Upregulation of c-Myc may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine pemphigus vulgaris

The pathomechanism in human pemphigus vulgaris (PV) has recently been described to rely on generalized c-Myc upregulation in skin and oral mucosa followed by hyperproliferation. Here we assessed whether dogs suffering from PV present the same pathological changes as described for human patients with PV. Using immunofluorescence analysis on patients' biopsy samples, we observed marked nuclear c-Myc accumulation in all layers of the epidermis and oral mucosa in all (3/3) dogs analysed. In addition, c-Myc upregulation was accompanied by an increased number of proliferating Ki67-positive cells. These molecular changes were further paralleled by deregulated expression of wound healing and terminal differentiation markers as observed in human PV. Together these findings suggest a common pathomechanism for both species which is of particular relevance in the light of the recently discussed novel therapeutic strategies aiming at targeting PV antibody-induced signalling cascades.

Foraminifera from the Colorado Shale of North-Central Montana

The use of foraminifera in the determination of geologic age, and in the correlation of strata, is one of the most important techniques in oil field stratigraphic studies. The petroleum industry in many regions relies on these microscopic life forms to determine the positions of oil-bearing horizons and to determine the tops of beds. In northern Montana the Colorado group of strata, a series of about 2,000 feet of dense, dark similar shales, is known to contain foraminifers.

Virtopsy: forensic traumatology of the subcutaneous fatty tissue; multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as diagnostic tools

Traumatic lesions of the subcutaneous fatty tissue provide important clues for forensic reconstruction. The interpretation of these patterns requires a precise description and recording of the position and extent of each lesion. During conventional autopsy, this evaluation is performed by dissecting the skin and subcutaneous tissues in successive layers. In this way, depending on the force and type of impact (right angle or tangent), several morphologically distinct stages of fatty tissue damage can be differentiated: perilobular hemorrhage (I), contusion (II), or disintegration (III) of the fat lobuli, and disintegration with development of a subcutaneous cavity (IV). In examples of virtopsy cases showing blunt trauma to the skin and fatty tissue, we analyzed whether these lesions can also be recorded and classified using multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MSCT has proven to be a valuable screening method to detect the lesions, but MRI is necessary in order to properly differentiate and classify the grade of damage. These noninvasive radiological diagnostic tools can be further developed to play an important role in forensic examinations, in particular when it comes to evaluating living trauma victims.

Post-Depositional Movement of Methanesulphonic Acid at Law Dome, Antarctica, and the Influence of Accumulation Rate

A series of ice cores from sites with different snow-accumulation rates across Law Dome, East Antarctica, was investigated for methanesulphonic acid (MSA) movement. The precipitation at these sites (up to 35 km apart) is influenced by the same air masses, the principal difference being the accumulation rate. At the low-accumulation-rate W20k site (0.17 in ice equivalent), MSA was completely relocated from the summer to winter layer. Moderate movement was observed at the intermediate-accumulation-rate site (0.7 in ice equivalent), Dome Summit South (DSS), while there was no evidence of movement at the high-accumulation-rate DE08 site (1.4 in ice equivalent). The main DSS record of MSA covered the epoch AD 1727-2000 and was used to investigate temporal post-depositional changes. Co-deposition of MSA and sea-salt ions was observed of the surface layers, outside of the main summer MSA peak, which complicates interpretation of these peaks as evidence of movement in deeper layers. A seasonal study of the 273 year DSS record revealed MSA migration predominantly from summer into autumn (in the up-core direction), but this migration was suppressed during the Tambora (1815) and unknown (1809) volcanic eruption period, and enhanced during an epoch (1770-1800) with high summer nitrate levels. A complex interaction between the gradients in nss-sulphate, nitrate and sea salts (which are influenced by accumulation rate) is believed to control the rate and extent of movement of MSA.

Fatty acids and intact polar lipids of laminated microbial sediments from St. Peter Ording, German Wadden Sea

Hidden for the untrained eye through a thin layer of sand, laminated microbial sediments occur in supratidal beaches along the North Sea coast. The inhabiting microbial communities organize themselves in response to vertical gradients of light, oxygen or sulfur compounds. We performed a fine-scale investigation on the vertical zonation of the microbial communities using a lipid biomarker approach, and assessed the biogeochemical processes using a combination of microsensor measurements and a 13C-labeling experiment. Lipid biomarker fingerprinting showed the overarching importance of cyanobacteria and diatoms in these systems, and heterocyst glycolipids revealed the presence of diazotrophic cyanobacteria even in 9 to 20 mm depth. High abundance of ornithine lipids (OL) throughout the system may derive from sulfate reducing bacteria, while a characteristic OL profile between 5 and 8 mm may indicate presence of purple non-sulfur bacteria. The fate of 13C-labeled bicarbonate was followed by experimentally investigating the uptake into microbial lipids, revealing an overarching importance of cyanobacteria for carbon fixation. However, in deeper layers, uptake into purple sulfur bacteria was evident, and a close microbial coupling could be shown by uptake of label into lipids of sulfate reducing bacteria in the deepest layer. Microsensor measurements in sediment cores collected at a later time point revealed the same general pattern as the biomarker analysis and the labeling experiments. Oxygen and pH-microsensor profiles showed active photosynthesis in the top layer. The sulfide that diffuses from deeper down and decreases just below the layer of active oxygenic photosynthesis indicates the presence of sulfur bacteria, like anoxygenic phototrophs that use sulfide instead of water for photosynthesis.

Rendimiento de aceite de colza cultivada bajo riego : Mendoza (Argentina)

En el 2010 será obligatorio cortar en un 5% los combustibles de origen fósil (gasoil y naftas) con biocombustibles (biodiesel y bioetanol). La principal materia prima para elaborar biodiesel son los aceites vegetales. Cada región tiene ventajas comparativas para producir alguna oleaginosa. En Cuyo, una de las limitantes para la producción agrícola es la disponibilidad de agua, fundamentalmente en verano, cuando demandan este recurso los cultivos tradicionales de la región. En este contexto, se estudió el rendimiento del cultivo de colza, oleaginosa de ciclo invernal, en el oasis Norte de la región de Cuyo, con el objetivo de valorar su aptitud para proveer aceite. Se probaron tres cultivares en tres fechas de siembra (abril, mayo y junio), durante los ciclos 2005 y 2006. Las siembras de abril y mayo rindieron más que la de junio y estuvieron asociadas a mayor duración de ciclo del cultivo. No hubo diferencias de porcentaje de aceite de las semillas entre tratamientos, que osciló entre el 48 y 49%. El rendimiento de aceite por ha superó los 1500 kg en las siembras de abril y mayo y estuvo algo por debajo en las de junio.

Riego por goteo en Mendoza, Argentina : : evaluación de la uniformidad del riego y del incremento de salinidad, sodicidad e iones cloruro en el suelo

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto evaluar la uniformidad del riego por goteo en las zonas de regadío de las cuencas de los ríos Mendoza y Tunuyán (zonas Alta y Baja), de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. Las evaluaciones -en 17 propiedades- permitieron determinar: coeficientes de uniformidad, salinidad del agua de riego y del suelo en cabeza, medio y pie de la subunidad de riego, y en el bulbo húmedo e interfilar en dos estratos del perfil del suelo (0,10‑0,30 m y 0,30-0,50 m). Se determinó, además, la textura del suelo y su posible relación con los niveles de salinidad de la rizósfera. Se estimó que el 18% de las subunidades de riego evaluadas presentan un coeficiente de uniformidad por debajo del rango recomendable y que en el 94% de las propiedades existen diferencias significativas entre caudales medios registrados entre subunidades y entre sectores de operación de riego. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la salinidad del extracto de saturación, en la sodicidad y en la concentración del anión cloruro, al comparar el suelo extraído del bulbo de mojado respecto del interfilar. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas de esas variables en las distintas profundidades de suelo analizadas. El aumento de la salinidad resultó en función del lugar de muestreo (bulbo o interfilar), la calidad del agua de riego y la textura del suelo. La variación de sodicidad, en cambio, dependió del lugar de muestreo (bulbo o interfilar) y del contenido de bicarbonatos en el suelo. Los resultados indican la importancia de realizar evaluaciones rutinarias del comportamiento de los sistemas de riego en términos de uniformidad y salinización inducida.

Organic geochemistry of ODP Sites 128-798 and 128-799

Miocene to Quaternary sediments from the Oki Ridge (Site 798) and the Kita-Yamato Trough (Site 799) in the Japan Sea contain organic carbon ranging from about 0.6% in light-colored layers to almost 6% in dark layers. The organic matter consists of a variable mixture of marine and terrigenous contributions, the ratio of which is not correlated to the total organic carbon content. Marine organic particles clearly dominate in the deeper section of Hole 799B. The extractable bitumen is strongly dominated by long-chain alkenones from microalgae in the shallower sediments, whereas bishomohopanoic acid (C32) of eubacterial origin is the single most abundant compound in deeper samples. Normal alkanes and straight-chain carboxylic acids, both of which show a bimodal distribution with odd and even carbon-number predominance, respectively, are two other groups of compounds which are important constituents of the extracts. The deepest samples at Site 799 contain a considerable amount of short-chain components, which probably migrated upward from thermally more altered deeper sediments.

(Table 1) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility parameters of ODP Hole 134-833B

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 832 and 833 were drilled in the intra-arc North Aoba Basin of the New Hebrides Island Arc (Vanuatu). High volcanic influxes in the intra-arc basin sediment resulting from erosion of volcanic rocks from nearby islands and from volcanic activity are associated with characteristic magnetic signals. The high magnetic susceptibility in the sediment (varying on average from 0.005 to more than 0.03 SI) is one of the most characteristic physical properties of this sedimentary depositional environment because of the high concentration of magnetites in redeposited ash flows and in coarse-grained turbidites. Susceptibility data correlate well with the high resolution electrical resistivity logs recorded by the formation microscanner (FMS) tool. Unlike the standard geophysical logs, which have low vertical resolution and therefore smooth the record of the sedimentary process, the FMS and whole-core susceptibility data provide a clearer picture of turbiditic sediment deposition. Measurements of Curie temperatures and low-temperature susceptibility behavior indicate that the principal magnetic minerals in ash beds, silt, and volcanic sandstone are Ti-poor titanomagnetite, whereas Ti-rich titanomagnetites are found in the intrusive sills at the bottom of Site 833. Apart from an increase in the concentration of magnetite in the sandstone layer, acquisition of isothermal and anhysteretic remanences does not show significant differences between sandstone and clayey silts. The determination of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in more than 400 samples show that clayey siltstone have a magnetic anisotropy up to 15%, whereas the AMS is much reduced in sandstone layers. The magnetic susceptibility fabric is dominated by the foliation plane, which is coplanar to the bedding plane. Reorientations of the samples using characteristic remanent magnetizations indicate that the bedding planes dip about 10° toward the east, in agreement with results from FMS images. Basaltic sills drilled at Site 833 have high magnetic susceptibilities (0.05 to 0.1 SI) and strong remanent magnetizations. Magnetic field anomalies up to 50 µT were measured in the sills by the general purpose inclinometer tool (GPIT). The direction of the in-situ magnetic anomaly vectors, calculated from the GPIT, is oriented toward the southeast with shallow inclinations which suggests that the sill intruded during a reversed polarity period.

Organic facies and hydrocarbon potential at DSDP Leg 64 Holes

The sediments from the Gulf of California are potentially good sources for oil and gas. They are rich in organic carbon (av. = 1.9%). Sediments from the margins of the Gulf are rich in oil-prone marine-amorphous organic matter. Sediments from Guaymas Basin contain the same material plus abundant subordinate amounts of gas-prone terrestrially derived organic matter. The enrichment of all of these sediments in marine-amorphous components reflects deposition in a highly productive and oxygen-poor water mass. The sediments are thermally immature, except for those altered by hydrothermal activity or by the intrusion of sills. These sediments are extensively cooked and may have lost their potential for hydrocarbon generation.

Composition of ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans

A collection of layered ferromanganese ores (27 samples) from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was studied. Trace element and PGE contents were determined layer-by-layer (up to 10 microlayers) in 13 of these samples. The trace, rare earth, and platinum group element distributions, including their layer-to-layer variations, were compared in hydrogenic and hydrothermal crusts from different regions. It was found that the main PGE variations (by a factor of 10-50) are related to their layer-to-layer variations within a given ore field. The distributions of PGE and trace elements are strongly heterogeneous, which is related, first, to different contents of the elements in the layers of different age in ferromanganese crusts (FMC) and, second, to the observed regional heterogeneity and influence of hydrothermal fluids. Geochemical data indicate that CFC formation was mainly caused by the hydrochemical precipitation of material from seawater. This process was accompanied by diagenetic phenomena, water-rock interaction, and influence of volcanic and hydrothermal sources.

Estado, política y petróleo : La historia política neuquina y el rol del petróleo en el modelo de provincia, 1958-1990

Nuestro objetivo no es concretar un estudio técnico-económico sobre el petróleo en Neuquén, ni tampoco la historia de las actividades productivas y/o energéticas de la provincia; en rigor, el intento se centra en debatir y aportar reflexiones sobre la definición energética de la provincia - proceso lento pero consistente - que se inicia desde que reviste el status de territorio nacional, desmitificando presupuestos vinculados al impacto del desarrollismo en materia petrolífera, sin que ello implique desconocer la incidencia de esa política nacional en el rubro.

Estado, política y petróleo : La historia política neuquina y el rol del petróleo en el modelo de provincia, 1958-1990

Nuestro objetivo no es concretar un estudio técnico-económico sobre el petróleo en Neuquén, ni tampoco la historia de las actividades productivas y/o energéticas de la provincia; en rigor, el intento se centra en debatir y aportar reflexiones sobre la definición energética de la provincia - proceso lento pero consistente - que se inicia desde que reviste el status de territorio nacional, desmitificando presupuestos vinculados al impacto del desarrollismo en materia petrolífera, sin que ello implique desconocer la incidencia de esa política nacional en el rubro.

Chemistry and accumulation rates of Jurassic to early Cretaceous sediments from the central equatorial Pacific

Sedimentation in the central Pacific during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous was dominated by abundant biogenic silica. A synthesis of the stratigraphy, lithology, petrology, and geochemistry of the radiolarites in Sites 801 and 800 documents the sedimentation processes and trends in the equatorial central Pacific from the Middle Jurassic through the Early Cretaceous. Paleolatitude and paleodepth reconstructions enable comparisons with previous DSDP sites and identification of the general patterns of sedimentation over a wide region of the Pacific. Clayey radiolarites dominated sedimentation on Pacific oceanic crust within tropical paleolatitudes from at least the latest Bathonian through Tithonian. Radiolarian productivity rose to a peak within 5° of the paleoequator, where accumulation rates of biogenic silica exceeded 1000 g/cm**2/m.y. Wavy-bedded radiolarian cherts developed in the upper Tithonian at Site 801 coinciding with the proximity of this site to the paleoequator. Ribbon-bedding of some radiolarian cherts exposed on Pacific margins may have formed from silicification of radiolarite deposited near the equatorial high-productivity zone where radiolarian/clay ratios were high. Silicification processes in sediments extensively mixed by bioturbation or enriched in clay or carbonate generally resulted in discontinuous bands or nodules of porcellanite or chert, e.g., a "knobby" radiolarite. Ribbon-bedded cherts require primary alternations of radiolarian-rich and clay-rich layers as an initial structural template, coupled with abundant biogenic silica in both layers. During diagenesis, migration of silica from clay-rich layers leaves radiolarian "ghosts" or voids, and the precipitation in adjacent radiolarite layers results in silicification of the inter-radiolarian matrix and infilling of radiolarian tests. Alternations of claystone and clay-rich radiolarian grainstone were deposited during the Callovian at Site 801 and during the Berriasian-Valanginian at Site 800, but did not silicify to form bedded chert. Carbonate was not preserved on the Pacific oceanic floor or spreading ridges during the Jurassic, perhaps due to an elevated level of dissolved carbon dioxide. During the Berriasian through Hauterivian, the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) descended to approximately 3500 m, permitting the accumulation of siliceous limestones at near-ridge sites. Carbonate accumulation rates exceeded 1500 g/cm**2/m.y. at sites above the CCD, yet there is no evidence of an equatorial carbonate bulge during the Early Cretaceous. In the Barremian and Aptian, the CCD rose, coincident with the onset of mid-plate volcanic activity. Abundance of Fe and Mn and the associated formation of authigenic Fe-smectite clays was a function of proximity to the spreading ridges, with secondary enrichments occurring during episodes of spreading-center reorganizations. Callovian radiolarite at Site 801 is anomalously depleted in Mn, which resulted either from inhibited precipitation of Mn-oxides by lower pH of interstitial waters induced by high dissolved oceanic CO2 levels or from diagenetic mobilization of Mn. Influx of terrigenous (eolian) clay apparently changed with paleolatitude and geological age. Cyclic variations in productivity of radiolarians and of nannofossils and in the influx of terrigenous clay are attributed to Milankovitch climatic cycles of precession (20,000 yr) and eccentricity (100,000 yr). Diagenetic redistribution of biogenic silica and carbonate enhanced the expression of this cyclic sedimentation. Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments were deposited under oxygenated bottom-water conditions at all depths, accompanied by bioturbation and pervasive oxidation of organic carbon and metals. Despite the more "equable" climate conditions of the Mesozoic, the super-ocean of the Pacific experienced adequate deep-water circulation to prevent stagnation. Efficient nutrient recycling may have been a factor in the abundance of radiolarians in this ocean basin.

Fatty acids, alcohols and hydrocarbons of microbial mats from Lake 2A on Kiritimati Island

Modern microbial mats are widely recognized as useful analogs for the study of biogeochemical processes relevant to paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Precambrian. We combined microscopic observations and investigations of biomarker composition to investigate community structure and function in the upper layers of a thick phototrophic microbial mat system from a hypersaline lake on Kiritimati (Christmas Island) in the Northern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati. In particular, an exploratory incubation experiment with 13C-labeled bicarbonate was conducted to pinpoint biomarkers from organisms actively fixing carbon. A high relative abundance of the cyanobacterial taxa Aphanocapsa and Aphanothece was revealed by microscopic observation, and cyanobacterial fatty acids and hydrocarbons showed 13C-uptake in the labeling experiment. Microscopic observations also revealed purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) in the deeper layers. A cyclic C19:0 fatty acid and farnesol were attributed to this group that was also actively fixing carbon. Background isotopic values indicate Calvin-Benson cycle-based autotrophy for cycC19:0 and farnesol-producing PSBs. Biomarkers from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the top layer of the mat and their 13C-uptake patterns indicated a close coupling between SRBs and cyanobacteria. Archaeol, possibly from methanogens, was detected in all layers and was especially abundant near the surface where it contained substantial amounts of 13C-label. Intact glycosidic tetraether lipids detected in the deepest layer indicated other archaea. Large amounts of ornithine and betaine bearing intact polar lipids could be an indicator of a phosphate-limited ecosystem, where organisms that are able to substitute these for phospholipids may have a competitive advantage.