L’articulation entre la liberté d’entreprendre et la liberté d’association dans les cas de restructurations d’entreprises

Au cours des dernières décennies, les restructurations d’entreprises ont connu une transformation majeure. En plus des restructurations ponctuelles, de type « crise » dans des secteurs de l’économie en déclin, il est possible de constater des restructurations de type « permanent » dont l’objectif principal est la quête de profit et l’augmentation de la productivité de l’entreprise. Perçus comme nuisibles à la rentabilité des entreprises, la syndicalisation, la négociation collective et les moyens de pression, poussent ainsi certaines entreprises à se restructurer. Les restructurations d’entreprises, produit de l’exercice de la liberté d’entreprendre, impliquent des conséquences importantes sur l’emploi des travailleurs, en plus d’affecter à bien des égards leur liberté d’association. Dans cette perspective, il est pertinent de s’interroger sur l’articulation entre la liberté d’entreprendre et la liberté d’association dans le contexte de restructurations d’entreprises. Les différentes théories du droit s’accordent quant à l’importance de la cohérence du système juridique tant à l’interne qu’à l’externe. L’essentiel de notre analyse repose, en conséquence, sur un souci de cohérence du système juridique lors de l’affrontement des libertés d’entreprendre et d’association dans le cadre de restructurations d’entreprises, par le biais, entre autre, de l’étude de la juridicité et de la normativité de ces principes du droit. D’une part, la liberté d’association est un principe du droit à statut constitutionnel, d’ordre public et qui occupe une place importante en droit international. D’autre part, la liberté d’entreprendre est un principe du droit implicite, dont les fondements et la mise en œuvre demeurent ambigus. Pourtant notre étude démontre que la jurisprudence accorde une interprétation restrictive à la liberté d’association et large à la liberté d’entreprendre. Cette réalité accorde à la liberté d’entreprendre une mainmise sur la liberté d’association, particulièrement dans les cas de restructurations d’entreprises. Il n’y a qu’à citer comme exemple le droit de cesser de faire affaire même pour des motifs socialement condamnables, énoncé à plusieurs reprises par la Cour suprême du Canada. Le principe de cohérence du système juridique devrait nous amener à une interprétation plus large de la liberté d’association afin de respecter la hiérarchie des droits et d’autres principes généraux du droit, tels que l’égalité, la dignité et la bonne foi, et ce, même si cette interprétation a parfois pour effet de restreindre la liberté d’entreprendre dans le contexte de restructurations d’entreprises.

Design Guidelines and Development Policies for an Adaptable Historic Urban Street: The Case of West Street in Quanzhou, Fujian, China

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Diagnostic des systèmes de drainage basé sur l'imagerie du géoradar en culture de canneberges

Une méthode optimale pour identifier les zones problématiques de drainage dans les champs de canneberges est d’un intérêt pratique pour les producteurs. Elle peut aider au développement de stratégies visant à améliorer le rendement des cultures. L’objectif de cette étude était de développer une méthodologie non intrusive de diagnostic d’un système de drainage en utilisant l’imagerie du géoradar ou Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ayant pour finalité de localiser les zones restrictives au drainage et de lier les scans du GPR à des propriétés du sol. Un système GPR muni d’une antenne monostatique a été utilisé pour acquérir des données dans deux champs de canneberges : un construit sur sol organique et l’autre sur sol minéral. La visualisation en trois dimensions de la stratification du champ a été possible après l’interpolation et l’analyse des faciès. La variabilité spatiale du rendement des cultures et la conductivité hydraulique saturée du sol ont été comparées aux données GPR par deux méthodes : calcul du pourcentage de différence et estimation de l’entropie. La visualisation des données couplée à leur analyse a permis de mettre en évidence la géométrie souterraine et des discontinuités importantes des champs. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a bonne corrélation entre les zones où la couche restrictive est plus superficielle et celle de faible rendement. Le niveau de similarité entre la conductivité hydraulique saturée et la profondeur de la couche restrictive confirme la présence de cette dernière. L’étape suivante a été la reconstruction de l’onde électromagnétique et son ajustement par modélisation inverse. Des informations quantitatives ont été extraites des scans : la permittivité diélectrique, la conductivité électrique et l’épaisseur des strates souterraines. Les permittivités diélectriques modélisées sont concordantes avec celles mesurées in-situ et celles de la littérature. Enfin, en permettant la caractérisation des discontinuités du sous-sol, les zones les plus pertinentes pour l’amélioration du drainage et d’irrigation ont été localisées, afin de maximiser le rendement.

Guardianship/Conservatorship, June 27, 2014

Guardians and conservators are appointed by the court to make personal and financial care decisions on behalf of another (the “ward”). However, the fact that one has been appointed a guardian or conservator does not mean that their authority to make decisions is necessarily unlimited. Courts are legally obligated to consider the least restrictive alternatives before issuing a guardianship or conservatorship that would grant full decision-making authority.

Ciclos econômicos e emissão de CO2 no Brasil: uma análise dinâmica para políticas ambientais ótimas

Este artigo estuda como as políticas ambientais devem responder de forma ótima aos ciclos econômicos no Brasil. Para isso utilizamos um modelo de ciclos reais de negócios (RBC) com externalidades de poluição. Os resultados indicam que o custo de mitigação de emissões de carbono é mais baixo que o da poluição no Brasil, justificando a adoção de políticas restritivas. Além disso, diante de choques de produtividade, o comportamento ótimo é uma política de mitigação pró-cíclica, onde o imposto e o teto de emissões devem aumentar em períodos de expansão da economia e diminuir em períodos de crise. Também definimos uma regra de decisão para a dinâmica da política de mitigação.

Politisations différentielles et acculturations mutuelles en contexte autoritaire : ethnographie d'une inversion du cens électoral

Français L'observation ethnographique des politisations différentielles pendant une campagne électorale en contexte autoritaire changeant est un analyseur privilégié de plusieurs processus. Sur un plan empirique, elle donne à voir les modalités diversifiées d'appropriation du moment électoral par les acteurs, les tentatives d'ajustement d'une partie de la gauche marocaine à la perte de son électorat de granit et aux transformations du marché électoral, mais également un mouvement de fond : celui de l'inversion ponctuelle du principe censitaire, en lien avec la désertion des urnes par les plus dotés culturellement et matériellement et avec la mutation du vote urbain populaire. Sur un plan théorique, l'examen des tâtonnements en oeuvre - avant leur naturalisation - permet de poursuivre le dialogue entre les travaux sur le clientélisme politique et sur la politisation, au croisement des approches socio-historiques et de sociologie politique, en contextes autoritaires et démocratiques. Il montre l'intérêt de dépasser les oppositions entre conceptions restrictives et extensives de la politisation, pour se saisir processuellement et in situ des politisations différentielles des acteurs, des registres et des pratiques. English Differential Forms of Politicization and Mutual Acculturation in an Authoritarian ContextThe ethnographic observation of differential forms of politicization during an electoral campaign in a changing authoritarian context is an ideal means of analyzing a number of processes. Empirically, it enables us to observe the actors' diverse ways of appropriating the electoral moment, a Moroccan leftist party's attempts to adjust to the loss of its electoral base and the transformations of the electoral market. It also enables us to observe a one-time reversal of the symbolic voting restrictions, in correlation with the desertion of the polls by the those best equipped to participate, both culturally and materially, and with the transformation of the urban popular vote. In theoretical terms, examination of such ongoing processes - before their stabilization - allows us to follow the interplay between the work on political clientelism and on politicization, at the intersection of sociohistorical and political sociological approaches, in authoritarian and democratic contexts. It demonstrates the value of moving beyond the opposition between restrictive and extensive conceptions of politicization, to grasp the process in situ of differential forms of the politicization of actors, registers and practices.

Psychiatric manifestations of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease simulate depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder with a broad spectrum of early clinical manifestations, comprising neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The authors report the case of a patient admitted with a diagnosis of depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms, with post-mortem confirmation of CJD and discuss how CJD’s clinical heterogeneity can lead to misdiagnosis of the disease. Despite CJD’s unique pathogenesis, its kaleidoscopic presentation justifies the integrated investigation of patients with psychiatric symptoms, avoiding restrictive diagnosis.

Spectral Frame Analysis and Learning through Graph Structure

This dissertation investigates the connection between spectral analysis and frame theory. When considering the spectral properties of a frame, we present a few novel results relating to the spectral decomposition. We first show that scalable frames have the property that the inner product of the scaling coefficients and the eigenvectors must equal the inverse eigenvalues. From this, we prove a similar result when an approximate scaling is obtained. We then focus on the optimization problems inherent to the scalable frames by first showing that there is an equivalence between scaling a frame and optimization problems with a non-restrictive objective function. Various objective functions are considered, and an analysis of the solution type is presented. For linear objectives, we can encourage sparse scalings, and with barrier objective functions, we force dense solutions. We further consider frames in high dimensions, and derive various solution techniques. From here, we restrict ourselves to various frame classes, to add more specificity to the results. Using frames generated from distributions allows for the placement of probabilistic bounds on scalability. For discrete distributions (Bernoulli and Rademacher), we bound the probability of encountering an ONB, and for continuous symmetric distributions (Uniform and Gaussian), we show that symmetry is retained in the transformed domain. We also prove several hyperplane-separation results. With the theory developed, we discuss graph applications of the scalability framework. We make a connection with graph conditioning, and show the in-feasibility of the problem in the general case. After a modification, we show that any complete graph can be conditioned. We then present a modification of standard PCA (robust PCA) developed by Cand\`es, and give some background into Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). We design a novel scheme for the processing of EELS through robust PCA and least-squares regression, and test this scheme on biological samples. Finally, we take the idea of robust PCA and apply the technique of kernel PCA to perform robust manifold learning. We derive the problem and present an algorithm for its solution. There is also discussion of the differences with RPCA that make theoretical guarantees difficult.

Performing masculinity, performing the self: Rudolfo Anaya's Bless me, Ultima and Heart of Aztlan

This article explores how Bless Me, Ultima and Heart of Aztlan, the two earliest novels by acclaimed Chicano writer Rudolfo Anaya, problematise and negotiate Chicano masculinity issues. I will focus on the main characters of the novels, who, at different vital moments of their lives, question the meaning of manhood amidst important socio-economic changes and conflicting cultural traditions. Anaya reveals the complexity of being “mestizo” in American society, and exposes how hegemonic standards of masculinity are Manichean, restrictive and reliant on gender inequality. I will finally examine whether the novels challenge hegemonic gender orders, successfully negotiate non-heterosexist ideals of manhood, and ultimately contribute to the advancement of egalitarian gender relations for the Chicana/o community

Surveillance in Cyberspace: Applying Natural and Place Manager Surveillance to System Trespassing

Research on the criminological side of system trespassing (i.e. unlawfully gaining access to a computer system) is relatively rare and has yet to examine the effect of the presence of other users on the system during the trespassing event (i.e. the time of communication between a trespasser’s system and the infiltrated system). This thesis seeks to analyze this relationship drawing on principles of Situational Crime Prevention, Routine Activities Theory, and restrictive deterrence. Data were collected from a randomized control trial of target computers deployed on the Internet network of a large U.S. university. This study examined whether the number (one or multiple) and type (administrative or non-administrative) of computer users present on a system reduced the seriousness and frequency of trespassing. Results indicated that the type of user (administrative) produced a restrictive deterrent effect and significantly reduced the frequency and duration of trespassing events.

Previsão da Classificação da qualidade dos efluentes da indústria petrolífera com recurso a sistemas inteligentes

O presente trabalho realizou-se na Refinaria de Sines e teve como principal objectivo a utilização de ferramentas oriundas da Área Científica da Inteligência Artificial no desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão da classificação da Água Residual Industrial de acordo com a Legislação em vigor, com vista à minimização dos impactes ambientais e das tarifas aplicadas pela Concessionária (Águas de Santo André) à Refinaria. Actualmente a avaliação da qualidade do efluente é realizada através de métodos analíticos após colheita de uma amostra do efluente final. Esta abordagem é muito restritiva já que não permite actuar sobre o efluente em questão pois apenas pode evitar que, no futuro, uma mistura semelhante volte a ser refinada. Devido a estas limitações, o desenvolvimento de modelos de previsão baseados em Data Mining mostrou ser uma alternativa para uma questão pró-activa da qualidade dos efluentes que pode contribuir decisivamente para o cumprimento das metas definidas pela Empresa. No decurso do trabalho, foram desenvolvidos dois modelos de previsão da qualidade do efluente industrial com desempenhos muito semelhantes. Um deles utiliza a composição das misturas processadas e o outro, utiliza informações relativas ao crude predominante na mistura. ABSTRACT; This study has taken place at the Sines Refinery and its main objective is the use of Artificial Intelligence tools for the development of predictive models to classify industrial residual waters according with the Portuguese Law, based on the characteristics of the mixtures of crude oil that arrive into the Refinery to be processed, to minimize the Environmental impacts and the application of taxes. Currently, the evaluation of the quality of effluent is performed by analytical methods after harvesting a sample of the final effluent. This approach is very restrictive since it does not act on the intended effluent; it can only avoid that in the future a similar mixture is refined. Duet these limitations, the development of forecasting models based on Data Mining has proved to be an alternative on the important issue which is the quality of effluent, which may contribute to the achievement of targets set by the Company. During this study, two models were developed to predict the quality of industrial effluents with very similar performances. One uses the composition of processed mixtures and the other uses information regarding the predominant oil in the mixture.

Fatores críticos de sucesso das empresas familiares: uma abordagem competitiva

The present objective study to inside identify the critical factors of success of the local family companies of a competitive boarding. For in such a way the same it understands the culture and the management of the family companies of success, identifies the essential areas of performance, it establishes the restrictive factors of the success, and analyzes the level of influence of the critical factors of success in the competitiveness of this type of company. In function of the subject little to be explored, and of this study to provide a general vision concerning the factors that take the family companies to get success, this research is explorer. On the other hand, for describing characteristic of the familiar companies in prominence in the local scene and for being worried about the practical performance, the same one also is descriptive. The sample in turn is the not-probabilist one of the intentional type, for accessibility. For operacionalization of the collection of data, the direct contact was used, being the composed instrument of research for variable as management, culture, critical factors of success and competitiveness. The study it evidences that in regards to the management and the culture of the family companies of success, some variable are turned aside from the standard of the conventional family companies cited by literature. Of general form in the familiar companies of success it has a bigger level of professionalization of the management. As for the value given to the knowledge, the study sample that the conventional family companies give little importance to it, in contrast of the family companies in prominence, who value of significant form the search for the knowledge. He is demonstrated despite the family companies of success, even so total are not professionalized, possess a bigger level of professionalization of the management, ratifying of certain forms the reason for which the majority develops the Strategical Planning formal periodically. In short, the results point 17 critical factors of success with respect to the family companies, in special factors as the product quality and services, and the use of the technology

Le principe ex injuria jus non oritur en droit international

Le principe ex injuria jus non oritur selon lequel le droit ne naît pas de l’illégalité existe en droit international comme un principe qui permet d’expliquer une série de règles qui excluent, de différentes manières, qu’un fait illicite ne produise des droits dans le chef de l’auteur de ce fait. Ce principe se caractérise surtout par la tension entre le droit et le fait qui permet de comprendre les ambiguïtés dont son statut est pétri, le principe n’étant admis en droit positif que moyennant une définition restrictive de ses termes qui permet une certaine souplesse quant à son application. Cette tension est également palpable dans le discours des Etats comme dans celui des auteurs de doctrine lorsque les uns et les autres sont confrontés à des situations illicites effectives. Le principe ex injuria jus non oritur révèle bien plus qu’il ne résout les difficultés de concilier les exigences idéalistes du respect du droit avec les impératifs réalistes de prendre en compte la force du fait. Cette tension renvoie à la question de l’existence même du droit international, lequel peut être présenté comme une forme sophistiquée de discours, et non comme un corps de règles régissant effectivement la réalité sociale. Dans cette perspective, on constate que, au-delà des stratégies par lesquelles les Etats tentent de justifier certains faits accomplis sans remettre en cause le principe de légalité, il est des cas où les Etats restent tout simplement silencieux. L’analyse du principe ex injuria jus non oritur à l’épreuve de la pratique internationale tendrait peut-être à montrer qu’au-delà d’un certain seuil de tension, le discours juridique semble impropre à justifier certaines situations factuelles aux origines douteuses, ce qui expliquerait que les Etats préfèrent parfois dans ces cas s’abstenir de prendre position à leur sujet.

Finding the set of k-additive dominating measures viewed as a flow problem

n this paper we deal with the problem of obtaining the set of k-additive measures dominating a fuzzy measure. This problem extends the problem of deriving the set of probabilities dominating a fuzzy measure, an important problem appearing in Decision Making and Game Theory. The solution proposed in the paper follows the line developed by Chateauneuf and Jaffray for dominating probabilities and continued by Miranda et al. for dominating k-additive belief functions. Here, we address the general case transforming the problem into a similar one such that the involved set functions have non-negative Möbius transform; this simplifies the problem and allows a result similar to the one developed for belief functions. Although the set obtained is very large, we show that the conditions cannot be sharpened. On the other hand, we also show that it is possible to define a more restrictive subset, providing a more natural extension of the result for probabilities, such that it is possible to derive any k-additive dominating measure from it.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS FOR STUDENTS WITH EMOTIONAL DISABILITIES AND PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR PUBLIC SCHOOL CASE MANAGERS

Placement of students with disabilities in private special-education schools remains costly and controversial. This is particularly concerning, given the lack of research on the characteristics and quality of these restrictive settings. The purpose of this study was to identify the academic and vocational course offerings and behavioral supports provided in private special-education schools the serve high school students with emotional disabilities (ED). Second, the research examined the perceptions of the quality of services in these setting from the perspectives of public school case managers. Using a mixed-method design to collect data, 9 administrative heads of private special-education schools were surveyed, and 7 public school case managers were interviewed. Results indicated that (a) private special-education schools offer the basic academic core courses needed to meet graduation requirements, (b) vocational options for students enrolled in these schools are quite limited, (c) these schools provide a variety of behavioral interventions and supports, and (d) case managers are concerned with the lack of academic rigor and inconsistent programming at these schools but applauded the notion that students with ED are exiting with a high school diploma. Findings from this study may have policy implications for improving and developing programming options for high school students with ED.