Whole exome sequencing in an Indian family links Coats plus syndrome and dextrocardia with a homozygous novel CTC1 and a rare HES7 variation

Background: Coats plus syndrome is an autosomal recessive, pleiotropic, multisystem disorder characterized by retinal telangiectasia and exudates, intracranial calcification with leukoencephalopathy and brain cysts, osteopenia with predisposition to fractures, bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal bleeding and portal hypertension. It is caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the CTC1 gene. Case presentation: We encountered a case of an eight-year old boy from an Indian family with manifestations of Coats plus syndrome along with an unusual occurrence of dextrocardia and situs inversus. Targeted resequencing of the CTC1 gene as well as whole exome sequencing (WES) were conducted in this family to identify the causal variations. The identified candidate variations were screened in ethnicity matched healthy controls. The effect of CTC1 variation on telomere length was assessed using Southern blot. A novel homozygous missense mutation c.1451A > C (p.H484P) in exon 9 of the CTC1 gene and a rare 3'UTR known dbSNP variation (c.*556 T > C) in HES7 were identified as the plausible candidates associated with this complex phenotype of Coats plus and dextrocardia. This CTC1 variation was absent in the controls and we also observed a reduced telomere length in the affected individual's DNA, suggesting its likely pathogenic nature. The reported p.H484P mutation is located in the N-terminal 700 amino acid regionthat is important for the binding of CTC1 to ssDNA through its two OB domains. WES data also showed a rare homozygous missense variation in the TEK gene in the affected individual. Both HES7 and TEK are targets of the Notch signaling pathway. Conclusions: This is the first report of a genetically confirmed case of Coats plus syndrome from India. By means of WES, the genetic variations in this family with unique and rare complex phenotype could be traced effectively. We speculate the important role of Notch signaling in this complex phenotypic presentation of Coats plus syndrome and dextrocardia. The present finding will be useful for genetic diagnosis and carrier detection in the family and for other patients with similar disease manifestations.

An enzyme-linked immuno focus assay for rapid detection and enumeration, and a newborn mouse model for human non-polio enteroviruses associated with acute diarrhea

We have recently reported significant association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with acute and persistent diarrhea (18-21% of total diarrheal cases), and non-diarrheal Increased Frequency of Bowel Movements (IFoBM-ND) (about 29% of the NPEV infections) in children and that the NPEV-associated diarrhea was as significant as rotavirus diarrhea. However, their diarrhea-causing potential is yet to be demonstrated in an animal model system. Since the determination of virus titers by the traditional plaque assay takes 4-7 days, there is a need for development of a rapid method for virus titer determination to facilitate active clinical research on enterovirus-associated diarrhea. The goal of this study is to develop a cell-based rapid detection and enumeration method and to demonstrate the diarrhea-inducing potential of purified and characterized non-polio enteroviruses, which were isolated from diarrheic children. Here we describe generation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against purified strains belonging to different serotypes, and development of an enzyme-linked immuno focus assay (ELIFA) for detection and enumeration of live NPEV particles in clinical and purified virus samples, and a newborn mouse model for NPEV diarrhea. Plaque-purified NPVEs, belonging to different serotypes, isolated from children with diarrhea, were grown in cell culture and purified by isopycnic CsCl density gradient centrifugation. By ELIFA, NPEVs could be detected and enumerated within 12 h post-infection. Our results demonstrated that Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) and CVB5 strains, isolated from diarrheic children, induced severe diarrhea in orally-inoculated 9-12 day-old mouse pups, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The methods described here would facilitate studies on NPEV-associated gastrointestinal disease. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vérmenes gastrointestinales en Gallus gallus familia doméstica y su control con Neem (azadirachta indica, A. Juss) y Madero negro (Gliricidia sepium)

El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo con el propósito de determinar la fauna de vérmenes parásitos gastrointestinales y su control en gallinas de patio, en las condiciones climático ecológicas del municipio de El Sauce, León. Para el control de los parásitos se utilizaron productos botánicos. Se realizaron muestreos en dos épocas del año (seca y lluvíosa) y dos categorías (pollos y gallinas adultas). La muestra estuvo constituida por 200 animales. El tamaño de las sub-muestras fue de 50 animales por categoria y por epoca. Para la identificacion de los parasitos se uso la helmintologia de Ruff y Norton (1984)Reid y Mac Deugald (1984)Ach y Orichel (1987)EL examen post- morten se realizó de acuerdo a la metodología de Fowler ( 1990). Durante el desarrollo del experimento se identificaron I5 especies de helmintos gastrointestinales. La medía de parásitos, en la categoría de gallina en la época lluvia fue de 4.46 (:t 10.41), y en la época de seca 5.87 (:1: 13.59). En la categoría de pollo, en la época de lluviosa, la media fue de 10.6 (±17.12) y en la época de seca 12.04 (:t 25.6). Los parásitos gastrointestinales de mayor prevalencia independientemente de la categoría y de la época del año fueron los nematodes: Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Tetramere americana; y el cestode Railletina tetragona.Los cestodes Railletina williansi, Hymenolepis cantaniana tienen mayor aparición en época lluviosa .. Al relacionar la prevalencia e intensidad de los parásitos gastrointestinales entre épocas y categorías, se observó mayor aparición durante la época seca que en la epoca lluviosa y más en pollos que en gallinas. Las soluciones acuosas de Neem y madero negro tienen efecto signíficativo en el control de los parásitos gastrointestinales, al igual que el producto químico Amebendazol.

Análisis socio-productivo de docientos cincuenta y seis familias de veinticinco comunidades del municipio de Muy Muy, Matagalpa, Enero-Junio del 2013

El presente trabajo se realizó utilizando la base de datos elaborada por el PNUD, CATIE y UNA, con el objetivo de describir el estado socio productivo de 256 familias en 25 comunidades del municipio de Muy Muy departamento de Matagalpa, Enero-Junio, 2013, detallando las actividades productivas que se dedican las familias y los productos a los que se les da valor agregado. El tipo de investigación desarrollada es cuantitativa no experimental del tipo descriptiva, donde se obtuvo información necesaria, mediante las variables identificadas. Los resultados muestran que el 79% de participación fue del sexo masculino y 21% del sexo femenino por parte de los jefes de familias, siendo el total de la población de 1,181 personas, el 56% de la población está concentrado entre los rangos de edades 15- 24 años, representado 64% personas menores de 30 años, la edad promedio es de 33 años, 70% de la población total de las comunidades en estudio saben leer y escribir, el 55% de las viviendas son propias con escritura, el 44% de estos hogares poseen luz eléctrica, el 37% de las viviendas se encuentran con algunos daños y deterioro moderado, de este mismo modo el 76% cuentan con servicio higiénico de letrina, sin embargo el 13% de estos hogares no poseen ningún tipo de servicio higiénico lo cual estas familias están expuestas a contraer enfermedades tanto respiratorias como gastrointestinal, el 69% de estos hogares no aplican ningún tipo de tratamiento al consumo del agua. Su principal actividad agrícola es la producción de granos básicos con 90% y solamente el 12% de las familias proporcionan valor agregado a la producción agropecuaria.

Efecto de la inclusión follaje fresco de Marango (Moringa oleifera) en la alimentación de conejos en desarrollo, en la Finca Santa Rosa, Managua 2015

Con el objetivo de evaluar el potencial del follaje fresco de Moringa oleifera como alimento para conejos y su efecto sobre el comportamiento productivo , se realizó el presente experimento en la Unidad de Producción cunícola de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. Se utilizaron 18 conejos de razas Neozelandés Blanco y California con una edad de 40 d-1 y un peso promedio de 712.19g(127.96)agrupados en un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con seis repeticiones por tratamiento, l os tratamientos fueron T1: 100% concentrado comercial , T2: 80% concentrado comercial + 20% follaje de Moringa o leifera, T3: 70% Concentrado + 30% follaje de Moringa o leifera. Las variables evaluadas fueron: consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia, Morfometría del tracto gastrointestinal, características de la canal y análisis sensorial de la carne de conejos, los datos se analizaron mediante el procedimiento de análisis de varianza (ANDEVA),utilizando el Modelo Lineal General del Software MINITAB(Minitab®,versión 16.0, 2012). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que no se encontró diferencias significativas (p>0.05) en el consumo de alimento, ganancia media diaria y conversión alimenticia así mismo para la Morfometría del tracto gastrointestinal sin embargo para el análisi s sensorial de la carne los jueces no entrenados encontraron diferencias en la calidad, textura y diferencias altamente significativas en la dureza(1er mordisco). En el análisis financiero se encontró una mayor utilidad al comparar el T1 vs T3 con US$1.10 seguido por el T1 vs T2 con US$ 0.48.

Inclusión de harina de hojas de Marango (Moringa oleífera) en la alimentación de pollos de engorde y su efecto en el comportamiento productivo

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la inclusión de harina de hoja de Marango (Moringa oleifera) en dietas para pollos de engorde y su efecto sobre el comportamiento productivo (Consumo, Ganancia media Diaria (GMD) , peso final (PF), Peso de la canal (PC), Rendimiento de la canal (RC), Conversión alimenticia (CA) ) así como su efecto sobre el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) y calidad de la canal (CC) . Se utilizaron 210 aves de la línea Cobb 500 con peso promedio 30.09 g (0.5) . Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA), distribuido en tres tratamientos con siete repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T1:concentrado comercial, T2: concentrado con 5% de harina de hoja de Marango (Moringa oleifera ) y T3: concentrado con 10% de harina de hoja de Marango ( Moringa olei fera ). Los datos fueron analizados por PROC ANDEVA con el paquete estadístico SAS® Ver. 9.1 , las comparaciones de medias por la prueba de Tu key . No se encontraron diferencias (p>0.05) para consumo , GMD, PF, PC, y RC. Existieron diferencias (p <0.05) para CA T1 ( 1.6 ) supero a T3 ( 1.79 ) pero fue similar a T2 ( 1. 64 ) . La morfometría del TGI no se vio afectada en términos generales por los tratamientos en estudio. La CC no mostro diferencias entre los tratamientos, con una mejor aceptación de las canales provenien te de las aves alimentadas con harina de hoja de Marango (T2 y T3). La valoración financiera determino que el T2 es una alternativa viable para sustituir dietas basadas en alimentos comerciales, al generar mayores utilidades sin que esto afecte el peso final de las aves.

Reducing non-point DOC and nitrogen exports from rice fields: A pilot study and quantitative survey to determine the effects of different hydrologic management practices : Deliverable 15.3 Final Report

Rice cultivation at any level in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (existing or expanded) compels the need to quantify surface and subsurface loads of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), disinfection byproduct precursors (DBPPs) and nitrogen. This information can be used to develop Best Management Practices (BMPs) to reduce export of these constituents in order to improve drinking water quality. Although rice cultivation in the Delta is relatively limited, several factors outside of this research could contribute to increased rice acreage in the Delta: • Recently developed rice varieties seem more suitable for the Delta climate than earlier varieties which required warmer conditions; • Previous economic analyses (Appendix A.10) suggest rice is more profitable than corn, a dominant land use in the Delta; • Recent studies on wetlands at Twitchell Island suggest rice production can help mitigate oxidative subsidence (Miller et al. 2000); • The different oxidative states that result from flooding in rice as compared to those found in crops that require drained soils may help control crop specific weeds and nematodes when rice is incorporated into a crop rotation; and • Providing flooded conditions during a greater part of the year than other crops may benefit water birds. ... (PDF contains 249 pages)

Report on Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Event UMESE0501Sp: Multispecies Mass Stranding of Pilot Whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and Dwarf Sperm Whales (Kogia sima) in North Carolina on 15-16 January 2005

On 15-16 January 2005, three offshore species of cetaceans (33 short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus, one minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, and two dwarf sperm whales, Kogia sima) stranded alive on the beaches of North Carolina. The pilot whales stranded near Oregon Inlet, the minke whale in northern North Carolina, and the dwarf sperm whales near Cape Hatteras. Live strandings of three species in one weekend was unique in North Carolina and qualified as an Unusual Mortality Event. Gross necropsies were conducted on 16-17 January 2005 on 27 pilot whales, two dwarf sperm whales, and the minke whale. Samples were collected for clinical pathology, parasitology, gross pathology, histopathology, microbiology and serology. There was variation in the number of animals sampled for each collection type, however, due to carcasses washing off the beach or degradation in carcass condition during the course of the response. Comprehensive histologic examination was conducted on 16 pilot whales, both dwarf sperm whales, and the minke whale. Limited organ or only head tissue suites were obtained from nine pilot whales. Histologic examination of tissues began in February 2005 and concluded in December 2005 when final sampling was concluded. Neither the pilot whales nor dwarf sperm whales were emaciated although none had recently ingested prey in their stomachs. The minke whale was emaciated; it was likely a dependent calf that became separated from the female. Most serum biochemistry abnormalities appear to have resulted from the stranding and indicated deteriorating condition from being on land for an extended period. Three pilot whales had clinical evidence of pre-existing systemic inflammation, which was supported by histopathologic findings. Although gross and histologic lesions involving all organ systems were noted, consistent lesions were not observed across species. Verminous pterygoid sinusitis and healed fishery interactions were seen in pilot whales but neither of these changes were causes of debilitation or death. In three pilot whales and one dwarf sperm whale there was evidence of clinically significant disease in postcranial tissues which led to chronic debilitation. Cardiovascular disease was present in one pilot whale and one dwarf sperm whale; musculoskeletal disease and intra-abdominal granulomas were present in two pilot whales. These lesions were possible, but not definitive, causal factors in the stranding. Remaining lesions were incidental or post-stranding. The minke whale and three of five tested pilot whales had positive morbillivirus titers (≥1:8 with one at >1:256), but there was no histologic evidence of active viral infection. Parasites (nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes) were collected from 26 pilot whales and two dwarf sperm whales. Sites of collection included stomach, nasal/pterygoid, peribullar sinuses, blubber, and abdominal cavity. Parasite species, locations and loads were within normal limits for free-ranging cetaceans and were not considered causative for the stranding event. Gas emboli lesions which were considered consistent with or diagnostic of sonarassociated strandings of beaked whales or small cetaceans were not found in the whales stranded as part of UMESE0501Sp. Twenty-five heads were examined with nine specific anatomic locations of interest: extramandibular fat, intramandibular fat, auditory meatus, peribullar acoustic fat, peribullar soft tissue, peribullar sinus, pterygoid sinus, melon, and brain. The common finding in all examined heads was verminous pterygoid sinusitis. Intramandibular adipose tissue reddening, typically adjacent to the vascular plexus, was observed in some individuals and could represent localized hemorrhage resulting from vascular rete rupture, hypostatic congestion, or erythrocyte rupture during the freeze/thaw cycle. One cetacean had peracute to acute subdural hemorrhage that likely occurred from thrashing on the beach post-stranding, although its occurrence prior to stranding cannot be excluded. Information provided to NMFS by the U.S. Navy indicated routine tactical mid-frequency sonar operations from individual surface vessels over relatively short durations and small spatial scales within the area and time period investigated. No marine mammals were detected by marine mammal observers on operational vessels; standard operating procedure for surface naval vessels operating mid-frequency sonar is the use of trained visual lookouts using high-powered binoculars. Sound propagation modeling using information provided to NMFS indicated that acoustic conditions in the vicinity likely depended heavily on position of the receivers (e.g., range, bearing, depth) relative to that of the sources. Absent explicit information on the location of animals meant that it was not possible to estimate received acoustic exposures from active sonar transmissions. Nonetheless, the event was associated in time and space with naval activity using mid-frequency active sonar. It also had a number of features in common (e.g., the “atypical” distribution of strandings involving multiple offshore species, all stranding alive, and without evidence of common infectious or other disease process) with other sonar-related cetacean mass stranding events. Given that this event was the only stranding of offshore species to occur within a 2-3 day period in the region on record (i.e., a very rare event), and given the occurrence of the event simultaneously in time and space with a naval exercise using active sonar, the association between the naval sonar activity and the location and timing of the event could be a causal rather than a coincidental relationship. However, evidence supporting a definitive association is lacking, and, in particular, there are differences in operational/environmental characteristics between this event and previous events where sonar has apparently played a role in marine mammal strandings. This does not preclude behavorial avoidance of noise exposure. No harmful algal blooms were present along the Atlantic coast south of the Chesapeake Bay during the months prior to the event. Environmental conditions, including strong winds, changes in upwelling- to downwelling-favorable conditions, and gently sloping bathymetry, were consistent with conditions which have been correlated with other mass strandings. In summary, we did not find commonality in gross and histologic lesions that would indicate a single cause for this stranding event. Three pilot whales and one dwarf sperm whale had debilitating conditions identified that could have contributed to stranding, one pilot whale had a debilitating condition (subdural hemorrhage) that could have been present prior to or resulting from stranding. While the pilot and dwarf sperm whale strandings may have had a common cause, the minke whale stranding was probably just coincidental. On the basis of examination of physical evidence in the affected whales, however, we cannot definitively conclude that there was or was not a causal link between anthropogenic sonar activity or environmental conditions (or a combination of these factors) and the strandings. Overall, the cause of UMESE0501Sp in North Carolina is not and likely will not be definitively known. (PDF contains 240 pages)

The Invertebrate Assemblage Associated with Macrocystis pyrifera and its Utilization as a Food Resource by Kelp Forest Fishes

The present study was designed to examine the following: (1) the taxonomic. spatial, and temporal patterns of availability of all invertebrate species associated with Macrocystis (excluding protozoans and nematodes); (2) the utilization of this invertebrate assemblage as food by kelp forest fishes within the Macrocystis "foliage- searching" feeding guild, as well as proximal mechanisms leading to observed patterns of resource partitioning; and (3) the dynamic relationship between availability and utilization of this food resource. The approach was largely descriptive. with observations collected during a 19-month period from June 1975 to December 1976. Chapter I is an investigation of the resource utilization patterns of four species of kelp forest fishes with respect to food-related resource dimensions. and tests aspects of current theory involving inter- and intraspecific competition. Chapter II is a detailed examination of the invertebrate assemblage associated with Macrocystis and presents life histories of the fishes examined during this study. (PDFs contains 387 pages, chapter 1 is 203 pages, chapter 2 is 184 pages)

A histopathologic evaluation of gross lesions excised from commercially important North Altantic marine fishes

Histopathologic studies of lesions found in commercially important North Atlantic marine fishes are uncommon. As part of a comprehensive Northeast Fisheries Center program ("Ocean Pulse") to evaluate environmental and resource health on the U.S. Continental Shelf from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia, grossly visible lesions of the gills, integument, muscle, and viscera of primarily bottom-dwelling fishes were excised and examined using light microscopy. Several gadid and pleuronectid fishes accounted for most of the lesions observed. Most pathological examinations were incidental to samples taken for age and growth determination and evaluation of predator/prey relationships. Several gadids, with either gill, heart, or spleen lesions, were sampled more intensively. Gill lesions principally affected gadids and were caused by either microsporidans or an unidentified oocyte-like cell. The majority of gastrointestinal lesions consisted of encapsulated or encysted larval worms or microsporidan-induced cysts. Few heart lesions were found. Integumental lesioos included ulcers, lymphocystis, and trematode metacercariae. Liver lesions almost always consisted of encapsulated or encysted larval helminths. Necrotic granulomata were seen in muscle and microsporidan-induced granulomata in spleen. Although not numerous, histologically interesting lesions were noted in integument, heart, liver, spleen, and muscle of several fish species. Histologic study of tissues excised from a variety of demersal and pelagic fishes from the eastern North Atlantic (France, Germany, Spain) revealed assorted integumental, renal, hepatic, and splenic lesions. Small sample size and non-random sampling precluded obtaining a meaningful quantitative estimate of the prevalence of the observed lesions in the population at risk; however, a useful census has been made of the types of lesions present in commercially important marine fishes. (PDF file contains 20 pages.)

Prevalence, intensity, longevity, and persistence of Anisakis sp. larvae and Lacistorhynchus tenuis metacestodes in San Francisco striped bass

Thirteen hundred and seventy-three striped bass, Marone saxatilis, were collected from the San Francisco Bay-Delta area to correlate host diet with parasitic infections and to determine the prevalence, intensity, longevity, and persistence of larval Anisakis sp. nematodes and the metacestode Lacistorhynchus tenuis. There is an increase in the prevalence and intensity of Anisakis sp. and in the intensity of L. tenuis with increase of age of the host. These increases are probably related to the diet and the persistence of tbe parasites. The infections of both species are overdispersed. San Francisco Bay striped bass are an incompatible host for both species of parasites. Degenerated Anisakis sp. will remain in lhe host for at least 8 months and L. tenuis metacestodes for 22 months. The occurrence of several other species of parasites and a tumor are also reported. (PDF file contains 10 pages.)

Ostseehering (Clupea harengus) - eine Rohwarenressource für die deutsche Fischwirtschaft?

Baltic Sea herring is a traditional raw material for the German fish processing industry and the fresh fish market. This applies also for the spring herring of the spawning population of the waters around the island of Rügen. Reduction of the fat content to about 5 % during the spawning cycle limits the processing possibilities of mature herring from this area. Failures in taste and odour (tainting), a common problem of the past have not been detected in the last 3 years. Infestation by nematodes are comparable to other herring stocks and contamination levels of organic and inorganic contaminants are well below allowable limits. The annual German fishing quota of about 85000 t of Baltic Sea herring is now utilised only to 10 %. For a stronger utilization of this stock as in the 70th and 80th , there are scarcely prerequisites. The project of a central processing plant on the island Rügen for about 50000 t of herring as raw material is not realistic. The answer to the question asked at the beginning of this article, whether Baltic Sea herring represents a raw material for the German fish processing industry, is YES, dispite some restrictions.

Identificación y caracterización de centros de unión para purinas de membrana plasmática de células aisladas de glándulas gástricas

149 p. : il.

Preliminary survey of parasites of Clarias in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria

A total of 160 Clarias lazera were collected with line hood between April and June 1984 from the Niger Delta area and observed for the presence of parasites. The results revealed the presence of three classes of endo-parasites: Trematodes (47%), nematodes (46%) and cestodes (7%). It was found that, the parasites have great affinity for the spleen (34%) and the liver (28.3%). Also, smaller fish habored more parasites than large fish. Though the investigation is still continuing, the study reveals the presence of parasites in Clarias and calls for measures to prevent wide-spread infestation in fish ponds and suggests treatment of infested fish

Negative regulators of a growth factor-mediated signaling pathway in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Vulval differentiation in C. elegans is mediated by an Epidermal growth factor (EGF)- EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. I have cloned unc-101, a negative regulator of vulval differentiation of the nematode C. elegans. unc-101 encodes a homolog of AP47, the medium chain of the trans-Golgi clathrin-associated protein complex. This identity was confirmed by cloning and comparing sequence of a C. elegans homolog of AP50, the medium chain of the plasma membrane clathrin-associated protein complex. I provided the first genetic evidence that the trans-Golgi clathrin-coated vesicles are involved in regulation of an EGF signaling pathway. Most of the unc-101 alleles are deletions or nonsense mutations, suggesting that these alleles severely reduce the unc-101 activity. A hybrid gene that contains parts of unc-101 and mouse AP4 7 rescued at least two phenotypes of unc-101 mutations, the Unc and the suppression of vulvaless phenotype of let-23(sy1) mutation. Therefore, the functions of AP47 are conserved between nematodes and mammals.

unc-101 mutations can cause a greater than wild-type vulval differentiation in combination with certain mutations in sli-1, another negative regulator of the vulval induction pathway. A mutation in a new gene, rok-1, causes no defect by itself, but causes a greater than wild-type vulval differentiation in the presence of a sli-1 mutation. The unc-101; rok-1; sli-1 triple mutants display a greater extent of vulval differentiation than any double mutant combinations of unc-101, rok-1 and sli-1. Therefore, rok-1 locus defines another negative regulator of the vulval induction pathway.

I analyzed a second gene encoding an AP47 homolog in C. elegans. This gene, CEAP47, encodes a protein 72% identical to both unc-101 and mammalian AP47. A hybrid gene containing parts of unc-101 and CEAP47 sequences can rescue phenotypes of unc-101 mutants, indicating that UNC- 101 and CEAP47 proteins can be redundant if expressed in the same set of cells.