Folivory as a Constraint on Social Behaviour of Langurs in South India

Folivory, being a dietary constraint, can affect the social time of colobines. In the present study, we compared food items and activity budgets of two closely related species of colobines inhabiting South India, i.e. the Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus hypoleucos) and Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii), to determine whether folivory had an impact on social time in these species. Our study established that Nilgiri langurs were more folivorous than Hanuman langurs. Nilgiri langurs spent much less time on social activities, but more time on resting, although the social organization of S. hypoleucos was similar to that of the Nilgiri langur. The enforced resting time for fermentation of leafy food items may have reduced the time available for social interactions, which in turn affected the social time in Nilgiri langurs. By comparing the data from previous studies on other Hanuman langur species, we found that S. hypoleucos spent a similar amount of time on social activities as Semnopithecus entellus. Hence, the social behaviour of S. entellus and S. hypoleucos is phylogenetically highly conservative. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel

Die Filling Behaviour of Semi Solid A356 Al Alloy Slurry During Rheo Pressure Die Casting

The present work discusses the findings obtained from simulations of semi solid die filling of a steering knuckle, prior to actual component development using in-house developed rheo pressure die casting system. Die filling capability of A356 Al alloy at semi-solid state has been investigated using commercial software Flow-3Dcast to optimise the pouring temperature of semi-solid slurry into the die cavity, while all other variables such as gating design, die preheat temperature and injection velocity are kept constant based on the prior knowledge obtained from trial numerical simulations and experimentation. Efforts have been made to nullify the essence of costly, time consuming experiments towards obtaining high-quality castings out of the findings obtained from numerical simulations. The optimum pouring temperature identified in the present study is 610 A degrees C, which facilitates smoother slurry flow, minimum surface defect concentration, uniform temperature field and solid fraction distribution within the component cavity.

Bimodality and re-entrant behaviour in the hierarchical self-assembly of polymeric nanoparticles

We show that a film of a suspension of polymer grafted nanoparticles on a liquid substrate can be employed to create two-dimensional nanostructures with a remarkable variation in the pattern length scales. The presented experiments also reveal the emergence of concentration-dependent bimodal patterns as well as re-entrant behaviour that involves length scales due to dewetting and compositional instabilities. The experimental observations are explained through a gradient dynamics model consisting of coupled evolution equations for the height of the suspension film and the concentration of polymer. Using a Flory-Huggins free energy functional for the polymer solution, we show in a linear stability analysis that the thin film undergoes dewetting and/or compositional instabilities depending on the concentration of the polymer in the solution. We argue that the formation via `hierarchical self-assembly' of various functional nanostructures observed in different systems can be explained as resulting from such an interplay of instabilities.

Evolution of social behaviour in the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata: do we need to look beyond kin selection?

Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial wasp widely distributed in peninsular India. Although solitary females found a small proportion of nests, the vast majority of new nests are founded by small groups of females. In suchmultiple foundress nests, a single dominant female functions as the queen and lays eggs, while the rest function as sterile workers and care for the queen's brood. Previous attempts to understand the evolution of social behaviour and altruism in this species have employed inclusive fitness theory (kin selection) as a guiding framework. Although inclusive fitness theory is quite successful in explaining the high propensity of the wasps to found nests in groups, several features of their social organization suggest that forces other than kin selection may also have played a significant role in the evolution of this species. These features include lowering of genetic relatedness owing to polyandry and serial polygyny, nest foundation by unrelated individuals, acceptance of young non-nest-mates, a combination of well-developed nest-mate recognition and lack of intra-colony kin recognition, a combination of meek and docile queens and a decentralized self-organized work force, long reproductive queues with cryptic heir designates and conflict-free queen succession, all resulting in extreme intra-colony cooperation and inter-colony conflict.

Order-disorder phase transition and multiferroic behaviour in a metal organic framework compound (CH3)(2)NH2Co(HCOO)(3)

We have investigated the multiferroic and glassy behaviour of metal-organic framework (MOF) material (CH3)(2)NH2Co(CHOO)(3). The compound has perovskite-like architecture in which the metal-formate forms a framework. The organic cation (CH3)(2)NH2+ occupies the cavities in the formate framework in the framework via N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds. At room temperature, the organic cation is disordered and occupies three crystallographically equivalent positions. Upon cooling, the organic cation is ordered which leads to a structural phase transition at 155 K. The structural phase transition is associated with a para-ferroelectric phase transition and is revealed by dielectric and pyroelectric measurements. Further, a PE hysteresis loop below 155 K confirms the ferroelectric behaviour of the material. Analysis of dielectric data reveal large frequency dispersion in the values of dielectric constant and tan delta which signifies the presence of glassy dielectric behaviour. The material displays a antiferromagnetic ordering below 15 K which is attributed to the super-exchange interaction between Co2+ ions mediated via formate linkers. Interestingly, another magnetic transition is also found around 11 K. The peak of the transition shifts to lower temperature with increasing frequency, suggesting glassy magnetism in the sample. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Stabilization of Cu-7 clusters in azide networks: syntheses, structures and magnetic behaviour

Two new azide bridged copper(II) coordination polymer compounds, Cu-7(N-3)(14)(C3H10N2)(C4H13N3)]n (I) and Cu-7(N-3)(14)(C3H10N2)(C5H15N3)(2)](n) (II) where C3H10N2 = 1,2-diaminopropane (1,2-DAP); C4H13N3 = di-ethylenetriamine (DETA); C5H15N3 = N-2-aminoethyl-1,3-propanediamine (AEDAP)] were prepared by employing a room temperature diffusion technique involving three layers. Single crystal studies reveal that both compounds I and II, have similar connectivity forming Cu7 clusters through end-on (EO) bonding of the azide. The Cu-7 clusters are connected through end-to-end (EE) connectivity of the azides forming three-dimensional structures. Magnetic studies confirmed the ferromagnetic interactions within the Cu-7 units and revealed the occurrence of concomitant ferro- and antiferro-magnetic interactions between these clusters. As a result I behaves as a weak-ferromagnet with T-C = 10 K.

Effect of particle size of sand and surface asperities of reinforcement on their interface shear behaviour

This paper investigates the effect of particle size of sand and the surface asperities of reinforcing material on their interlocking mechanism and its influence on the interfacial shear strength under direct sliding condition. Three sands of different sizes with similar morphological characteristics and four different types of reinforcing materials with different surface features were used in this study. Interface direct shear tests on these materials were performed in a specially developed symmetric loading interface direct shear test setup. Morphological characteristics of sand particles were determined from digital image analysis and the surface roughness of the reinforcing materials was measured using an analytical expression developed for this purpose. Interface direct shear tests at three different normal stresses were carried out by shearing the sand on the reinforcing material fixed to a smooth surface. Test results revealed that the peak interfacial friction and dilation angles are hugely dependent upon the interlocking between the sand particles and the asperities of reinforcing material, which in turn depends on the relative size of sand particles and asperities. Asperity ratio (AS/D-50) of interlocking materials, which is defined as the ratio of asperity spacing of the reinforcing material and the mean particle size of sand was found to govern the interfacial shear strength with highest interfacial strength measured when the asperity ratio was equal to one, which represents the closest fitting of sand particles into the asperities. It was also understood that the surface roughness of the reinforcing material influences the shear strength to an extent, the influence being more pronounced in coarser particles. Shear bands in the interface shear tests were analysed through image segmentation technique and it was observed that the ratio of shear band thickness (t) to the median particle size (D-50) was maximum when the AS/D-50 was equal to one. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stiffness behaviour of injection moulded short glass fibre/impact modifier/polypropylene hybrid composites

The stiffness behaviour of injection moulded short glass fibre/impact modifier/polypropylene hybrid composites has been investigated in this work by theoretical predictions and experiments. Predictions from the self-consistent method were found to be in good agreement with test results for the impact modifier/polypropylene blends. By taking into account of the fibre orientation distributions in the skin and core layers, the values of Young's modulus for the skin and core layers were predicted by employing Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and the average induced strain approach. The prediction of the values of Young's modulus for the whole sample was obtained by applying the simple mixture theory of laminated composites to the predicted results for the skin and core layers. Good correlation between predicted and experimental Young's modulus values were found.

Thermal-mechanical interface crack behaviour of a surface mount solder joint

The effect of thermal-mechanical loading on a surface mount assembly with interface cracks between the solder and the resistor and between the solder and the printed circuit board (PCB) was studied using a non-linear thermal finite element analysis. The thermal effect was taken as cooling from the solder eutectic temperature to room temperature. Mechanical loading at the ends of the PCB was also applied. The results showed that cooling had the effect of causing large residual shear displacement at the region near the interface cracks. The mechanical loading caused additional crack opening displacements. The analysis on the values of J-integral for the interface cracks showed that J-integral was approximately path independent, and that the effect of crack at the solder/PCB interface is much more serious than that between the component and solder.

Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of a SiC particles reinforced Al-5Cu composite under dynamic loading

The mechanical behaviour of a composite of Al–5Cu matrix reinforced with 15% SiC particles was studied at different strain rates from 1×10−3 to 2.5×103 s−1 using both a conventional universal testing machine (for low strain-rate tests) and a split Hopkinson bar (for tests at dynamic strain rates). Whilst the yield stress of the composite increases as the strain rate increases, the maximum flow stresses, 440 MPa for compression and 450 MPa for tension, are independent of strain rate. The microstructures and defect structures of the deformed composite were studied with both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and were correlated to the observed mechanical behaviour. Fracture surface studies of samples after dynamic tensile testing indicates that failure of the composite is controlled by ductile failure of the aluminium matrix by the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids.

Effect of structural relaxation on deformation behaviour of Zr-based metallic glass

Structural relaxation through isothermal annealing at tempertature below glass transition is conducted on Zr46.75Ti8.25Cu7.5Ni10Be27.5 (Vitreloy-4) bulk metallic glass. Defect concentration is correlated with the annealing time t according to differential scanning calorimetry thermalgrams. The effects of structural relaxation on mechanical properties and deformation behaviour are investigated by using instrumented nanoindentation. It is found that as-cast alloy exhibits pronounced serration flow during the loading process of nanoindentation, and the size and number of serrations decrease with the annealing time. The change of the deformation behaviour with structural relaxation is explained using a free volume model.