Algunas conclusiones relativas a la integración, la industrialización y el desarrollo económico de América Latina = Some conclusions on integration, industrialization and economic development in Latin America

Incluye Bibliografía

Ampliación del proceso de integración del Caribe = Widening of the Caribbean integration process

Incluye Bibliografía

Broadband NIR emission in novel sol-gel Er3+-doped SiO 2-Nb2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides for photonic applications

This paper reports on the sol-gel preparation and structural and optical characterization of new Er3+-doped SiO2-Nb 2O5 nanocomposite planar waveguides. Erbium-doped (100-x)SiO2-xNb2O5 waveguides were deposited on silica-on-silicon substrates and Si(1 0 0) by the dip-coating technique. The waveguides exhibited uniform refractive index distribution across the thickness, efficient light injection at 1538 nm, and low losses at 632 and 1538 nm. The band-gap values lied between 4.12 eV and 3.55 eV for W1-W5, respectively, showing an excellent transparency in the visible and near infrared region for the waveguides. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis evidenced SiO2-Nb2O5 nanocomposite formation with controlled phase separation in the films. The HRTEM and XRD analyses revealed Nb2O5 orthorhombic T-phase nanocrystals dispersed in a silica-based host. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis showed a broad band emission at 1531 nm, assigned to the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of the Er3+ ions present in the nanocomposite, with a full-width at half medium of 48-68 nm, depending on the niobium content and annealing. Hence, these waveguides are excellent candidates for application in integrated optics, especially in EDWA and WDM devices. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Options for regional integration

Includes bibliography

A new integration strategy

Postula que es indispensable comenzar a considerar una nueva estrategia de integración: la integración hacia afuera, que consiste en hacer funcional al objetivo de enfrentar los mercados externos, todo el proceso de negociaciones de desgravación intrarregional, de aproximaciones al arancel externo común y de coordinación de políticas económicas.

Integration trends in the Brazilian labour market

Includes bibliography

On Argentine-Brazilian economic integration

Includes bibliography

Latin American integration and external openness

Includes bibliography

Present and future integration in Central America

Includes bibliography

Macroeconomic policy coordination and integration

Includes bibliography

Reconciling subregional and hemispheric integration

Includes bibliography

Reorientation of Central American integration

Includes bibliography

MERCOSUR and the new circumstances for its integration

Includes bibliography

Integration today: bases and options

Includes bibliography