Back to (non)-Basics: Recent developments in neutral and charge-balanced glycosidase inhibitors

Certain glycosidase inhibitors possess potent antiviral, antitumour and antidiabetic properties. Glyconic acid lactones, the earliest glycosidase inhibitors identified, have planar anomeric carbons that mimic the transition state of glycoside hydrolysis. Other classes include lactams, glycals, epoxides, halides and sulfonium ions, the latter based on the natural product salacinol from an antidiabetic herb.

A coupled knowledge-based expert system for design of liquid-retaining structures

This paper describes a coupled knowledge-based system (KBS) for the design of liquid-retaining structures, which can handle both the symbolic knowledge processing based on engineering heuristics in the preliminary synthesis stage and the extensive numerical crunching involved in the detailed analysis stage. The prototype system is developed by employing blackboard architecture and a commercial shell VISUAL RULE STUDIO. Its present scope covers design of three types of liquid-retaining structures, namely, a rectangular shape with one compartment, a rectangular shape with two compartments and a circular shape. Through custom-built interactive graphical user interfaces, the user is directed throughout the design process, which includes preliminary design, load specification, model generation, finite element analysis, code compliance checking and member sizing optimization. It is also integrated with various relational databases that provide the system with sectional properties, moment and shear coefficients and final member details. This system can act as a consultant to assist novice designers in the design of liquid-retaining structures with increase in efficiency and optimization of design output and automated record keeping. The design of a typical example of the liquid-retaining structure is also illustrated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

In situ characterization of stickiness of sugar-rich foods using a linear actuator driven stickiness testing device

A stickiness testing device based on the probe tack test has been designed and tested. It was used to perform in situ characterization of drying hemispherical drops with an initial radius 3.5 mm. Tests were carried out in two drying temperatures, 63 and 95 degreesC. Moisture and temperature histories of the drying drops of fructose, honey, sucrose, maltodextrin and sucrose-maltodextrin mixtures were determined. The rates of moisture evaporation of the fructose solution was the fastest while those of the maltodextrin solution was the lowest. A profile reversal was observed when the temperature profiles of these materials were compared. Different modes of failure were observed during the stickiness tests. Pure fructose and honey solutions remained completely sticky and failed cohesively until the end of drying. Pure sucrose solution remained sticky and failed cohesively until complete crystallization occurred. The surface of the maltodextrin drops formed a skin shortly after the start of drying. It exhibited adhesive failure and reached a state of non-adhesion. Addition of maltodextrin significantly altered the stickiness of sucrose solution. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cytotoxic iron chelators: Characterization of the structure, solution chemistry and redox activity of ligands and iron complexes of the di-2-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPKIH) analogues

Di-2-pyridyl ketone isonicotinoyl hydrazone (HPKIH) and a range of its analogues comprise a series of monobasic acids that are capable of binding iron (Fe) as tridentate (N,N,O) ligands. Recently, we have shown that these chelators are highly cytotoxic, but show selective activity against cancer cells. Particularly interesting was the fact that cytotoxicity of the HPKIH analogues is maintained even after complexation with Fe. To understand the potent anti-tumor activity of these compounds, we have fully characterized their chemical properties. This included examination of the solution chemistry and X-ray crystal structures of both the ligands and Fe complexes from this class and the ability of these complexes to mediate redox reactions. Potentiometric titrations demonstrated that all chelators are present predominantly in their charge-neutral form at physiological pH (7.4), allowing access across biological membranes. Keto-enol tautomerism of the ligands was identified, with the tautomers exhibiting distinctly different protonation constants. Interestingly, the chelators form low-spin (diamagnetic) divalent Fe complexes in solution. The chelators form distorted octahedral complexes with Fe-II, with two tridentate ligands arranged in a meridional fashion. Electrochemistry of the Fe complexes in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions revealed that the complexes are oxidized to their ferric form at relatively high potentials, but this oxidation is coupled to a rapid reaction with water to form a hydrated (carbinolamine) derivative, leading to irreversible electrochemistry. The Fe complexes of the HPKIH analogues caused marked DNA degradation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This observation confirms that Fe complexes from the HPKIH series mediate Fenton chemistry and do not repel DNA. Collectively, studies on the solution chemistry and structure of these HPKIH analogues indicate that they can bind cellular Fe and enhance its redox activity, resulting in oxidative damage to vital biomolecules.

Pensando o currículo com as crianças: ou sobre aprendizagens inventivas na educação infantil

Ninguém consegue sair ileso de um encontro com o currículo e com a escola, principalmente diante de relações tão assimétricas de poder que não valorizam o que as crianças têm a dizer. Quantas narrativas curriculares sobre as crianças? Quantas narrativas curriculares com as crianças? As narrativas e as fotografias se seguirão nesta pesquisa, porque com elas nos colocamos a pensar nos processos de criação curricular, explorando novas sensibilidades, novas maneiras de ver e falar, a partir das redes de sentidos, forjadas nos contextos vividos, imaginados ou pensados, dentrofora da escola. Também incluímos a forma como as crianças se relacionam com as práticas pedagógicas dos professores e do modo como se relacionam com a escola. Nessa perspectiva, interessa-nos pensar em como os usos (CERTEAU, 1994) da imagem fotográfica são capazes de afetar (e até transformar) as práticas curriculares, traçando algo da potência da/na imagem fotográfica em sua função fabuladora por meio das oficinas de fotografias realizadas com as crianças em virtude da pesquisa. A fotografia se torna potente como um recurso para provocar a invenção tessitura de outros sentidos em currículo não porque em sua materialidade ela está repleta de sentidos de currículo à priori, mas porque pode ou não, ao ser usada (CERTEAU, 1994), ao ser vista pelas crianças, agenciar outros possíveis para o currículo. Assim, o foco da discussão não é a fotografia em si nem a criança em si, ou seja, não há protagonismo nem da criança nem da fotografia. O foco está nas relações, naquilo que nos passa, isto é, na experiência estética (LARROSA, 2004b) que ocorre ao entrarmos em contato, ao vermos, ao compormos com as fotografias! Nesse sentido, pensamos as oficinas de fotografias como um dispositivo de criação e produção de acontecimentos em currículo, considerando-as máquinas de fazer “ver e falar”, o que as justifica como uma estratégia narrativa capaz de produzir acontecimentos na imagem e no mundo. Que sentidos de currículo são produzidos em multiplicidades? Pelas minoridades pretendemos movimentar nosso pensamento: que quer pensar um currículo como fabulação sem dizer o que ele é, mas no que ele vai se transformando com a chegada das crianças. No encontro das imagens com as palavras, em que o currículo vai se transformando? Sob a mesma superfície chamada currículo em extensão com as crianças, co-habitantes, encontrar os modos de olhar esse currículo e de dizê-lo por meio das fotografias, das narrativas, dos cartazes, dos desenhos, das poesias... As conversas com as crianças provocam o real, colocam em desequilíbrio algumas ideias feitas em educação, exigindo reordenações e invenções de outros pensamentos para a educação. É dessa criação de efeitos impensáveis que surge a invenção de currículos possíveis. Aprender a olhar mais (até cansar!) aquilo que não percebemos no dia a dia tem uma dimensão política muito importante; por meio desse gesto (que aprendemos com as crianças) podemos criar um novo pensamento político em educação. A partir daquilo que nos dá a ver, as crianças vão inaugurar sentidos impertinentes, desestabilizadores daquilo que chamamos de currículo e escola. O desafio consiste em falar da força contida na imagem fotográfica sem vontade de interpretá-la ou descrevê-la, mas escrever e pensar pelas fotografias num movimento de criação de sentidos e acontecer por elas.

“Somos ensinados a pensar em sexo”: Representações Sociais de Masculinidades e de Amor em Travestis Homens Gays e Homens Heterossexuais

Estudos realizados no campo das masculinidades mostraram que a adesão e identificação de determinados grupos a um conjunto de regras e comportamentos que definem o ser homem implicava em adoecimento e submissão a um regime que supostamente lhes oferece vantagens e poder. Compreender como diferentes grupos constituem-se em relação à divisão social sexual torna-se relevante principalmente se considerarmos sujeitos que fogem ao padrão que define modos de ser homem e ser mulher. Esta tese objetivou investigar as representações sociais de masculinidades e de amor de sujeitos com identidades de gênero e orientações sexuais diversas, especificamente: identificar e analisar representações sociais de masculinidade e amor de travestis, homens gays e homens heterossexuais; apreender experiências de preconceito e discriminação vividas em função da identidade de gênero e orientações sexuais. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: entrevistas semiestruturadas com 21 travestis; aplicação de questionários com questões abertas e fechadas em 52 homens gays, 40 homens heterossexuais e 39 travestis. Os dados coletados na primeira etapa foram submetidos aos procedimentos da análise de conteúdo categorial temática. O tratamento dos dados coletados na segunda etapa foi realizado através do software ALCESTE. Os homens heterossexuais representam a masculinidade a partir de uma perspectiva evolutiva, ancorada no discurso biológico e científico que descarta as influências da cultura na constituição dos sexos e identidades de gênero. Nos homens gays encontramos aproximações das representações dos sujeitos ao modelo da masculinidade hegemônica fortemente identificada à imagem do homem heterossexual, bem como elementos que ora apresentam aproximações, ora distanciamentos desse padrão. As travestis também utilizam elementos da ideia de masculinidade hegemônica para construção desta representação, objetivando-a na construção do modelo do homem forte e viril, sobre o qual não se identificam mas direcionam seu desejo. Os três grupos representam o amor como elemento estranho à masculinidade, posto que este é objeto que pertence à feminilidade. O amor distancia-se da construção da representação social de masculinidade de homens heterossexuais, é elemento estranho e conflituoso às representações dos homens gays e valor que corresponde a uma ética para o grupo de travestis. Nesse contexto, as experiências de preconceito e discriminação pouco modificam a elaboração das representações de heterossexuais; influenciam fortemente a construção da imagem de homem e mulher por onde homens gays e travestis alimentam suas identificações. Concluímos apostando na defesa da emergência de práticas e identidades sexo-diversas como artifícios potentes à desestabilização do padrão da dominação masculina para determinação de sexos e identidades.

Sensor-driven agenda for intelligent home care of the elderly

The exponential increase of home-bound persons who live alone and are in need of continuous monitoring requires new solutions to current problems. Most of these cases present illnesses such as motor or psychological disabilities that deprive of a normal living. Common events such as forgetfulness or falls are quite common and have to be prevented or dealt with. This paper introduces a platform to guide and assist these persons (mostly elderly people) by providing multisensory monitoring and intelligent assistance. The platform operates at three levels. The lower level, denominated ‘‘Data acquisition and processing’’performs the usual tasks of a monitoring system, collecting and processing data from the sensors for the purpose of detecting and tracking humans. The aim is to identify their activities in an intermediate level called ‘‘activity detection’’. The upper level, ‘‘Scheduling and decision-making’’, consists of a scheduler which provides warnings, schedules events in an intelligent manner and serves as an interface to the rest of the platform. The idea is to use mobile and static sensors performing constant monitoring of the user and his/her environment, providing a safe environment and an immediate response to severe problems. A case study on elderly fall detection in a nursery home bedroom demonstrates the usefulness of the proposal.

Active Assistance for Senior Healthcare: A Wearable System for Fall Detection

Elders lose independence and wellbeing, accompanied by decreased functions in terms of hearing, vision, strength and coordination abilities. These factors contribute to balance difficulties that eventually lead to falls. The injuries due to falls, at this age, are risky, since most of the times may cause a significant – and permanent – decrease of quality of life or, in extreme cases, death. In this context, a fall detection system can bring an added value to assist elderly people.This paper describes a system consisting of a wearable sensor unit, a smartphone and a website. When the sensor detects a fall it sends an alert using the smartphone via Bluetooth 4.0, to notify the family members or stakeholders. The sensor device includes an inertial unit, a barometer, and a temperature and humidity sensor. The website displays the log of previous falls and enables the configuration of emergency contact numbers. The proposed fall detection system is one of multiple components within a larger project under development that offers a holistic perspective on falls; the complete wearable solution will also feature, among others, physical protection (minimizing the impact of falls that occur).

Electro-mechanical properties of triblock copolymer styrene-butadiene-styrene / carbon nanotube composites for large deformation sensor applications

Thermoplastic elastomer/carbon nanotube composites are studied for sensor applications due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Piezoresisitive properties of tri-block copolymer styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)/ carbon nanotubes (CNT) prepared by solution casting have been investigated. Young modulus of the SBS/CNT composites increases with the amount of CNT filler content present in the samples, without losing the high strain deformation on the polymer matrix (~1500 %). Further, above the percolation threshold these materials are unique for the development of large deformation sensors due to the strong piezoresistive response. Piezoresistive properties evaluated by uniaxial stretching in tensile mode and 4-point bending showed a Gauge Factors up to 120. The excellent linearity obtained between strain and electrical resistance makes these composites interesting for large strain piezoresistive sensors applications.

Motivations to visit and image destination of Guimarães: differences between Portuguese and foreign tourists during 2012 Guimarães European Capital of Culture (ECOC)

Guimarães hosted the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) during the year of 2012. This study investigates the differences between Portuguese and foreign tourists regarding the main motivations to visit Guimarães and the retained perceived image of the destination. To achieve that purpose a survey was administered to 390 tourists that visited the city during the cultural event. The results show that tourists who visited Guimarães are relatively young, wealthy, employed and well educated. They are touring around the northern part of the country which includes an itinerary beginning in Porto, and extended to other important neighboring cities such as Braga or Viana do Castelo. The main motivations to visit the city, for both Portuguese and foreign tourists, are its historical heritage and the title of ECOC, the associated cultural events and celebrations that take place during 2012. However, these items were more valued by foreigners than Portuguese tourists. Using a factor analysis the tourists’ perceived attributes of Guimarães were described in four dimensions: “material heritage”, “intangible heritage”, “cultural performance”, and “sport and education”. Although foreigners and nationals perceived the tourism attributes of the city differently, the comparison of the mean scores of the four factors across Portuguese and foreigner tourists reveals that the most valued and least valued factors are common to both groups.

An image processing application for quantification of protein aggregates in Caenorhabditis elegans

Protein aggregation became a widely accepted marker of many polyQ disorders, including Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), and is often used as readout for disease progression and development of therapeutic strategies. The lack of good platforms to rapidly quantify protein aggregates in a wide range of disease animal models prompted us to generate a novel image processing application that automatically identifies and quantifies the aggregates in a standardized and operator-independent manner. We propose here a novel image processing tool to quantify the protein aggregates in a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of MJD. Confocal mi-croscopy images were obtained from animals of different genetic conditions. The image processing application was developed using MeVisLab as a platform to pro-cess, analyse and visualize the images obtained from those animals. All segmenta-tion algorithms were based on intensity pixel levels.The quantification of area or numbers of aggregates per total body area, as well as the number of aggregates per animal were shown to be reliable and reproducible measures of protein aggrega-tion in C. elegans. The results obtained were consistent with the levels of aggrega-tion observed in the images. In conclusion, this novel imaging processing applica-tion allows the non-biased, reliable and high throughput quantification of protein aggregates in a C. elegans model of MJD, which may contribute to a significant improvement on the prognosis of treatment effectiveness for this group of disor-ders

Color Models and Illumination Changes

Color model representation allows characterizing in a quantitative manner, any defined color spectrum of visible light, i.e. with a wavelength between 400nm and 700nm. To accomplish that, each model, or color space, is associated with a function that allows mapping the spectral power distribution of the visible electromagnetic radiation, in a space defined by a set of discrete values that quantify the color components composing the model. Some color spaces are sensitive to changes in lighting conditions. Others assure the preservation of certain chromatic features, remaining immune to these changes. Therefore, it becomes necessary to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each model in order to justify the adoption of color spaces in image processing and analysis techniques. This chapter will address the topic of digital imaging, main standards and formats. Next we will set the mathematical model of the image acquisition sensor response, which enables assessment of the various color spaces, with the aim of determining their invariance to illumination changes.

Evapotranspiração real diária em sub-bacias do Paracatu, utilizando produtos do sensor Modis

A evapotranspiração define a perda total de água do sistema solo-planta para a atmosfera. Nas áreas agrícolas, particularmente onde se pratica algum tipo de irrigação, a determinação da evapotranspiração, por via de sensoriamento remoto, vem ganhando cada vez mais importância, pois possibilita identificar a eficiência com que a água tem sido utilizada. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de determinar a evapotranspiração real diária (ETr diária), com a utilização de produtos do sensor MODIS, nas sub-bacias do Ribeirão Entre Ribeiros e Rio Preto, que ficam entre os Estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais. O SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) foi utilizado para a obtenção da ETr diária em quatro dias diferentes, no período de julho a outubro de 2007. Os resultados encontrados foram compatíveis com os citados em outras literaturas e a comparação entre a evapotranspiração, obtida pelo SEBAL, e a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) demonstraram que esse algoritmo pode ser utilizado como boa opção para determinar, com a utilização de produtos do sensor MODIS, a evapotranspiração diária nas condições das sub-bacias do ribeirão Entre Ribeiros e rio Preto.

Automated image analysis of lung branching morphogenesis from microscopic images of fetal rat explants

Background: Regulating mechanisms of branching morphogenesis of fetal lung rat explants have been an essential tool for molecular research. This work presents a new methodology to accurately quantify the epithelial, outer contour and peripheral airway buds of lung explants during cellular development from microscopic images. Methods: The outer contour was defined using an adaptive and multi-scale threshold algorithm whose level was automatically calculated based on an entropy maximization criterion. The inner lung epithelial was defined by a clustering procedure that groups small image regions according to the minimum description length principle and local statistical properties. Finally, the number of peripheral buds were counted as the skeleton branched ends from a skeletonized image of the lung inner epithelial. Results: The time for lung branching morphometric analysis was reduced in 98% in contrast to the manual method. Best results were obtained in the first two days of cellular development, with lesser standard deviations. Non-significant differences were found between the automatic and manual results in all culture days. Conclusions: The proposed method introduces a series of advantages related to its intuitive use and accuracy, making the technique suitable to images with different lightning characteristics and allowing a reliable comparison between different researchers.

Remote Patient Monitoring Based on ZigBee: Lessons from a Real-World Deployment

AIM: This work presents detailed experimental performance results from tests executed in the hospital environment for Health Monitoring for All (HM4All), a remote vital signs monitoring system based on a ZigBee® (ZigBee Alliance, San Ramon, CA) body sensor network (BSN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tests involved the use of six electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors operating in two different modes: the ECG mode involved the transmission of ECG waveform data and heart rate (HR) values to the ZigBee coordinator, whereas the HR mode included only the transmission of HR values. In the absence of hidden nodes, a non-beacon-enabled star network composed of sensing devices working on ECG mode kept the delivery ratio (DR) at 100%. RESULTS: When the network topology was changed to a 2-hop tree, the performance degraded slightly, resulting in an average DR of 98.56%. Although these performance outcomes may seem satisfactory, further investigation demonstrated that individual sensing devices went through transitory periods with low DR. Other tests have shown that ZigBee BSNs are highly susceptible to collisions owing to hidden nodes. Nevertheless, these tests have also shown that these networks can achieve high reliability if the amount of traffic is kept low. Contrary to what is typically shown in scientific articles and in manufacturers' documentation, the test outcomes presented in this article include temporal graphs of the DR achieved by each wireless sensor device. CONCLUSIONS: The test procedure and the approach used to represent its outcomes, which allow the identification of undesirable transitory periods of low reliability due to contention between devices, constitute the main contribution of this work.