The impact of the reference price system on the pharmaceutical market: A theoretical approach

This article analyses the impact of the reference pricesystem on the price-setting strategies of thepharmaceutical firms and on the level of generic usage.This model is the first to take explicitly into accountthe impact of the reference price mechanism on the levelof competition between brand-name and generic drugs andnational pharmaceutical spending. We consider aduopolistic model with one firm producing the brand-namedrug, whose patent has already expired, and the otherproducing the corresponding generic version. We work ina partial equilibrium framework where firms set pricessequentially and consumers face heterogeneous switchingcosts.We show that brand producers compensate thedecline of profits by selling greater quantities insteadof charging higher prices, thus fostering pricecompetition in the pharmaceutical market. This result isa consequence of both the assumption of a verticallydifferentiated model and the introduction of thereference price system.

Negativity effect and the emergence of ideologies

``Negativity effect'' refers to the psychological phenomenon that peopletend to attach greater weight to negative information than to equallyextreme and equally likely positive information in a variety of informationprocessing tasks. Numerous studies of impression formation have found thatnegative information is weighted more heavily than positive information asimpressions of others are formed. There is empirical evidence in politicalscience that shows the importance of the negativity effect in the informationprocessing of the voters. This effect can explain the observed decreaseof popularity for a president the longer he is in office. \\We construct a dynamic model of political competition, incorporating thenegativity effect in the decision rule of the voters and allowing their preferencesto change over time, according to the past performance of the candidateswhile in office. Our model may explain the emergence of ideologies out ofthe competition for votes of myopic candidates freely choosing policypositions. This result gives rise to the formation of political parties,as infinitely--lived agents with a certain ideology. Furthermore, in thismodel some voters may start out by switching among parties associated withdifferent policies, but find themselves supporting one of the parties fromsome point on. Thus, the model describes a process by which some votersbecome identified with a ``right'' or ``left'' bloc, while others ``swing''between the two parties.

A new order, a new family and a new genus of Paleozoic Radiolaria: Latentifistularia, Cauletellidae and Cauletella

Since the genus Deflandrella De Wever and Caridroit 1984 is a homonym of Deflandrella Loeblich and Tappan 1961, the new name Cauletella is :herein proposed, and the genus is redefined. Consequently, the family name Deflandrellidae De Wever and Caridroit, previously erected, becomes Cauletellidae, and its definiton is emended. This important radiolarian group, typical of the Permian times, is closely related to the families Ruzhencevispongidae Kozur 1980 and Latentifistulidae Nazarov and Ormiston 1983. These Paleozoic radiolarians are characterized by an initial skeleton quite different from that of the other radiolarian orders and are assigned to the new order Latentifistularia, which is herein defined and briefly discussed. ((C) 1999 Academie des sciences/ Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.).

Locação: Critérios de decisão e de reconhecimento

Uma empresa pode alcançar bons resultados, se os gestores da mesma optarem pela melhor fonte de financiamento. Na qualidade de alternativa de financiamento, a locação financeira tem vindo a apresentar níveis de crescimentos bastante expressivas, tendo já sido adoptado por grande parte do tecido empresarial internacional, como meio privilegiado de financiamento de médio e longo prazo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho desenvolve o tema: “ Locação: Critérios de Decisão e de Reconhecimento”, focalizando na locação financeira enquanto alternativa de financiamento. Tendo como objectivo, demonstrar a utilização ou não da locação financeira como meio de financiamento e de apresentar os critérios para fundamentar tal decisão, foi feito um inquérito a algumas empresas no mercado em São Vicente. A apreciação das respostas obtidas e análise do inquérito levou à conclusão de que a locação financeira é uma actividade relativamente recente, sendo pouca explorada pelo tecido empresarial. O trabalho explora ainda uma dimensão contabilística das locações, relacionada com os processos de mensuração e reconhecimento no balanço e nas demonstrações de resultados. Para além disso, este trabalho vai mais adiante com um estudo de caso, utilizando como instrumento um contrato de locação financeira, para averiguar na prática qual o tratamento contabilístico atribuído a este tipo de contrato pelos intervenientes no contrato. O estudo de caso foi feito com base em documentos facultados por uma das empresas inquiridas no mercado em São Vicente, da qual por exigência da mesma garantimos a confidencialidade, utilizando assim um nome fictício “Alfa, S.A.”. Esperamos que este estudo exploratório seja útil e que contribua para o aumento do conhecimento teórico e prático sobre as locações, a todos os interessados nesta matéria. A company can get good results, if their managers, opt for the best financing source. In the quality of financing alternative, the financial lease has been demonstrating, growth levels quite expressive, having already been adopted for great part of the international business fabric, as a privilege way of financing of medium and long period. On this way, the present work develops the theme: “Lease: Criteria of decision and of the recognition” focusing in the financial lease while financing alternative. The goal is to demonstrate the use of the financial lease as a way of financing and of presenting the criteria to base such decision, it was made an inquiry to some companies in São Vicente market. The appreciation of the obtained answers and the analyzes of such inquiry took the conclusion that the financial lease is an activity relatively recent, being little explored by the business fabric. This work explores also a accountant dimension of the related leases with the mensuration processes and of recognition of the swinging and in the demonstration of results. Besides, this work is going further on with a case study, using as instrument a contract of financial lease to inquire in practice which is the accounting treatment attributed to this type of contract by the intervening in the contact. The study case was done with base in documents allowed by one of the companies inquired in São Vicente, of which we guaranteed the confidentiality for demand of the same, using as a fictitious the name “Alfa, S.A.” We hoped that this exploratory study is useful and that it contributes to the increase of the theoretical knowledge and practice on the leases, to all the interested in this matter.

The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: New geological data, relationships and tectonic implications

The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes occupy the NW part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent and are juxtaposed with the Great Kavir block and Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. Our recent findings redefine the origin of these complexes, so far attributed to the Precambrian-Early Paleozoic orogenic episodes, and now directly related to the tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. This tectonic evolution was initiated by Late Ordovician-Early Devonian rifting events and terminated in the Triassic by the Eocimmerian collision event due to the docking of the Cimmerian blocks with the Asiatic Turan block. The ``Variscan accretionary complex'' is a new name we proposed for the most widely distributed metamorphic rocks connected to the Anarak and Jandaq complexes. This accretionary complex exposed from SW of Jandaq to the Anarak and Kabudan areas is a thick and fine grain siliciclastic sequence accompanied by marginal-sea ophiolitic remnants, including gabbro-basalts with a supra-subduction-geochemical signature. New Ar-40/Ar-39 ages are obtained as 333-320 Ma for the metamorphism of this sequence under greenschist to amphibolite facies. Moreover, the limy intercalations in the volcano-sedimentary part of this complex in Godar-e-Siah yielded Upper Devonian-Tournaisian conodonts. The northeastern part of this complex in the Jandaq area was intruded by 215 +/- 15 Ma arc to collisional granite and pegmatites dated by ID-TIMS and its metamorphic rocks are characterized by Some Ar-40/Ar-39 radiometric ages of 163-156 Ma. The ``Variscan'' accretionary complex was northwardly accreted to the Airekan granitic terrane dated at 549 +/- 15 Ma. Later, from the Late Carboniferous to Triassic, huge amounts of oceanic material were accreted to its southern side and penetrated by several seamounts such as the Anarak and Kabudan. This new period of accretion is supported by the 280-230 Ma Ar-40/Ar-39 ages for the Anarak mild high-pressure metamorphic rocks and a 262 Ma U-Pb age for the trondhjemite-rhyolite association of that area. The Triassic Bayazeh flysch filled the foreland basin during the final closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and was partly deposited and/or thrusted onto the Cimmerian Yazd block. The Paleo-Tethys magmatic arc products have been well-preserved in the Late Devonian-Carboniferous Godar-e-Siah intra-arc deposits and the Triassic Nakhlak fore-arc succession. On the passive margin of the Cimmerian block, in the Yazd region, the nearly continuous Upper Paleozoic platform-type deposition was totally interrupted during the Middle to Late Triassic. Local erosion, down to Lower Paleozoic levels, may be related to flexural bulge erosion. The platform was finally unconformably covered by Liassic continental molassic deposits of the Shemshak. One of the extensional periods related to Neo-Tethyan back-arc rifting in Late Cretaceous time finally separated parts of the Eocimmerian collisional domain from the Eurasian Turan domain. The opening and closing of this new ocean, characterized by the Nain and Sabzevar ophiolitic melanges, finally transported the Anarak-Jandaq composite terrane to Central Iran, accompanied by large scale rotation of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent (CEIM). Due to many similarities between the Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complex and the Anarak-Jandaq composite terrane, the former could be part of the latter, if it was transported further south during Tertiary time. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Variant ionotropic glutamate receptors as chemosensory receptors in Drosophila.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate neuronal communication at synapses throughout vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. We have characterized a family of iGluR-related genes in Drosophila, which we name ionotropic receptors (IRs). These receptors do not belong to the well-described kainate, AMPA, or NMDA classes of iGluRs, and they have divergent ligand-binding domains that lack their characteristic glutamate-interacting residues. IRs are expressed in a combinatorial fashion in sensory neurons that respond to many distinct odors but do not express either insect odorant receptors (ORs) or gustatory receptors (GRs). IR proteins accumulate in sensory dendrites and not at synapses. Misexpression of IRs in different olfactory neurons is sufficient to confer ectopic odor responsiveness. Together, these results lead us to propose that the IRs comprise a novel family of chemosensory receptors. Conservation of IR/iGluR-related proteins in bacteria, plants, and animals suggests that this receptor family represents an evolutionarily ancient mechanism for sensing both internal and external chemical cues.

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, April 2008

B-1 Medicaid Reports The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report name Report number Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown IAMM1800-R001 Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County IAMM1800-R002 Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service IAMM2200-R002 Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service IAMM2200-R003 ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County IAMM3800-R001 Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program IAMM4400-R001 Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program IAMM4400-R002 Elderly Waiver Summary by County IAMM4600-R002

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, March 2008

B-1 Medicaid Reports The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001 Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown IAMM1800-R002 Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County IAMM2200-R002 Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service IAMM2200-R003 Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service IAMM3800-R001 ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County IAMM4400-R001 Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program IAMM4400-R002 Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program IAMM4600-R002 Elderly Waiver Summary by County

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, February 2008

B-1 Medicaid Reports The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report name Report number IAMM1800-R001 Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown IAMM1800-R002 Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County IAMM2200-R002 Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service IAMM2200-R003 Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service IAMM3800-R001 ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County IAMM4400-R001 Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program IAMM4400-R002 Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program IAMM4600-R002 Elderly Waiver Summary by County

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, January 2008

B-1 Medicaid Reports -- The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001--Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown; IAMM1800-R002--Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County; IAMM2200-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM2200-R003--Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM3800-R001--ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County; IAMM4400-R001--Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program; IAMM4400-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program; IAMM4600-R002--Elderly Waiver Summary by County.

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, December 2007

B-1 Medicaid Reports -- The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001--Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown; IAMM1800-R002--Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County; IAMM2200-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM2200-R003--Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM3800-R001--ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County; IAMM4400-R001--Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program; IAMM4400-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program; IAMM4600-R002--Elderly Waiver Summary by County.

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, November 2007

B-1 Medicaid Reports -- The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001--Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown; IAMM1800-R002--Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County; IAMM2200-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM2200-R003--Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM3800-R001--ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County; IAMM4400-R001--Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program; IAMM4400-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program; IAMM4600-R002--Elderly Waiver Summary by County.

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, October 2007

B-1 Medicaid Reports -- The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001--Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown; IAMM1800-R002--Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County; IAMM2200-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM2200-R003--Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM3800-R001--ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County; IAMM4400-R001--Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program; IAMM4400-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program; IAMM4600-R002--Elderly Waiver Summary by County.

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, September 2007

B-1 Medicaid Reports -- The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001--Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown; IAMM1800-R002--Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County; IAMM2200-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM2200-R003--Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM3800-R001--ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County; IAMM4400-R001--Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program; IAMM4400-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program; IAMM4600-R002--Elderly Waiver Summary by County.

B-1 Monthly Report of Medical Services Provided under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, May 2008

B-1 Medicaid Reports -- The monthly Medicaid series of eight reports provide summaries of Medicaid eligibles, recipients served, and total payments by county, category of service, and aid category. These reports may also be known as the B-1 Reports. These reports are each available as a PDF for printing or as a CSV file for data analysis. Report Report name IAMM1800-R001--Medically Needy by County - No Spenddown and With Spenddown; IAMM1800-R002--Total Medically Needy, All Other Medicaid, and Grand Total by County; IAMM2200-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM2200-R003--Fiscal YTD Expenditures by Category of Service; IAMM3800-R001--ICF & ICF-MR Vendor Payments by County; IAMM4400-R001--Monthly Expenditures by Eligibility Program; IAMM4400-R002--Monthly Expenditures by Category of Service by Program; IAMM4600-R002--Elderly Waiver Summary by County.