Alkyl Hydroxybenzoic Acid Derivatives that Inhibit HIV-1 Protease Dimerization

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Geranylation of benzoic acid derivatives by enzymatic extracts from Piper crassinervium (Piperaceae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The activity of amino acids produced by Paenibacillus macerans and from commercial sources against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Identification of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis of Mycolic Acids and Conventional Biochemical Method: Four Years of Experience

Mycolic acids analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been employed by several laboratories worldwide as a method for fast identification of mycobacteria. This method was introduced in Brazil by our laboratory in 1992 as a routine identification technique. Up to the present, 861 strains isolated were identified by mycolic acids TLC and by standard biochemical tests; 61% out of these strains came as clinical samples, 4% isolated from frogs and 35% as environmental samples. Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains identified by classical methods were confirmed by their mycolic acids contents (I, III and IV). The method allowed earlier differentiation of M. avium complex - MAC (mycolic acids I, IV and VI) from M. simiae (acids I, II and IV), both with similar biochemical properties. The method also permitted to distinguish M. fortuitum (acids I and V) from M. chelonae (acids I and II) , and to detect mixed mycobacterial infections cases as M. tuberculosis with MAC and M. fortuitum with MAC. Concluding, four years experience shows that mycolic acids TLC is an easy, reliable, fast and inexpensive method, an important tool to put together conventional mycobacteria identification methods.

Adsorptive potentiometric stripping analysis of nucleic acids at mercury electrodes

The application of adsorptive stripping potentiometry to the reductive detection of nucleic acids at mercury electrodes is reported. Compared to analogous voltammetric stripping modes, constant current potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) effectively addresses the hydrogen discharge background problem, and hence greatly improves the characteristics of the superimposed cytosine/adenine (CA) reduction peak. Compared to earlier schemes for trace measurements of nucleic acids at mercury or carbon electrodes that rely on anodic signals arising from the guanine residue, convenient quantitation can now be carried out in connection with the cytosine and adenine residues. Variables influencing the adsorptive PSA response are explored and optimized. With five minute accumulation, the detection limits for tRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA are 30 mu g l(-1), 60 mu g l(-1) and 2 mg l(-1), respectively. Such different values reflect the strong dependence of the PSA CA signal upon the nucleic-acid structure. This allows the quantitation of ssDNA or tRNA in the presence of dsDNA, and offers new possibilities for electrochemical studies of DNA structure and interactions.

Electrochemical behavior of the N-nosyl-protected amino acids in N,N-dimethylformamide

The electrochemical reduction of serine, glycine, and leucine protected by the 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl, group in N,N-dimethylformamide at mercury cathode occurs at two steps. The first one at -0.8 V vs. SCE, after a one-electron transfer, leads the anion radical formation that dimerizes and adsorbs at electrode. In the second step at -1.4 V, an instable dianion forms which then cleaves. The mechanism is discussed.

Thin-layer chromatography of mycobactins and mycolic acids for the identification of clinical mycobacteria

Forty seven strains of mycobacteria (35 strains isolated from clinical specimens and 12 reference strains) were analyzed for mycobactin and mycolate production by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Different growth conditions had little or no effect on the production of individual mycobactins and the reproducibility of mycobactin Rf values. Mycolate profiles of isolated strains were compared with those of reference strains. Clinical isolates belonging to the same species showed the same profiles. The combined evaluation of mycobacterial products by TLC allowed the identification of pathogenic and opportunist cultivable mycobacteria. on routine examination, the analysis of mycobactin and mycolate production constitutes an adequate procedure for the characterization and identification of myobacteria.

Characterization of humic acids from a Brazilian Oxisol under different tillage systems by EPR, C-13 NMR, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy

The importance of soil organic matter functions is well known, but structural information, chemical composition and changes induced by anthropogenic factors such as tillage practices are still being researched. In the present paper were characterized Brazilian humic acids (HAs) from an Oxisol under different treatments: conventional tillage/maize-bare fallow (CT1); conventional tillage/maize rotation with soybean-bare fallow (CT2)-, no-till/maize-bare fallow (NT1); no-till/maize rotation with soybean-bare fallow (NT2); no-till/maize-cajanus (NT3) and no cultivated soil under natural vegetation (NC). Soil HA samples were analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (C-13 NMR), Fourier transform intra-red (FTIR) and UV-Vis fluorescence spectroscopies and elemental analysis (CHNS). The FTIR spectra of the HAs were similar for all treatments. The level of semiquinone-type free radical determined from the EPR spectra was lower for treatments no-till/maize-cajanus (NT3) and noncultivated soil (1.74 X 10(17) and 1.02 x 10(17) spins g(-1) HA, respectively), compared with 2.3 X 10(17) spins g(-1) HA for other soils under cultivation. The percentage of aromatic carbons determined by C-13 NMR also decreases for noncultivated soil to 24%, being around 30% for samples of the other treatments. The solid-state C-13 NMR and EPR spectroscopies showed small differences in chemical composition of the HA from soils where incorporation of vegetal residues was higher, showing that organic matter (OM) formed in this cases is less aromatic. The fluorescence intensities were in agreement with the percentage of aromatic carbons, determined by NMR (r = 0.97 P < 0.01) and with semiquinone content, determined by EPR (r = 0.97 P < 0.01). No important effect due to tillage system was observed in these areas after 5 years of cultivation. Probably, the studied Oxisol has a high clay content that offers protection to the clay-Fe-OM complex against strong structural alterations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical reduction of aromatic sulfinic acids in dimethylsulfoxide

The electrochemical reduction of benzenesulfinic, p-toluenesulfinic, and p-nitrobenzenesulfinic acids was studied in dimethylsulfoxide solutions. From cyclic voltammetry experiments, a chemical reaction following the first electron transfer was detected during the reduction process. A cyclic voltammetry technique using ultramicroelectrodes has provided kinetic parameters for the electron-transfer steps, from which it was possible to observe the influence of the ring substituent on the electrochemical reduction. The mechanism of the electroreduction of aromatic sulfinic acids in dimethylsulfoxide depends upon the nucleophilic attack of the radical anion produced on the starting compound during the reduction processes.

Diterpene esters of aristolochic acids from Aristolochia pubescens

From the acetone and ethanol extracts of the tubercula of Aristolochia pubescens, two diterpene esters of aristolochic acids were isolated, together with 23 known compounds. The structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physiological responses of pressed baker's yeast cells pre-treated with citric, malic and succinic acids

The dough-leavening power of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is strongly influenced by conditions under which the pressed yeast is maintained prior to bread dough preparation. In this study, the influence of the yeast cell's pre-treatment with organic acids (malic, succinic, and citric acids) was investigated at a wide range of pH values when the pressed yeast samples were exposed to 30 degrees C. Increased fermentative activity was observed immediately after pre-treatment of the cells with organic acids. When the pH of the pressed yeast containing added citric acid was raised from 3.5 to 7.5, increases in both fermentative and maltase activities were obtained. Improvements in viability and levels of total protein were also observed during storage in the presence of citric acid, notably at pH 7.5. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and levels of internal glycerol also increased in the presence of citrate. on the other hand, pressed yeast samples containing succinic acid at pH 7.5 showed decreased viability during storage despite the maintenance of high levels of fermentative activity, similar to pressed yeast containing malic acid at pH 4.5 and 7.5. Decreases in intracellular levels of trehalose were observed during storage in all cases. Overall, the results of this study revealed the potential benefits of adding organic acids to pressed yeast preparations for baking purposes.

Solvent free esterification reactions using Lewis acids in solid phase catalysis

A clean, efficient and fast method for esterification reactions for sterically (biodiesels) or otherwise inactive (aromatic) precursors was developed, using catalysts supported in a solid phase under solvent free conditions, and whose reactions can be promoted by MW irradiation. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular orbital calculation for the model compounds of kainoid amino acids, agonists of excitatory amino acid receptors. Does the kainoid C4-substituent directly interact with the receptors?

Kainoid amino acids are agonists of the AMPA/kainate receptors and exhibit highly potent neuroexcitatory activity. From the results of extensive structure-activity relationship studies, we previously postulated that the C4-substituent of the kainoid amino acids interacts with an allosteric site of the glutamate receptor with electron-donating character. In order to investigate the mode of action in more detail, molecular orbital calculation for model compounds of the kainoid were performed. The results indicated that the HOMO energy level of the C4-substituent is involved in the potent neuroexcitatory activity, thus supporting our hypothesis. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diets rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Metabolic shifting and cardiac health

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to determine the effects of diets rich in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on metabolic pathways and the relation of metabolic shifting to oxidative stress in cardiac tissue.METHODS: Male Wistar rats (age, 60 d; n = 10) were fed with a control low-fat diet, a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), or a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). After 5 wk of treatment, sera were used for protein and lipid determinations. Protein, glycogen, triacylglycerol, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, lipoperoxide, and lipid hydroperoxide were measured in cardiac tissue.RESULTS: the SFA group had higher triacylglycerol, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and atherogenic index (ratio of cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein) than did the PUFA and control groups. The PUFA group had low serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as compared with the SFA group. SFA increased myocardial lipid hydroperoxide and diminished glutathione peroxidase. Despite the beneficial effects on serum lipids, the PUFA diet led to the highest levels of myocardial lipoperoxide and lipid hydroperoxide and diminished superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The PUFA effects were related to increased feed efficiency, increased susceptibility to lipoperoxidation, and metabolic shifting in cardiac tissue. PUFA elevated triacylglycerol levels and decreased myocardial glycogen concentrations. The ratios of lactate dehydrogenase to citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase to citrate synthase were increased, indicating myocardial reduction of tricarboxylic acid cycle.CONCLUSIONS: PUFAs have been recommended as a therapeutic measure in preventive medicine to lower serum cholesterol, but PUFAs increased oxidative stress in the heart by providing cardiac susceptibility to lipoperoxidation and shifting the metabolic pathway for energy production. The control diet, which was much lower in calories and fat, produced better overall clinical outcomes, better fat profiles, and less oxidative stress than did the diets rich in fatty acids.