Multi-Area Visuotopic Map Complexes in Macaque Striate and Extra-striate Cortex

We propose that a simple, closed-form mathematical expression--the Wedge-Dipole mapping--provides a concise approximation to the full-field, two-dimensional topographic structure of macaque V1, V2, and V3. A single map function, which we term a map complex, acts as a simultaneous descriptor of all three areas. Quantitative estimation of the Wedge-Dipole parameters is provided via 2DG data of central-field V1 topography and a publicly available data set of full-field macaque V1 and V2 topography. Good quantitative agreement is obtained between the data and the model presented here. The increasing importance of fMRI-based brain imaging motivates the development of more sophisticated two-dimensional models of cortical visuotopy, in contrast to the one-dimensional approximations that have been in common use. One reason is that topography has traditionally supplied an important aspect of "ground truth", or validation, for brain imaging, suggesting that further development of high-resolution fMRI will be facilitated by this data analysis. In addition, several important insights into the nature of cortical topography follows from this work. The presence of anisotropy in cortical magnification factor is shown to follow mathematically from the shared boundary conditions at the V1-V2 and V2-V3 borders, and therefore may not causally follow from the existence of columnar systems in these areas, as is widely assumed. An application of the Wedge-Dipole model to localizing aspects of visual processing to specific cortical areas--extending previous work in correlating V1 cortical magnification factor to retinal anatomy or visual psychophysics data--is briefly discussed.

Addressing non-linear hardware limitations and extending network coverage area for power aware wireless sensor networks

Science Foundation Ireland (07/CE/11147); Irish Research Council for Science Engineering and Technology (Embark Initiative)

Phase estimation receiver for full-field detection: a novel receiver structure for electronic dispersion compensation of metropolitan area networks

The development of ultra high speed (~20 Gsamples/s) analogue to digital converters (ADCs), and the delayed deployment of 40 Gbit/s transmission due to the economic downturn, has stimulated the investigation of digital signal processing (DSP) techniques for compensation of optical transmission impairments. In the future, DSP will offer an entire suite of tools to compensate for optical impairments and facilitate the use of advanced modulation formats. Chromatic dispersion is a very significant impairment for high speed optical transmission. This thesis investigates a novel electronic method of dispersion compensation which allows for cost-effective accurate detection of the amplitude and phase of the optical field into the radio frequency domain. The first electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) schemes accessed only the amplitude information using square law detection and achieved an increase in transmission distances. This thesis presents a method by using a frequency sensitive filter to estimate the phase of the received optical field and, in conjunction with the amplitude information, the entire field can be digitised using ADCs. This allows DSP technologies to take the next step in optical communications without requiring complex coherent detection. This is of particular of interest in metropolitan area networks. The full-field receiver investigated requires only an additional asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer and balanced photodiode to achieve a 50% increase in EDC reach compared to amplitude only detection.

Farmers, agriculture and politics in the Irish Free State area, 1919-1936

Given the economic and social importance of agriculture in the early years of the Irish Free State, it is surprising that the development of organisations representing farmers has not received the attention it deserves from historians. While the issues of government agricultural policy and the land question have been extensively studied in the historiography, the autonomous response by farmers to agricultural policies and the detailed study of the farmers’ organisations has simply been ignored in spite of the existence of a range of relevant primary sources. Farmers’ organisations have only received cursory treatment in these studies; they have been presented as passive spectators, responding in a Pavlovian manner to outside events. The existing historiography has only studied farmers’ organisations during periods when they impinged on national politics, epecially during the War of Independence and the Economic War. Therefore chronological gaps exist which has led to much misinterpretation of farmers’ activities. This thesis will redress this imbalance by studying the formation and continuous development of farmers’ organisations within the twenty-six county area and the reaction of farmers to changing government agricultural policies, over the period 1919 to 1936. The period under review entailed many attempts by farmers to form representative organisations and encompassed differing policy regimes. The thesis will open in 1919, when the first national organisation representing farmers, the Irish Farmers’ Union, was formed. In 1922, the union established the Farmers’ Party. By the mid- 1920’s, a number of protectionist agricultural associations had been formed. While the Farmers’ Party was eventually absorbed by Cumann na nGaedheal, local associations of independent farmers occupied the resultant vacuum and contested the 1932 election. These organisations formed the nucleus of a new national organisation; the National Farmers’ and Ratepayers’ League. The agricultural crisis caused by both the Great Depression and the Economic War facilitated the expansion of the league. The league formed a political party, the Centre Party, to contest the 1933 election. While the Centre Party was absorbed by the newly-formed Fine Gael, activists from the former farmer organisations led the campaign against the payment of annuities and rates. Many of them continued this campaign after 1934, when the Fine Gael leadership opposed the violent resistance to the collection of annuities. New farmer organisations were formed to co-ordinate this campaign which continued until 1936, the closing point of the thesis.

Highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection platforms formed by large area self-assembled Au nanorod arrays

This thesis explores a new method to fabricate SERS detection platforms formed by large area self-assembled Au nanorod arrays. For the fabrication of these new SERS platforms a new droplet deposition method for the self-assembly of Au nanorods was developed. The method, based in the controlled evaporation of organic suspensions of Au nanorods, was used for the fabrication of horizontal and vertical arrays of Au nanorods over large areas (100μm2). The fabricated nanorods arrays showed a high degree of order measured by SEM and optical microscopy over mm2 areas, but unfortunately they detached from the support when immersed in any analyte solutions. In order to improve adhesion of arrays to the support and clean off residual organic matter, we introduced an additional stamping process. The stamping process allows the immobilization of the arrays on different flexible and rigid substrates, whose feasibility as SERS platforms were tested satisfactory with the model molecule 4ABT. Following the feasibility study, the substrates were used for the detection of the food contaminant Crystal Violet and the drug analogue Benzocaine as examples of recognition of health menaces in real field applications.

Large-area nanopatterning of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates by interferometric lithography.

We demonstrate that interferometric lithography provides a fast, simple approach to the production of patterns in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with high resolution over square centimeter areas. As a proof of principle, two-beam interference patterns, formed using light from a frequency-doubled argon ion laser (244 nm), were used to pattern methyl-terminated SAMs on gold, facilitating the introduction of hydroxyl-terminated adsorbates and yielding patterns of surface free energy with a pitch of ca. 200 nm. The photopatterning of SAMs on Pd has been demonstrated for the first time, with interferometric exposure yielding patterns of surface free energy with similar features sizes to those obtained on gold. Gold nanostructures were formed by exposing SAMs to UV interference patterns and then immersing the samples in an ethanolic solution of mercaptoethylamine, which etched the metal substrate in exposed areas while unoxidized thiols acted as a resist and protected the metal from dissolution. Macroscopically extended gold nanowires were fabricated using single exposures and arrays of 66 nm gold dots at 180 nm centers were formed using orthogonal exposures in a fast, simple process. Exposure of oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated SAMs to UV light caused photodegradation of the protein-resistant tail groups in a substrate-independent process. In contrast to many protein patterning methods, which utilize multiple steps to control surface binding, this single step process introduced aldehyde functional groups to the SAM surface at exposures as low as 0.3 J cm(-2), significantly less than the exposure required for oxidation of the thiol headgroup. Although interferometric methods rely upon a continuous gradient of exposure, it was possible to fabricate well-defined protein nanostructures by the introduction of aldehyde groups and removal of protein resistance in nanoscopic regions. Macroscopically extended, nanostructured assemblies of streptavidin were formed. Retention of functionality in the patterned materials was demonstrated by binding of biotinylated proteins.

Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products

Long term, high quality estimates of burned area are needed for improving both prognostic and diagnostic fire emissions models and for assessing feedbacks between fire and the climate system. We developed global, monthly burned area estimates aggregated to 0.5° spatial resolution for the time period July 1996 through mid-2009 using four satellite data sets. From 2001ĝ€ "2009, our primary data source was 500-m burned area maps produced using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance imagery; more than 90% of the global area burned during this time period was mapped in this fashion. During times when the 500-m MODIS data were not available, we used a combination of local regression and regional regression trees developed over periods when burned area and Terra MODIS active fire data were available to indirectly estimate burned area. Cross-calibration with fire observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) allowed the data set to be extended prior to the MODIS era. With our data set we estimated that the global annual area burned for the years 1997ĝ€ "2008 varied between 330 and 431 Mha, with the maximum occurring in 1998. We compared our data set to the recent GFED2, L3JRC, GLOBCARBON, and MODIS MCD45A1 global burned area products and found substantial differences in many regions. Lastly, we assessed the interannual variability and long-term trends in global burned area over the past 13 years. This burned area time series serves as the basis for the third version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED3) estimates of trace gas and aerosol emissions.

WHO guidelines for antimicrobial treatment in children admitted to hospital in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the performance of WHO's "Guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries" in an area of intense malaria transmission and identify bacterial infections in children with and without malaria. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: District hospital in Muheza, northeast Tanzania. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 2 months to 13 years admitted to hospital for febrile illness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity and specificity of WHO guidelines in diagnosing invasive bacterial disease; susceptibility of isolated organisms to recommended antimicrobials. RESULTS: Over one year, 3639 children were enrolled and 184 (5.1%) died; 2195 (60.3%) were blood slide positive for Plasmodium falciparum, 341 (9.4%) had invasive bacterial disease, and 142 (3.9%) were seropositive for HIV. The prevalence of invasive bacterial disease was lower in slide positive children (100/2195, 4.6%) than in slide negative children (241/1444, 16.7%). Non-typhi Salmonella was the most frequently isolated organism (52/100 (52%) of organisms in slide positive children and 108/241 (45%) in slide negative children). Mortality among children with invasive bacterial disease was significantly higher (58/341, 17%) than in children without invasive bacterial disease (126/3298, 3.8%) (P<0.001), and this was true regardless of the presence of P falciparum parasitaemia. The sensitivity and specificity of WHO criteria in identifying invasive bacterial disease in slide positive children were 60.0% (95% confidence interval 58.0% to 62.1%) and 53.5% (51.4% to 55.6%), compared with 70.5% (68.2% to 72.9%) and 48.1% (45.6% to 50.7%) in slide negative children. In children with WHO criteria for invasive bacterial disease, only 99/211(47%) of isolated organisms were susceptible to the first recommended antimicrobial agent. CONCLUSIONS: In an area exposed to high transmission of malaria, current WHO guidelines failed to identify almost a third of children with invasive bacterial disease, and more than half of the organisms isolated were not susceptible to currently recommended antimicrobials. Improved diagnosis and treatment of invasive bacterial disease are needed to reduce childhood mortality.

ARAB MUSICIANS IN WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA: ETHNICITY AND IDENTITY

Musicians living in the Arab Diaspora around the Washington, D.C. metro area are a small group of multi-faceted individuals with significant contributions and intentions to propagate and disseminate their music. Various levels of identity are discussed and analyzed, including self-identity, group/ collective identity, and Arab ethnic identity. The performance and negotiation of Arab ethnic identity is apparent in selected repertoire, instrumentation, musical style, technique and expression, shared conversations about music, worldview on Arabic music and its future. For some musicians, further evidence of self-construction of one's ethnic identity entails choice of name, costume, and venue. Research completed is based on fieldwork, observations, participant-observations, interviews, and communications by phone and email. This thesis introduces concepts of Arabic music, discusses recent literature, reveals findings from case studies on individual Arab musicians and venues, and analyzes Arab identity and ethnicity in relation to particular definitions of identity found in anthropological and ethnomusicological writings. Musical lyrics, translations, transcriptions, quotes, discussions, analyses, as well as charts and diagrams of self-identity analyses are provided as evidence of the performance and negotiation of Arab identity.

Delay activity of saccade-related neurons in the caudal dentate nucleus of the macaque cerebellum.

The caudal dentate nucleus (DN) in lateral cerebellum is connected with two visual/oculomotor areas of the cerebrum: the frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex. Many neurons in frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal cortex produce "delay activity" between stimulus and response that correlates with processes such as motor planning. Our hypothesis was that caudal DN neurons would have prominent delay activity as well. From lesion studies, we predicted that this activity would be related to self-timing, i.e., the triggering of saccades based on the internal monitoring of time. We recorded from neurons in the caudal DN of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that made delayed saccades with or without a self-timing requirement. Most (84%) of the caudal DN neurons had delay activity. These neurons conveyed at least three types of information. First, their activity was often correlated, trial by trial, with saccade initiation. Correlations were found more frequently in a task that required self-timing of saccades (53% of neurons) than in a task that did not (27% of neurons). Second, the delay activity was often tuned for saccade direction (in 65% of neurons). This tuning emerged continuously during a trial. Third, the time course of delay activity associated with self-timed saccades differed significantly from that associated with visually guided saccades (in 71% of neurons). A minority of neurons had sensory-related activity. None had presaccadic bursts, in contrast to DN neurons recorded more rostrally. We conclude that caudal DN neurons convey saccade-related delay activity that may contribute to the motor preparation of when and where to move.

Spatial and temporal scales of neuronal correlation in visual area V4.

The spiking activity of nearby cortical neurons is correlated on both short and long time scales. Understanding this shared variability in firing patterns is critical for appreciating the representation of sensory stimuli in ensembles of neurons, the coincident influences of neurons on common targets, and the functional implications of microcircuitry. Our knowledge about neuronal correlations, however, derives largely from experiments that used different recording methods, analysis techniques, and cortical regions. Here we studied the structure of neuronal correlation in area V4 of alert macaques using recording and analysis procedures designed to match those used previously in primary visual cortex (V1), the major input to V4. We found that the spatial and temporal properties of correlations in V4 were remarkably similar to those of V1, with two notable differences: correlated variability in V4 was approximately one-third the magnitude of that in V1 and synchrony in V4 was less temporally precise than in V1. In both areas, spontaneous activity (measured during fixation while viewing a blank screen) was approximately twice as correlated as visual-evoked activity. The results provide a foundation for understanding how the structure of neuronal correlation differs among brain regions and stages in cortical processing and suggest that it is likely governed by features of neuronal circuits that are shared across the visual cortex.

Surface area, porosity and water adsorption properties of fine volcanic ash particles

Our understanding on how ash particles in volcanic plumes react with coexisting gases and aerosols is still rudimentary, despite the importance of these reactions in influencing the chemistry and dynamics of a plume. In this study, six samples of fine ash (<100 μm) from different volcanoes were measured for their specific surface area, as, porosity and water adsorption properties with the aim to provide insights into the capacity of silicate ash particles to react with gases, including water vapour. To do so, we performed high-resolution nitrogen and water vapour adsorption/desorption experiments at 77 K and 303 K, respectively. The nitrogen data indicated as values in the range 1.1-2.1 m2/g, except in one case where as of 10 m2/g was measured. This high value is attributed to incorporation of hydrothermal phases, such as clay minerals, in the ash surface composition. The data also revealed that the ash samples are essentially non-porous, or have a porosity dominated by macropores with widths >500 Å All the specimens had similar pore size distributions, with a small peak centered around 50 Å These findings suggest that fine ash particles have relatively undifferentiated surface textures, irrespective of the chemical composition and eruption type. Adsorption isotherms for water vapour revealed that the capacity of the ash samples for water adsorption is systematically larger than predicted from the nitrogen adsorption as values. Enhanced reactivity of the ash surface towards water may result from (i) hydration of bulk ash constituents; (ii) hydration of surface compounds; and/or (iii) hydroxylation of the surface of the ash. The later mechanism may lead to irreversible retention of water. Based on these experiments, we predict that volcanic ash is covered by a complete monolayer of water under ambient atmospheric conditions. In addition, capillary condensation within ash pores should allow for deposition of condensed water on to ash particles before water reaches saturation in the plume. The total mass of water vapour retained by 1 g of fine ash at 0.95 relative water vapour pressure is calculated to be ∼10-2 g. Some volcanic implications of this study are discussed. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

La simbiosis entre pastos y hongos endofitos : su impronta aérea y subterránea en distintos contextos agroecológicos

Las plantas integran interacciones con múltiples especies mutualistas y antagonistas. Recientemente, se ha comenzado a considerar a los microorganismos simbiontes y en particular a hongos endofitos como moduladores de otras interacciones y, en consecuencia, de la estructura y el funcionamiento de las comunidades. El objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar los efectos de la simbiosis entre pastos y hongos endofitos asexuales (Neotyphodium spp., Clavicipitaceae) sobre las comunidades del suelo y las relaciones de retroalimentación planta-suelo. Se postuló que la simbiosis Lolium multiflorum-N. occultans modifica la estructura de las comunidades aéreas a través de cambios en el suelo, y que estos efectos pueden variar con el contexto ecológico. Se realizaron ocho experimentos (en mesocosmos y a campo) en los que se manipuló la proporción de plantas con endofitos bajo distintas condiciones ambientales generadas por el pastoreo o la historia de uso. La presencia de la simbiosis redujo las tasas de descomposición y modificó la estructura de las redes tróficas del suelo, probablemente a través de la actividad radicular de la planta hospedante. La simbiosis generó respuestas de retroalimentación negativa sobre otras especies herbáceas, mejoró la capacidad invasora de L. multiflorum, aumentó la riqueza de especies vegetales y redujo la cobertura de pastos nativos y exóticos. Sin embargo, estos efectos sobre las comunidades aéreas y subterráneas fueron evidentes solo bajo ciertas condiciones dadas por el pastoreo y la historia de uso del suelo. Las interacciones múltiples que establecen las plantas y la historia del ambiente deberían ser consideradas en los modelos que describen los mecanismos que determinan la estructura y el funcionamiento de las comunidades. Esta tesis sostiene que la simbiosis pasto-endofito es más que un mutualismo defensivo ya que modula interacciones múltiples entre componentes aéreos y subterráneos e influye sobre la invasión y el ensamble de las comunidades

Estimación satelital de la productividad primaria neta aérea de la vegetación herbácea del Caldenal

En la Región del Caldenal es necesario generar cambios en la implementación de prácticas de manejo de la ganadería, desarrollar una actividad sustentable y, a su vez, evitar el mayor deterioro del ecosistema y sus servicios. Dichos cambios deberían incluir el uso racional del la vegetación herbácea, combinado con pasturas C4, actividad que en los últimos años se expandió en la región. Para lograr la complementariedad de dichos recursos y poder estructurar estrategias de manejo, debe conocerse su funcionamiento, estacionalidad y productividad. La información satelital provee la ventaja de otorgar gran cantidad y calidad de datos, en distintas escalas espaciales y temporales. El presente trabajo explora algunas posibilidades para la aplicación de dichas herramientas en la Región del Caldenal. La finalidad es proponer estrategias para conocer en forma sencilla la productividad primaria neta aérea del sistema, como determinante de la receptividad animal y el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Se utilizaron imágenes correspondientes a 60 potreros, distribuidos en seis localidades de la Región del Caldenal, Provincia de La Pampa, con bosque de caldén ("fachinal"), sabanas ("Caldenal"), pasturas de Eragrostis curvula y de Panicum coloratum. Con dichas imágenes se evaluó la variabilidad del Índice de Vegetación Normalizado (IVN) en el tiempo, relacionándolo con el funcionamiento ecosistémico (Capítulo 2), se propuso una metodología para discriminar el IVN de la vegetación herbácea y leñosa en los potreros de sabana (Capítulo 3) y se estimó la Productividad Primaria Neta Aérea de los distintos recursos, realizando comparaciones de estacionalidad y producción, y correlaciones con variables ambientales (Capítulo 4). El presente trabajo demuestra las potencialidades de uso de herramientas satelitales para estimar diferentes atributos de los recursos naturales y cultivados del Caldenal. El ajuste de dichas técnicas en la región resulta clave para el diseño de estrategias de manejo ganadero sustentables y conservación de los recursos.

Variación espacial y temporal de la producción primaria neta aérea y secundaria neta

Las actividades humanas impactan fuertemente sobre los procesos de los ecosistemas. En los sistemas ganaderos, las actividades humanas intentan maximizar el flujo de energía hacia la productividad secundaria. Las consecuencias sobre la transferencia de energía desde la productividad primaria neta aérea (PPNA) a la producción secundaria neta no están totalmente establecidas. Varios estudios describieron la relación entre la carga animal y la PPNA a lo largo de gradientes regionales de recursos, tanto en sistemas naturales como ganaderos. Pero persisten al menos tres vacíos de conocimiento sobre los sistemas ganaderos que fueron abordados en esta tesis. En primer lugar, no se conocía la relación entre la producción secundaria neta y la PPNA, a lo largo de un gradiente regional de recursos y se desconocía la medida en que la actividad humana afectaba diferencialmente a los procesos parciales entre la PPNA y la producción secundaria : la eficiencia de cosecha (consumo / PPNA) y la eficiencia de producción (producción secundaria / consumo). En segundo lugar, no se conocía la relación entre la variabilidad interanual del flujo de entrada de energía, la PPNA, y el de salida, la producción secundaria neta, entre sitios que difieren por la disponibilidad de recursos o por el impacto humano. Asociado a esto existían escasos antecedentes sobre la relación entre producción secundaria, o algún determinante de esta, y la disponibilidad de recursos a través del tiempo. En particular, no existían evidencias de si esta relación temporal cambiaba a lo largo de un gradiente espacial y regional de recursos. En tercer lugar, eran muy escasos los antecedentes sobre las variaciones estacionales del índice de cosecha, y la incidencia de la carga y la PPNA sobre tales variaciones. Para abordar los primeros dos vacíos de conocimiento se compiló información de precipitación, carga animal y producción secundaria, tanto de sistemas naturales como de sistemas ganaderos. La información de sistemas naturales se obtuvo de búsquedas bibliográficas y compilaciones a nivel mundial ya publicadas. La de los sistemas ganaderos se obtuvo de dos fuentes. La primera, contempló información de 113 establecimientos ubicados a lo largo de un amplio gradiente de precipitación regional el de Argentina, pertencecientes en su mayoría la movimiento CREA. La segunda, se realizó a partir de la información brindada por el plan nacional de vacunación de aftosa para departamentos ubicados al norte del río Colorado. Para este último análisis, se estimó la PPNA a partir de información satelital, usando la lógica del modelo propuesto por Monteith (...) Para abordar el tercer vacío de conocimiento, se llevó adelante un ensayo en el que se manipularon la PPNA y su calidad, a través de dos comunidades vegetales diferentes, y la carga animal, a través de tres niveles. Este ensayo se condujo a lo largo de un año para evaluar la dinámica estacional del índice de cosecha, y al mismo tiempo identificar los factores que la regulan. En relación al primer vacío, la relación entre la producción secundaria neta y la PPNA mostró un patrón unimodal. A su vez se observó que a igual PPNA la producción secundaria neta de los sistemas ganaderos fue mayor a la de los naturales. Este incremento de la producción secundaria se debió en mayor medida a un aumento del índice de cosecha y en menor medida a un aumento en la eficiencia de producción. En relación al segundo vacío, la variabilidad interanual de la lluvia, principal control abiótico del flujo de entrada, no se relacionó significativamente con la variabilidad de un componente del siguiente nivel trófico, la carga animal, tanto en sistemas naturales como ganaderos. Sin embargo, la variabilidad de la carga animal de los naturales fue mayor que la de los ganaderos. En estos últimos la variabilidad de la PPNA, fue el doble que la de la carga animal (...) En relación al tercer vacío, se mostró que el principal control de la variación estacional del índice de cosecha fue la PPNA. Esta tesis representa la primera evidencia del impacto de la introducción de herbívoros exóticos a lo largo de un gradiente regional sobre el flujo desde la PPNA a la producción secundaria neta y brinda una de las pocas evaluaciones sobre el impacto humano sobre la estabilidad de este flujo. Finalmente, se desarrolló un modelo que permitiría mejorar las estimaciones de carga animal al relacionar la dinámica del índice de cosecha con la biomasa acumulada estimada a partir de la PPNA acumulada por estación del año.