Programme d’Action National de Lutte Contre la Desertification

Depuis son indépendance en 1975, le Cap Vert est résolument engagé dans la lutte contre la désertification et les effets de la sécheresse. Plus de 32.000.000 arbres ont été plantés au cours des vingt dernières années pour protéger le sol de l'érosion et reconstituer un espace forestier pratiquement anéanti par cinq siècles d'occupation humaine. Des milliers de kilomètres de murettes et de banquettes, des milliers de digues de correction torrentielle et d'ouvrages hydrauliques ont été construits sur l'ensemble de l'archipel. Les aménagements anti-érosifs ont été mis en place sur plus de 43 % des terres occupées par les cultures pluviales, soit plus de 16.000 hectares. Cet immense effort déployé par les Capverdiens pour lutter contre la dégradation de leurs ressources naturelles et l'appauvrissement des populations qui en dépendent, tire ses motivations historiques des sécheresses désastreuses qui ont secoué le pays au fil des années, jusqu'à celle de 1947 - 49 qui a provoqué des milliers de morts. Ce Programme d'Action National (PAN) s'inscrit dans la continuité de ces efforts. Il est le fruit d'une réflexion conjointe de l'ensemble des acteurs concernés par le problème de la désertification. Il repose à la fois sur le bilan des actions menées jusqu'à ce jour par les différents intervenants, et sur une consultation massive, menée sur l'ensemble du pays, des populations touchées par la désertification et les effets de la sécheresse. Il ne prétend pas innover dans le domaine des techniques de lutte, ni remettre en question le rôle des différents acteurs engagés dans cette lutte. Il vise simplement à une meilleure coordination des efforts et à une plus large participation de la population. Conscientes des problèmes posés par l'interaction de l'homme et de l'environnement sur l'ensemble de la planète, les nations du monde se sont réunies à Rio de Janeiro au mois de juin 1992 lors de la Conférence Mondiale de L’Environnement. Cette conférence organisée par les Nations Unies visait à rapprocher les pays en voie de développement et les pays industrialisés pour garantir l'avenir de la planète terre. Trois conventions internationales fixant des accords de partenariat et des modalités concrètes de mise en oeuvre sont issues de cette rencontre. Il s'agit de: - La Convention sur la Diversité Biologique; - La Convention sur les Changements Climatiques; - Et enfin la Convention de Lutte Contre la Désertification dans les pays gravement touchés par la sécheresse et/ou la désertification, en particulier en Afrique, qui fut adoptée à Paris le 17 juin 1994, et ouverte à la signature en octobre de la même année. Parmi la centaine de signataires de la convention, la République du Cap-Vert fut le deuxième signataire au monde et le premier pays en Afrique. La Convention de Lutte Contre la Désertification (CCD) repose sur quatre grands principes: a) "Les décisions concernant la conception et l'exécution des programmes de lutte contre la désertification doivent être prises avec la participation des populations et des collectivités locales, et un environnement porteur doit être créé aux échelons supérieurs pour faciliter l'action aux niveaux national et local"; b) La nécessité "d'améliorer, dans un esprit de solidarité et de partenariat internationaux, la coopération et la coordination au niveau sous-régional, régional et international, et de concentrer les ressources financières, humaines, organisationnelles, et techniques là où elles sont nécessaires"; c) La nécessité "d'instituer une coopération entre les pouvoirs publics à tous les niveaux, les collectivités, les organisations non gouvernementales et les exploitants des terres pour mieux faire comprendre, dans les zones touchées, la nature et la valeur de la terre et des rares ressources en eau, et pour promouvoir une utilisation durable de ces ressources"; d) Enfin, "la prise en considération de la situation et des besoins particuliers des pays en voie de développement, tout spécialement les moins avancés d'entre eux". Afin de mettre en oeuvre les résolutions de la convention, il a été demandé à chaque pays signataire d'élaborer un Programme d'Action National, pour en faire l'élément central de sa stratégie en matière de LCD. Le Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte Contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS), qui regroupe neuf pays dont la République du Cap-Vert, a été désigné pour appuyer et pour coordonner au niveau sous-régional la mise en oeuvre de la convention. Au niveau national, le Secrétariat Exécutif pour l'Environnement (SEPA) a été désigné pour assurer la coordination de la mise en oeuvre du PAN. Dans cette tâche, le SEPA compte déjà avec l’appui du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD/UNSO) et de la Coopération Française - chef de file des bailleurs de fonds pour la mise en oeuvre de la CCD au Cap-Vert. L’élaboration du PAN a été un processus relativement long qui a commencé par la réalisation du Premier Forum National en novembre 1995. Ce Forum a permis, entre autres, d’informer les différents partenaires sur la CCD. Par la suite, le Secrétariat Exécutif pour l’Environnement avec l’aide du projet “Appui à la Mise en Oeuvre de la CCD”, a réalisé des tournées d’information et de discussions dans toutes les 17 municipalités qui composent le Pays. Ces tournées ont permis de dialoguer et d’engager effectivement le processus de décentralisation dans l’élaboration du PAN. Il a été convenu que chaque commune doit élaborer un Programme Municipal de Lutte Contre la Désertification. Une formation en approche participative (Méthode accélérée de recherche participative) a été organisée à l’attention des représentants des communes. Cela a permis aux municipalités de réaliser un diagnostic participatif au niveau des communautés. Des Commissions Municipales pour l’Environnement ont été créées pour la mise en oeuvre de la CCD. Ces Commissions sont formées par les représentants des services publics, des ONG, des associations paysannes et des confessions religieuses. Chaque Municipalité a réalisé un diagnostic participatif et élaboré un rapport qui décrit la situation socio économique des différentes zones et les propositions des communautés pour lutter contre la désertification. Sur la base des diagnostics participatifs et avec l’appui du SEPA, les différentes municipalités ont élaboré leurs propres programmes. Ces programmes ont été validés au cours d’ateliers municipaux avec la participation de tous les partenaires concernés. Le PAN comporte 190 projets municipaux présentés sous forme de fiches de projets dans le volume annexe, auxquels s’ajoutent 5 projets nationaux. Ces derniers ont été définis, d’une part pour répondre à des problèmes et préoccupations manifestées au niveau municipal, mais dont les solutions ont un caractère national et d’autre part pour créer la complémentarité nécessaire avec les autres Programmes Nationaux. Parmi les objectifs majeurs que le Cap-Vert s'est fixé dans son 4ème Plan National de Développement, figurent des objectifs économiques comme la valorisation des ressources naturelles, et des objectifs sociaux, comme la lutte contre la pauvreté et le sous-emploi, la sécurité alimentaire, la protection de l'environnement, et la couverture des besoins essentiels de la population. Tous ces objectifs rentrent dans le champ d'action du PAN, qui contribue donc largement à l'objectif principal du 4ème Plan, à savoir l'intégration dynamique du Cap-Vert dans l'économie mondiale.

The application of NMR and MS methods for detection of adulteration of wine, fruit juices, and olive oil. A review

This review covers two important techniques, high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS), used to characterize food products and detect possible adulteration of wine, fruit juices, and olive oil, all important products of the Mediterranean Basin. Emphasis is placed on the complementary use of SNIF-NMR (site-specific natural isotopic fractionation nuclear magnetic resonance) and IRMS (isotope-ratio mass spectrometry) in association with chemometric methods for detecting the adulteration.

Analysis of digestive tract content of the larvae of Polybia scutellaris (White) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Polybia scutellaris (White, 1841) is a social wasp of biological interest for its role as pollinator and maybe as biological control agent of sanitary and agricultural pests. This study examines the digestive tract contents of the larvae of P. scutellaris from four nests in Magdalena (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). Contents included both animal (arthropod parts) and plant (pollen, leaf and fruit epidermis) parts. The pollen content analysis showed that the wasps visited 19 different taxa of plants during the last active period of the colony before the nests had been collected. The range of sources used by P. scutellaris allows us characterizing the species as a generalist flower visitor. Wasps visited both native and exotic plants located nearby the nest. Most of the epidermal plant remains found in the larval digestive tract belonged to Malvaceae, a family not exploited by the studied colonies as pollen source.

Effect of silicon and acibenzolar-s-methyl on colored cotton plants infested or not with Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Effect of silicon and acibenzolar-s-methyl on colored cotton plants infested or not with Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphididae). The aphid Aphis gossypii is an insect pest that causes damage mainly at the beginning of the cotton plant development. The effect of resistance inductors silicon and acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM) on the development of colored cotton plants were researched in the presence and absence of A. gossypii. Three colored cotton cultivars were sown in pots and individually infested with 25 apterous aphids, 13 days after the application of the inductors. Fifteen days after plant emergence, the silicon was applied at a dosage equivalent to 3 t/ha and acibenzolar-s-methyl in 0.2% solution of the product BION 500®. After 21 days of infestation the following parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, dry matter of aerial part and root, and total number of aphids replaced. It was verified that the plant height was reduced in the presence of aphids and all variables were negatively affected by the application of ASM. However, silicon did not affect plant development.

Toxicological and ultrastructural analysis of the impact of pesticides used in temperate fruit crops on two populations of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of (g a.i. L-1) abamectin (0.02), carbaryl (1.73), sulphur (4.8), fenitrothion (0.75), methidathion (0.4), and trichlorfon (1.5) on the survival of larvae and pupae, on the oviposition of adults and hatching of eggs from treated Chrysoperla externa third-instar larvae from two different populations (Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). Morphological changes caused by abamectin to eggs laid by C. externa from Vacaria population were evaluated by mean of ultrastructural analysis. The pesticides were applied on glass plates. Distilled water was used as control. For the evaluation of larvae mortality, a fully randomized experimental design in a 2 x 7 (two populations x seven treatments) factorial scheme was used, whereas for the effects of the compounds on oviposition capacity and egg viability, a 2 x 4 factorial scheme was used. Carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion caused 100% mortality of larvae. Abamectin reduced the hatching of eggs from treated third-instar larvae of both populations; however, this pesticide presented highest toxicity on insects from Vacaria. The ultrastructural analysis showed that abamectin caused malformations in micropyle and in chorion external surface of C. externa eggs. Based in the total effect (E), carbaryl, fenitrothion, and methidathion are harmful to C. externa; trichlorfon is harmless to third-instar larvae, while abamectin and sulphur are harmless and slightly harmful to third-instar larvae from Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria, respectively.

Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Thrips are tiny insects responsible for the reduction of strawberry fruit quality. The work aimed to record and quantify the thysanopterofauna present in two strawberry production systems, low tunnel and semi-hydroponic. Leaves, flowers and fruits were collected weekly, from July 2005 to December 2006 in Caxias do Sul and Bom Princípio municipalities, RS. A total of 664 individuals were collected, representing two families, four genus and 10 species: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895), F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910), F. rodeos Moulton, 1933, F. simplex (Priesner, 1924), F. williamsi (Hood, 1915), F. gemina (Bagnall, 1919), Frankliniella sp., Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande 1895) from Thripidae and Heterothrips sp. from Heterothripidae. Frankliniella occidentalis represented 89.7% of the samples with 95.8% of the species collected in flowers, 3.9% in fruits and 0.8% in leaves. The results show that flowers are the most important food resource for these insects on strawberry plants. Frankliniella rodeos, F. simplex, F. williamsi, C. fasciatus, and Heterothrips sp. are new records on strawberry for Brazil.

Host plants of Cerambycidae and Vesperidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) from South America

Host plants of Cerambycidae and Vesperidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) from South America. This paper offers a contribution to the knowledge on host plants of Cerambycidae and Vesperidae (Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea) from South America. A total of 211 species of longhorn beetles belonging to 111 genera, 49 tribes, five subfamilies and two families are presented with records of host plants. Data on 259 species of host plants distributed among 188 genera and 69 families are listed with the beetle species.

Regional diversity in the fruit sector in the European Union

This article aims to identify the key groups of regions with respectto farms oriented to fruit and citrus production.Twenty variables of fruit and citrus oriented farms corresponding toforty-one regions of the European Union were analyzed. Seven groupsemerged from cluster analysis. Only two of them showed good perspectives. Regions in the South of the Community need an important modernisation and restructuring process, which entails serious social consequences.

Uranium-enrichment in soils and plants in the vicinity of a pitchblende vein at La Creusaz-Les Marecottes (W of Martigny, Valais, Switzerland)

In the NE part of the Aiguilles Rouges Massif near Martigny, at the eastern contact of the Variscan Vallorcine granite to adjacent gneisses, a series of pitchblende (UO2)-veins occur. This paper determines the level of enrichment and mobility of uranium in soils situated in the vicinity of such a UO2-vein 7 km west of Martigny. Within an area of 50 x 100 m, situated on a relatively steep slope and characterized by a strong gramma-ray anomaly, six soil profiles including their plant cover and a reference soil profile outside the influence of the UO2-vein have been examined. The soil shows pH-values between 4 and 5 and is colluvial. The applied analytical methods for the metal contents include extraction methods, common for soil studies, and bulk analysis performed with X-ray fluorescence and ICP-MS. Uranium contents found in the uppermost 20 cm of the soil profiles vary from 2,500 ppm close to the vein to 15 ppm at the lowermost point of the study area. The reference soil has around 3 ppm uranium. At greater depth (20 to 40 cm) the U-content decreases to about half of the surface values, indicating a vertical transport of uranium within the soil profile. No systematic dependance of uranium-contents to grain size (amount of clay) nor to the amount of organic matter has been found. However, the good correlation between uranium and free iron oxide concentration suggests adsorption of uranium on iron oxy-hydroxides. The ashes of grass and mosses contain up to 90 ppm U, the blueberry and redwood only up to 3 ppm. Our observations suggest that at the surface the uranium is transported by downhill creep (solifluxion) of uranium-rich rock fragments. Liberated by oxidation of the uppermost fragments in a given soil column, the uranium migrates vertically until the conditions are favourable to adsorption onto Fe-oxy-hydroxides. However, as high U-contents of local surface water show, this adsorption does not lead to a significant retention of the uranium.

The aquatic habit and host plants of Paracles klagesi (Rothschild) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) in Brazil

The aquatic habit and host plants of Paracles klagesi (Rothschild) (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) in Brazil. The aquatic caterpillar Paracles klagesi (Rothschild, 1910) was collected from the headwaters of a stream in an ecotone between Cerrado and Babaçu forest in northeastern Brazil. The single caterpillar found was observed feeding on the macrophyte Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. (Eriocaulaceae) and other aquatic plants of the family Nymphaeaceae present in the area, but also accepted as food Elodea canadensis Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) and Cabomba sp. (Cabombaceae) under laboratory conditions.

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants. The occurrence and spatio-temporal distribution of brown lacewing species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) in Bursa province, northwestern Turkey, was investigated during 1999-2011. A total of 852 brown lacewing specimens of 20 species, including the genera of Hemerobius, Megalomus, Micromus, Sympherobius, and Wesmaelius were collected. Of these, 12 species were new records for northwestern Turkey while Sympherobius klapaleki is a new record for the Neuroptera fauna of Turkey. The most widespread species were Hemerobius handschini and Sympherobius pygmaeus with percent dominance values of 42.00 and 15.96%, respectively. Wesmaelius subnebulosus was the earliest emerging hemerobiid species and had the longest flight activity lasting from March to October. The species of southern origin characterized by the Mediterranean elements constituted 55% of the hemerobiid fauna and prevailed over the species of northern origin that belong to the Siberian centres. The total number of hemerobiid species reached a peak in July with captures of 15 species per month. There were 11, 13, 18 and 5 hemerobiid species occurring at altitudes between 1-500, 501-1000, 1001-1500 and 1500-2000 m, respectively. In addition, plant species harbouring hemerobiids are given for each species, and their association with the hemerobiid fauna is discussed.

Host plants of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Plusiinae)

ABSTRACT This work has the objective to catalogue the information of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) host plants. The list of plants comprehends new reports of host plants in Brazil and information from literature review around the world. It is listed 174 plants which are from 39 botanic families. The higher number of host plants of C. includens are in Asteraceae (29), Solanaceae (21), Fabaceae (18) and Lamiaceae (12).

Extraction of soil water by plants: development and validation of a model

A quantitative model of water movement within the immediate vicinity of an individual root is developed and results of an experiment to validate the model are presented. The model is based on the assumption that the amount of water transpired by a plant in a certain period is replaced by an equal volume entering its root system during the same time. The model is based on the Darcy-Buckingham equation to calculate the soil water matric potential at any distance from a plant root as a function of parameters related to crop, soil and atmospheric conditions. The model output is compared against measurements of soil water depletion by rice roots monitored using γ-beam attenuation in a greenhouse of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo(ESALQ/USP) in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1993. The experimental results are in agreement with the output from the model. Model simulations show that a single plant root is able to withdraw water from more than 0.1 m away within a few days. We therefore can assume that root distribution is a less important factor for soil water extraction efficiency.