Enhanced zinc oxide and graphene nanostructures for electronics and sensing applications

Zinc oxide and graphene nanostructures are important technological materials because of their unique properties and potential applications in future generation of electronic and sensing devices. This dissertation investigates a brief account of the strategies to grow zinc oxide nanostructures (thin film and nanowire) and graphene, and their applications as enhanced field effect transistors, chemical sensors and transparent flexible electrodes. Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) and low-gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films were synthesized by a magnetron sputtering process. Zinc oxide nanowires (ZNWs) were grown by a chemical vapor deposition method. Field effect transistors (FETs) of ZnO and GZO thin films and ZNWs were fabricated by standard photo and electron beam lithography processes. Electrical characteristics of these devices were investigated by nondestructive surface cleaning, ultraviolet irradiation treatment at high temperature and under vacuum. GZO thin film transistors showed a mobility of ∼5.7 cm2/V·s at low operation voltage of <5 V and a low turn-on voltage of ∼0.5 V with a sub threshold swing of ∼85 mV/decade. Bottom gated FET fabricated from ZNWs exhibit a very high on-to-off ratio (∼106) and mobility (∼28 cm2/V·s). A bottom gated FET showed large hysteresis of ∼5.0 to 8.0 V which was significantly reduced to ∼1.0 V by the surface treatment process. The results demonstrate charge transport in ZnO nanostructures strongly depends on its surface environmental conditions and can be explained by formation of depletion layer at the surface by various surface states. A nitric oxide (NO) gas sensor using single ZNW, functionalized with Cr nanoparticles was developed. The sensor exhibited average sensitivity of ∼46% and a minimum detection limit of ∼1.5 ppm for NO gas. The sensor also is selective towards NO gas as demonstrated by a cross sensitivity test with N2, CO and CO2 gases. Graphene film on copper foil was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method. A hot press lamination process was developed for transferring graphene film to flexible polymer substrate. The graphene/polymer film exhibited a high quality, flexible transparent conductive structure with unique electrical-mechanical properties; ∼88.80% light transmittance and ∼1.1742Ω/sq k sheet resistance. The application of a graphene/polymer film as a flexible and transparent electrode for field emission displays was demonstrated.

(Table 2) Zinc complexation data from POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIV/3

The speciation of dissolved zinc (Zn) was investigated by voltammetry in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean along two transects across the major frontal systems: along the Zero Meridian and across the Drake Passage. In the Southern Ocean south of the APF we found detectable labile inorganic Zn throughout the surface waters in contrast to studies from lower latitudes. Using a combination of ASV titrations and pseudopolarography revealed the presence of significant concentration of electrochemically inert Zn ligands throughout the Southern Ocean. These ligands however were nearly always saturated due to the presence of excess concentrations of dissolved Zn that were associated with the high nutrient waters south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). Only in surface waters did the concentration of Zn complexing ligands exceed the dissolved Zn concentrations suggesting a biological source for these ligands. Our findings have clear implications for the biogeochemical cycling of Zn and for the interpretation of paleo records utilizing Zn in opal as a tracer of Zn speciation in the water column.

Dissolved Zinc in the Southern Ocean measured on water bottle samples during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXIV/3

The distribution of dissolved zinc (Zn) was investigated in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral autumn of 2008 as part of the IPY GEOTRACES expedition ZERO & DRAKE. Research focused on transects across the major frontal systems along the Zero Meridian and across the Drake Passage. There was a strong gradient in surface zinc concentrations observed across the Antarctic Polar Front along both transects and high zinc levels were found in surface waters throughout the Southern Ocean. Vertical profiles for dissolved Zinc showed the presence of local minima and maxima in the upper 200 m consistent with significant uptake by phytoplankton and release by zooplankton grazing, respectively. Highest deep water zinc concentrations were found in the centre of the Weddell Gyre associated with Central Intermediate Water (CIW), a water mass which is depleted in O2, elevated in CO2 and is regionally a CFC minimum. Our data suggests that the remineralization of sinking particles is a key control on the distribution of Zn in the Southern Ocean. Disappearance ratios of zinc to phosphate (Zn:P) in the upper water column increased southwards along both transects and based on laboratory studies they suggest slower growth rates of phytoplankton due to iron or light limitation. Zinc and silicate were strongly correlated throughout the study region but the disappearance ratio (Zn:Si) was relatively uniform overall except for the region close to the ice edge on the Zero Meridian.

Efecto de la fuente y nivel de zinc en el comportamiento productivo de machos no castrados (40-110 kg) y su relación con el comportamiento sexual

El uso de fuentes de Zn (orgánicas e inorgánicas) en el pienso de cerdos prepúberes se ha mostrado indispensable, ya que este mineral ha evidenciado beneficios relacionados con aspectos reproductivos, respuesta inmunitaria, estado de salud, ganancia de peso, consumo de pienso. Los primeros estudios que identificaron al Zn como componente fundamental en la reproducción fueron en la década de los 40´s, en donde se estableció la importancia de este mineral en el desarrollo de las células de Leydig, a partir de estos descubrimientos se recomienda la utilización del mineral en el pienso de los cerdos. Sin embargo, las recomendaciones que se han hecho para apoyar el efecto del Zn en la reproducción, fueron identificadas hace 30 años, y poco se ha estudiado desde entonces con respecto al nivel de Zn que habría que incluir en el pienso. Por otra parte, la industria alimenticia animal ha desarrollado fuentes minerales con mayor biodisponibilidad, por un lado para que el organismo pueda utilizarlo más rápida y eficientemente (>biodisponibilidad) y por otra parte para evitar que el mineral consumido por el animal, se pierda a través de las deyecciones, asegurando con ello no solo la reducción de las pérdidas económicas, sino la minimización del impacto ambiental que el Zn ejerce negativamente. De esta manera, se decidió realizar una investigación que proporcionara información sobre el efecto de las fuentes y niveles de Zn, en la eficiencia de crecimiento y desarrollo de cerdos prepúberes y verracos jóvenes, en el desarrollo de los testículos y sus estructuras celulares, así como en el comportamiento sexual de los verracos jóvenes. Para lo anterior se utilizaron 50 cerdos de la línea genética York x Landrace, con un peso medio inicial de 35±1.25, estos animales se distribuyeron en siete tratamientos, los cuales correspondieron a dietas formuladas con y sin la adición de fuente de Zn (ZnSO4, ZnO, ZnMet) , y a dos niveles (150ppm y 200ppm de Zn). La dieta base fue formulada utilizando la tabla de necesidades nutritivas del FEDNA (2006). Todos los cerdos fueron colocados en jaulas individuales, con comedero y bebedero individual. Se les dio un periodo de adaptación de 15 días, posteriormente se inició la fase experimental en la que se midió el consumo de pienso (CDP), conversión alimenticia (CA), ganancia de peso (GDP), al finalizar el periodo de crianza (Crecimiento, Desarrollo y Finalización) y los cerdos llegaron a un peso mayor a 100Kg, se sacrificaron tres cerdos, de los cuales se obtuvieron los testículos, epidídimos, bazo, páncreas, hueso (fémur), hígado y riñones, para analizar a través de Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica la concentración de Zn...

Étude du rôle potentiel de l'endopeptidase neutre dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et caractérisation de NL1, une nouvelle métallopeptidase à zinc chez les souris

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Identification de la sumoylation de ZNF74 et de l'interaction de cette protéine à multidoigt de zinc avec UBC9 et PIAS1

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Evolution of C2H2-Zinc finger genes in mammalian genomes

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells:a review

Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) present a promising energy source with a competing potential with the lithium-ion battery and even with proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for applications in next generation electrified transport and energy storage. The regeneration of zinc is essential for developing the next-generation, i.e., electrochemically rechargeable ZAFCs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view on both theoretical and industrial platforms already built hitherto, with focus on electrode materials, electrode and electrolyte additives, solution chemistry, zinc deposition reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and electrochemical zinc regeneration systems. The related technological challenges and their possible solutions are described and discussed. A summary of important R&D patents published within the recent 10 years is also presented.

Étude du rôle potentiel de l'endopeptidase neutre dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et caractérisation de NL1, une nouvelle métallopeptidase à zinc chez les souris

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Identification de la sumoylation de ZNF74 et de l'interaction de cette protéine à multidoigt de zinc avec UBC9 et PIAS1

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Evolution of C2H2-Zinc finger genes in mammalian genomes

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation and Thermal Annealing Induced Modification of Structural, Topographical and Magnetic Properties in Monolayer and Bilayer Films Based on FeNiMoB and Zinc Ferrite

Magnetism and magnetic materials have been playing a lead role in the day to day life of human beings. The human kind owes its gratitude to the ‘lodestone’ meaning ‘leading stone’ which lead to the discovery of nations and the onset of modern civilizations. If it was William Gilbert, who first stated that ‘earth was a giant magnet’, then it was the turn of Faraday who correlated electricity and magnetism. Magnetic materials find innumerable applications in the form of inductors, read and write heads, motors, storage devices, magnetic resonance imaging and fusion reactors. Now the industry of magnetic materials has almost surpassed the semiconductor industry and this speaks volumes about its importance. Extensive research is being carried out by scientists and engineers to remove obsolescence and invent new devices. Though magnetism can be categorized based on the response of an applied magnetic field in to diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic; it is ferrimagnetic, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials which have potential applications. The present thesis focusses on these materials, their composite structures and different ways and means to modify their properties for useful applications. In the past, metals like Fe, Ni and Co were sought after for various applications though iron was in the forefront because of its cost effectiveness and abundance. Later, alloys based on Fe and Ni were increasingly employed. They were used in magnetic heads and in inductors. Ferrites entered the arena and subsequently most of the newer applications were based on ferrites, a ferrimagnetic material, whose composition can be tuned to tailor the magnetic properties. In the late 1950s a new class of magnetic material emerged on the magnetic horizon and they were fondly known as metallic glasses. They are well known for their soft magnetic properties. They were synthesized in the form of melt spun ribbons and are amorphous in nature and they are projected to replace the crystalline counterparts.

Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation and Thermal Annealing Induced Modification of Structural, Topographical and Magnetic Properties in Monolayer and Bilayer Films Based on FeNiMoB and Zinc Ferrite

Magnetism and magnetic materials have been playing a lead role in the day to day life of human beings. The human kind owes its gratitude to the ‘lodestone’ meaning ‘leading stone’ which lead to the discovery of nations and the onset of modern civilizations. If it was William Gilbert, who first stated that ‘earth was a giant magnet’, then it was the turn of Faraday who correlated electricity and magnetism. Magnetic materials find innumerable applications in the form of inductors, read and write heads, motors, storage devices, magnetic resonance imaging and fusion reactors. Now the industry of magnetic materials has almost surpassed the semiconductor industry and this speaks volumes about its importance. Extensive research is being carried out by scientists and engineers to remove obsolescence and invent new devices. Though magnetism can be categorized based on the response of an applied magnetic field in to diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic; it is ferrimagnetic, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials which have potential applications. The present thesis focusses on these materials, their composite structures and different ways and means to modify their properties for useful applications.