misleading the interpretation of paradigms concerning the invasion process. According to the literature, the criteria i) biogeographic, ii) population growth, and iii) spreading in the invaded region, should be taken into account as a manner to avoid subjective interpretations. Most of the presented models are inserted in the same paradigms to explain the status of the invasion process (arrival, establishment and invasion), although each model has its own concepts. Many authors consider both characteristics of the invader species and of the invaded environments to explain species success and establishment. The use of clear concepts, well established and non subjective concepts of introduced and invading species as well as its derivatives is crucial to unify the paradigms of the invasion process.

Meio de cultura e tipo de explante no estabelecimento in vitro de espécies de maracujazeiro

Brazil is one of the main centers of genetic variability dispersion of the Passiflora genera. Its self incompatibility as well as disease incidence in its leaves and root system and, deforestation and monocultivation, promote loss of genetic material. Considering the risk of genetic erosion, the conservation of the variability in germplasm banks, which is of great interest in plant breeding, is necessary. Studies regarding the type of expiant and concentration of the culture media are necessary in order to determine protocols of establishment and in vitro conservation of passion-fruit germplasm. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the influence of the salt and nutrient concentration in the MS culture medium and types of expiants in the establishment and growth of the Passion fruit species: Passiflora giberti N. E.Brown, P. edulis Sims and P. laurifolia L. Each Passiflora species presented its own characteristics regarding in vitro development. The complete MS medium and nodal segments the second axilliary bud promoted better development of the genotypes studied.