Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of Solanum lycocarpum fruits glicoalkaloid extract in V79 cells

Solanum lycocarpum St.-Hil (Solanaceae) is a hairy shrub or small much-branched tree of the Brazilian Cerrado, popularly known as "fruit-of-wolf". Considering that the induction of chromosomal mutations is involved in the process of carcinogenesis, and that S. lycocatpum is often used in folk medicine, it becomes relevant to study its effect on genetic material. In this sense, the aim of present study was to determine the possible cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic potentials of S. lycocarpum fruits glycoalkaloid extract (SL) in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells). The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the colony forming assay, apoptosis and necrosis assay. Trypan blue exclusion dye method and mitotic index. Genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential were evaluated by comet and chromosomal aberrations assays. Four concentrations of SL (4, 8, 16 and 32 mu g/mL) were used for the evaluation of its genotoxic potential. The DNA damage-inducing agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 221 mu g/mL) was utilized in combination with extract to evaluate a possible protective effect. The results showed that SL was cytotoxic at concentrations above 32 mu g/mL by the colony forming assay. For apoptosis and necrosis assay, the concentration of 64 mu g/mL of SL showed statistically significant increase in cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, while the concentrations of 128 and 256 mu g/mL of SL demonstrated statistically significant increase in cell death by necrosis, compared with the control group. Analysis of cell viability by Trypan blue exclusion indicated >96% viability for treatments with concentrations up to 32 mu g/mL of SL No significant differences in MI were observed between cultures treated with different concentrations of 51 (4, 8, 16 and 32 mu g/mL) alone or in combination with MMS and the negative control, indicating that these treatments were not cytotoxic. The comet and chromosomal aberrations assays revealed that SL does not display genotoxic activity. Moreover, the different concentrations of SL showed protective effect against both genomic and chromosomal damages induced by MMS. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract from Copaifera langsdorffii leaves on urolithiasis induced in rats

Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. commonly known as "copaiba", produce a commercially valuable oil-resin that is extensively used in folk medicine for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiseptic purposes. We have found the hydroalcoholic extract of this plant leaf has the potential to treat urolithiasis, a problem affecting similar to 7% of the population. To isolate the functional compounds C. langsdorffii leaves were dried, ground, and macerated in a hydroalcoholic solution 7:3 to produce a 16.8% crude extract after solvent elimination. Urolithiasis was induced by introduction of a calcium oxalate pellet (CaOx) into the bladders of adult male Wistar rats. The treated groups received the crude extract by oral gavage at 20 mg/kg body weight daily for 18 days. Extract treatment started 30 days after CaOx seed implantation. To monitor renal function sodium, potassium and creatinine concentrations were analyzed in urine and plasma, and were found to be in the normal range. Analyses of pH, magnesium, phosphate, calcium, uric acid, oxalate and citrate levels were evaluated to determine whether the C. langsdorffii extract may function as a stone formation prevention agent. The HPLC analysis of the extract identified flavonoids quercitrin and afzelin as the major components. Animals treated with C. langsdorffii have increased levels of magnesium and decreased levels of uric acid in urinary excretions. Treated animals have a significant decrease in the mean number of calculi and a reduction in calculi mass. Calculi taken from extract treated animals were more brittle and fragile than calculi from untreated animals. Moreover, breaking calculi from untreated animals required twice the amount of pressure as calculi from treated animals (6.90 +/- A 3.45 vs. 3.00 +/- A 1.51). The extract is rich in flavonoid heterosides and other phenolic compounds. Therefore, we hypothesize this class of compounds might contribute significantly to the observed activity.

Musicians' working memory for tones, words, and pseudowords

Studies investigating factors that influence tone recognition generally use recognition tests, whereas the majority of the studies on verbal material use self-generated responses in the form of serial recall tests. In the present study we intended to investigate whether tonal and verbal materials share the same cognitive mechanisms, by presenting an experimental instrument that evaluates short-term and working memories for tones, using self-generated sung responses that may be compared to verbal tests. This paradigm was designed according to the same structure of the forward and backward digit span tests, but using digits, pseudowords, and tones as stimuli. The profile of amateur singers and professional singers in these tests was compared in forward and backward digit, pseudoword, tone, and contour spans. In addition, an absolute pitch experimental group was included, in order to observe the possible use of verbal labels in tone memorization tasks. In general, we observed that musical schooling has a slight positive influence on the recall of tones, as opposed to verbal material, which is not influenced by musical schooling. Furthermore, the ability to reproduce melodic contours (up and down patterns) is generally higher than the ability to reproduce exact tone sequences. However, backward spans were lower than forward spans for all stimuli (digits, pseudowords, tones, contour). Curiously, backward spans were disproportionately lower for tones than for verbal material-that is, the requirement to recall sequences in backward rather than forward order seems to differentially affect tonal stimuli. This difference does not vary according to musical expertise.

Coralistas amadores: auto-imagem, dificuldades e sintomas na voz cantada

Purpose: to evaluate vocal self-perception, difficulties and presence of negative symptoms after singing of amateur choir singers of different vocal classifications, age and experience. Method: one hundred and twenty five singers answered a questionnaire containing identification data, information about self-perception of the singing voice, difficulties with singing and negative symptoms after singing. Results: the comparison considering vocal classification evidenced greater difficulties with high notes for altos and basses, greater difficulty regarding the transition to high notes for basses and greater vocal fatigue for altos. Comparing the singers by age, both adults and young adults referred more breathiness than the elderly. The adults referred better vocal intensity than the young adults. The young adults referred better timbre than adults. Regarding the experience, the less experienced singers reported self-perception of hoarseness and presence of hoarseness after singing in greater number than the experienced singers. Conclusion: the difficulties with singing are connected to the vocal classification and do not depend on age or experience. Vocal symptoms are related to the vocal classification and to the experience with singing. Negative self-perception is also related the vocal classification and to the experience with singing, and positive self-perception was more reported by experienced singers.

Topical anti-inflammatory activity of yacon leaf extracts

Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob. , Asteraceae, known as yacon, is an herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes in folk medicine. However, recent studies have demonstrated that this plant has other interesting properties such as anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory actions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory property of different extracts prepared from yacon leaves and analyze the role of different chemical classes in this activity. Three yacon leaf extracts were obtained: aqueous extract, where chlorogenic acid derivatives and sesquiterpene lactones were detected; leaf rinse extract, rich in sesquiterpene lactones; and polar extract, rich in chlorogenic acid derivatives. All the extracts exhibited anti-edematogenic activity in vivo (aqueous extract: 25.9% edema inhibition at 0.50 mg/ear; polar extract: 42.7% inhibition at 0.25 mg/ear; and leaf rinse extract: 44.1% inhibition at 0.25 mg/ear). The leaf rinse extract furnished the best results regarding neutrophil migration inhibition, and NO, TNF-? and PGE2 inhibition. These data indicate that both sesquiterpene lactones and chlorogenic acid derivatives contribute to the anti-inflammatory action, although sesquiterpene lactones seem to have more pronounced effects. In conclusion, yacon leaf extracts, particularly the sesquiterpene lactone-rich extract, has potential use as topical anti-inflammatory agent.

Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee Melipona scutellaris geopropolis

Background Geopropolis is a type of propolis containing resin, wax, and soil, collected by threatened stingless bee species native to tropical countries and used in folk medicine. However, studies concerning the biological activity and chemical composition of geopropolis are scarce. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis (EEGP) collected by Melipona scutellaris and its bioactive fraction against important clinical microorganisms as well as their in vitro cytotoxicity and chemical profile. Methods The antimicrobial activity of EEGP and fractions was examined by determining their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against six bacteria strains as well as their ability to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm adherence. Total growth inhibition (TGI) was chosen to assay the antiproliferative activity of EEGP and its bioactive fraction against normal and cancer cell lines. The chemical composition of M. scutellaris geopropolis was identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results EEGP significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus strains and S. mutans at low concentrations, and its hexane fraction (HF) presented the highest antibacterial activity. Also, both EEGP and HF inhibited S. mutans biofilm adherence (p < 0.05) and showed selectivity against human cancer cell lines, although only HF demonstrated selectivity at low concentrations. The chemical analyses performed suggest the absence of flavonoids and the presence of benzophenones as geopropolis major compounds. Conclusions The empirical use of this unique type of geopropolis by folk medicine practitioners was confirmed in the present study, since it showed antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential against the cancer cell lines studied. It is possible that the major compounds found in this type of geopropolis are responsible for its properties.

Applying design of experiments (DOE) to flavonoid extraction from Passiflora alata and P. edulis

The Passifloraceae family is extensively used in native Brazilian folk medicine to treat a wide variety of diseases. The problem of flavonoid extraction from Passiflora was treated by application of design of experiments (DOE), as an experiment with mixture including one categorical process variable. The components of the binary mixture were: ethanol (component A) and water (component B); the categorical process variable: extraction method (factor C) was varied at two levels: (+1) maceration and (-1) percolation. ANOVA suggested a cubic model for P. edulis extraction and a quadratic model for P. alata.These results indicate that the proportion of components A and B in the mixture is the main factor involved in significantly increasing flavonoid extraction. In regard to the extraction methods, no important differences were observed, which indicates that these two traditional extraction methods could be effectively used to extract flavonoids from both medicinal plants. The evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extract by ORAC method showed that P. edulis displays twice as much antioxidant activity as P. alata. Considering that maceration is a simple, rapid and environmentally friendly extraction method, in this study, the optimized conditions for flavonoid extraction from these Passiflora species is maceration with 75% ethanol for P. edulis and 50% ethanol for P. alata.

Topical Brazilian propolis improves corneal wound healing and inflammation in rats following alkali burns

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the Brazilian Scaptotrigona sp propolis, a widely used folk medicine, in corneal wound healing and inflammation. Methods Corneal epithelial defects of 1 mm in diameter were made in the right eyes of Wistar male adult rats by cauterization with silver nitrate sticks. Subsequently, they were divided in two groups (n = 40 rats/group): Brazilian propolis (BP) group was topically treated with a microemulsion containing 1% Brazilian propolis; vehicle (VH) group received the same formulation without propolis. The epithelial defect area was photographed and measured at t = 0 (wound induction), and after 12, 24, 48 and 120 h of treatment. The inflammatory response was evaluated based on counting of neutrophils. Epithelial regeneration rates were determined based on Ki-67 expression in basal epithelial cells. Comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results The BP group presented both smaller epithelial defect areas at 12, 24 and 48 h and fewer corneal infiltrating neutrophils at 24 and 48 h (P < 0.01) than the VH group. These effects were associated with more pervasive Ki-67 staining in the BP group at 12 and 24 h (P < 0.05). Conclusions Topically applied BP accelerated wound healing and reduced the inflammatory response to silver nitrate-induced corneal alkali burns in rats.

Skolmobbningens konsekvenser i vuxenlivet - Blickar, ord, slag, och utfrysning. Allt sätter sina spår, ett ärr för livet

Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ studie som studerar hur vuxna påverkats av att ha blivit mobbade som barn. Studien byggde på åtta halvstrukturerade intervjuer där vi sökte individernas tidigare upplevelser. Personer med denna bakgrund och som är över 20 år har nåtts genom annonsering och via mail. Materialet är avgränsat till att gälla forskning om familjestruktur och identitetsbildning. I vårt resultat har vi redovisat våra intervjupersoners egna erfarenheter av sina upplevelser och analyserat dessa i relation till litteraturer, artiklar och avhandlingar. I arbetet använder vi bl.a. Olweus definition av mobbning samt Colorosos begrepp murfamiljen och geléfamiljen. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att mobbning i barndomen har påverkat deras vuxna liv. Samtliga känner att de har idag svårt att lita på folk och skapa nya kontakter. Studien visar också att samtliga har haft problem med självkänsla och identitetsbildning i form av att de har känt sig ensamma, utfrysta, kränkta och utanför. Detta har bland annat skapat en känsla av att inte räcka till och inte duga som man är. En annan slutsats som studien visar är att familjeförhållanden och uppfattning av ens egen identitet är två viktiga faktorer när det gäller mobbning. Studien visar att brister på åtgärder från skolan och socialvård förekommer. Konkret behandling och stöd av lärare, kontakt med kurator och bättre hemförhållanden hade på ett tidigt stadium kunnat förbättra deras situation.

Epos orale russo tra oralità e scrittura: problemi e proposte di traduzione

In the present thesis, I discuss the role of orality in translation, taking into account the problems arising while translating Russian folk epics. I investigate the meaning of orality in the context of folkloristic translation, trying to define a concept of oral poetry, and exploring its consequences for translation. In the first chapter, I try to identify the main differences between written literature and oral modes of expression, with special reference to folklore. Oral verbal art is performed, sung or recited, and based on a vital and dynamic interrelation between kinesics, sound, speech and gestures. According to Muhawi (2006), performance provides an interpretive frame enabling a correct interpretation of the message conveyed beyond the literal meaning. Transposing certain performance elements into print is one of the most controversial problems in folklore studies. However, formulas and formal stylistic devices may be rendered in transcription, building a bridge between oral and written elements. In the translation of oral poetry in transcription, this interconnection between orality and literacy might be emphasized, thus creating a hybrid dimension where oral and literary features coexist. In the second chapter, I introduce and describe the genre of Russian folk epics, transmitted orally, and transcribed between the 19th and 20th centuries, from a historical, linguistic and stylistic point of view. In the third and fourth chapters, I explore the issue of translation of Russian oral poetry. I first analyse existing Italian translations of Russian epics, and then present and discuss my own translation, based on a philological, scholarly approach. Thus, in my translation, which is followed by a rich commentary, I try to focus on the rendering of formulas as one of the most relevant aspects of Russian epics. At the same time, oral devices combine with literary features, thus creating a sort of frozen orality.

Differentiation processes in treecreepers (Aves: Certhia): phylogeny, vocalisations, morphometrics

Evolutionary processes within the bird genus Certhia (treecreepers) are investigated and taxonomic uncertainties clarified. The original seven species of the genus have Holarctic distribution, are uniform morphologically and hence difficult to distinguish. I employed four methodological approaches. 1. Molecular phylogeny using the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene largely established relationships and revealed two cryptic species. 2. Call and song recordings from all species and many subspecies were evaluated sonagraphically. The nine phylospecies outlined in Part 1 were clearly delimited from one another by time and frequency parameters. They comprise a monophyletic group of "motif singers" and a purely southeast Asian group of "trill singers". Song-character differences were generally consistent with molecular phylogeny (strong phylogenetic signals). 3. Central European Certhia familiaris in the field responded territorially to playback of verses of allopatric "motif singer" taxa, but usually more weakly than to their own subsequently presented songs. No song characters were unambiguously recognised as species-specific. 4. Standard body dimensions of nearly 2000 museum specimens characterise species and subspecies biometrically and reveal geographic trends. Lengths of bill and hind claw proved important parameters to explain the treecreeper lifestyle (climbing and feeding on tree trunks). In the Himalayas (highest species density) tail dimensions are also significant.

Kulturwissenschaftliches Filmen im Umbruch: Die Filmarbeit von Edmund Ballhaus

Der Autor untersucht die Strategien und Konzepte des Göttinger Kulturwissenschaftlers Edmund Ballhaus, der mit seiner Filmarbeit die Entwicklung des wissenschaftlichen Films seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre maßgeblich beeinflußte. Detaillierte Analysen seiner ersten zwölf, in den Jahren 1986 bis 1996 entstandenen Filme verdeutlichen seine Abkehr von überholten inhaltlichen und methodischen Standards und die Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Typus des kulturwissenschaftlichen Films. Dieser rückt den Menschen in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung und erteilt den Gefilmten selbst das Wort. Damit wurde sowohl dem klassischen Erklärdokumentarismus des Fernsehens als auch dem distanzierten Dokumentationsstil des Instituts für den Wissenschaftlichen Film (IWF) ein neues Modell gegenübergestellt. Darüber hinaus löste sich Edmund Ballhaus von der traditionellen Arbeitsteilung in Hinblick auf Recherche, Konzeption und Umsetzung und ersetzte sie durch den selbstfilmenden Wissenschaftler, der für alle Arbeitsschritte einer Filmproduktion allein verantwortlich ist. Seine bereits 1987 veröffentlichten Forderungen verwirklichte er nicht nur in seinen Filmen, sondern auch mit der Gründung der Gesellschaft für den kulturwissenschaftlichen Film (GfkF) und der Einrichtung eines Studienganges Visuelle Anthropologie in Göttingen. In die Untersuchung einbezogen wurde eine im Anhang des Buches wiedergegebene Befragung des Filmautors, welche die Analyse um interessante Details sowohl in Hinblick auf die Entstehungsbedingungen einzelner Filme als auch auf seine persönlichen Überzeugungen und Beweggründe ergänzt.

I drammi per musica di Giacomo Antonio Perti per il teatro della Villa medicea di Pratolino (1700-01; 1707-10)

L’attività nel teatro della Villa medicea di Pratolino, presso Firenze, giunse al culmine nel primo decennio del ’700, quando il principe Ferdinando de’ Medici commissionò e vi fece rappresentare, una per anno, opere in musica di Alessandro Scarlatti e di Giacomo Antonio Perti. Benché le partiture siano perdute, sopravvive un’ingente quantità di materiale documentario, in massima parte inedito, il quale dà un eccezionale resoconto sul mecenatismo del Principe e sul funzionamento della macchina teatrale. La dissertazione si concentra sulle sei opere poste in musica da Perti ("Lucio Vero", 1700, in collaborazione con Martino Bitti; "Astianatte", 1701; "Dionisio re di Portogallo", 1707; "Ginevra principessa di Scozia", 1708; "Berenice regina d’Egitto", 1709; "Rodelinda regina de’ Longobardi", 1710), sui rapporti del compositore col Principe, col librettista Antonio Salvi, col rivale Scarlatti, coi cantanti e con la corte medicea, sullo stile da lui perseguito e – per quanto è dato sapere o lecito ipotizzare – sulla fisionomia dei suoi lavori (strutture e risorse letterarie, teatrali e musicali).

Dalle feste di nozze alle orchestre di stato: Maria Lătărețu e l'invenzione della muzică populară

Le musiche “popolaresche” urbane, in genere trascurate nella letteratura etnomusicologica, sono state quasi completamente ignorate nel caso della Romania. Il presente studio si propone di colmare almeno in parte questa lacuna, indagando questo fenomeno musicale nella Bucarest degli anni Trenta e Quaranta del Novecento. Le musiche esaminate sono tuttavia inserite entro una cornice storica più ampia, che data a partire dalla fine del XVIII secolo, e messe in relazione con alcune produzioni di origine rurale che con queste hanno uno stretto rapporto. Il caso di Maria Lătărețu (1911-1972) si è rivelato particolarmente fecondo in questo senso, dal momento che la cantante apparteneva ad entrambi i versanti musicali, rurale e urbano, e nepadroneggiava con disinvoltura i rispettivi repertori. Dopo il suo trasferimento nella capitale, negli anni Trenta, è diventata una delle figure di maggior spicco di quel fenomeno noto come muzică populară (creazione musicale eminentemente urbana e borghese con radici però nel mondo delle musiche rurali). L’analisi del repertorio (o, per meglio dire, dei due repertori) della Lătărețu, anche nel confronto con repertori limitrofi, ha permesso di comprendere più da vicino alcuni dei meccanismi musicali alla base di questa creazione. Un genere musicale che non nasce dal nulla nel dopo-guerra, ma piuttosto continua una tradizione di musica urbana, caratterizzata in senso locale, ma influenzata dal modello della canzone europea occidentale, che data almeno dagli inizi del Novecento. Attraverso procedimenti in parte già collaudati da compositori colti che sin dal XIX secolo, in Romania come altrove, si erano cimentati con la creazione di melodie in stile popolare o nell’armonizzazione di musiche di provenienza contadina, le melodie rurali nel bagaglio della cantante venivano trasformate in qualcosa di inedito. Una trasformazione che, come viene dimostrato efficacemente nell’ultimo capitolo, non investe solo il livello superficiale, ma coinvolge in modo profondo la sintassi musicale.

Representaciones Sociales de la Medicina Popular en el paciente oncológico adulto, la familia del paciente y los miembros del equipo de salud

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general develar las representaciones sociales sobre la Medicina Popular en tres grupos poblacionales, pacientes oncológicos (n=100), familiares de los pacientes (n=25) y miembros del equipo de salud (n=26). Para ello, se realizaron tres estudios cualitativos con cada grupo poblacional y un cuarto en el que se describen las similitudes y las diferencias entre ellos en relación con el objeto de representación. En general, se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad, ejercicios de asociaciones libres y grupos focales (7 con 62 pacientes). Resultados: paciente oncológico: Medicina Popular representada como una salida optimista a la angustiante situación que está viviendo frente al cáncer; una apuesta a la vida. Para la familia: una contra capaz de mantener con vida y fortaleza al paciente y para el equipo de salud, una realidad incombatible de los pacientes y de la familia, que tiene efecto placebo sobre ellos y que está relacionada con el pensamiento mágico religioso, la fé y la ignorancia de quienes la realizan. En cuanto a las diferencias, el paciente y la familia consideran que la Medicina Popular es una alternativa en la que depositan su fé y confianza; el personal de salud no cree en sus efectos sobre el cáncer y la considera como estafa y engaño para el paciente. En las similitudes, todos coinciden en que es una alternativa, generadora de esperanza, basada en compuestos naturales que le permiten al paciente contribuir a la curación del cáncer y a sobrellevar el malestar provocado por la quimioterapia. Finalmente, se presentan conclusiones generales, se discuten algunos de los hallazgos y la importancia de las RS de la Medicina Popular y su impacto sobre la atención y la calidad de vida del paciente y se plantean algunos interrogantes que podrían favorecer el desarrollo de una línea de investigación en el tema.