Fenologia de espécies silvestres de macieira como polinizadora das cultivares gala e fuji

A escolha correta de cultivares polinizadoras na macieira é determinante para a obtenção de altos rendimentos. Muitas regiões produtoras de maçãs do mundo utilizam macieiras silvestres com o fim específico de polinização, porém existem poucas informações quanto ao uso dessas espécies nas condições climáticas do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento fenológico de espécies silvestres de macieira quanto à floração em comparação as cultivares comerciais 'Gala' e 'Fuji', nas condições climáticas do Sul do Brasil, em Caçador-SC (latitude 26º42'32" sul, longitude 51º00'50" oeste e altitude de 960 metros). As macieiras silvestres estudadas foram M. atrosanguinea, M. baccata, M. eleyi, M. floribunda, M. hopa, M. platycarpa, M. robusta, 'John Downil', 'Prof. Spengler', 'Milalew imuni', 'Profusion', 'Winter gold' e 'Yellow Siberian'. As espécies silvestres apresentaram grande variabilidade na época de florescimento e na duração do mesmo ao longo dos anos. A maior coincidência do período de floração e com maior regularidade ao longo dos anos foi obtido entre às cultivares Gala e Fuji. 'Prof. Spengler', 'Profusion', 'Winter gold' e 'John Downil' são as espécies silvestres de macieira com maior potencial de utilização como polinizadoras, podendo ser utilizadas complementarmente para polinização das cultivares Gala e Fuji. As espécies M. hopa, M. eleyi e M. atrosanguinea, devido à alta densidade de floração, podem ser utilizadas como segunda opção para a polinização das cultivares Gala e Fuji.

Desempenho agronômico de genótipos de maracujazeiro-azedo cultivados no Distrito Federal

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade de 14 genótipos cultivados no Distrito Federal. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, 14 tratamentos (genótipos), 8 plantas úteis por parcela. Foram avaliados os 14 genótipos: [PCF-2, EC-RAM, MAR 20#03, MAR 20#09, MAR 20#23, MAR 20#36, MAR 20#46, AR-01, AR-02, Yellow Master FB-200, FP-01, RC-3, GA2, AP-1], totalizando 1.111 plantas por hectare. Após vinte colheitas (período de 9 meses), foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produtividade (kg/ha), massa média de frutos (g), número de frutos e coloração da casca. Na avaliação geral, houve maior rendimento dos genótipos, PCF-2 com 15,8 t/ha, EC-RAM 13,9 t/ ha, FP-01 12,4 t/ha e o AR-01 com 12,3 t/ha. Dos 14 genótipos avaliados, 2 produziram mais que a média nacional de 13 t/ha/ano em 2008 (Banco de dados do IBGE, 2008). A massa média dos frutos variou de 105g para o PCF-2 a 192g para o genótipo AR-01. O número de frutos variou de 33.666 frutos/ha, no genótipo RC 3, a 142.791 frutos/ha no genótipo PCF-2. Todos os genótipos apresentaram maior produção de frutos amarelos, seguido de frutos de cor rosa e de cor roxa.

Sensory characteristics of 'Douradão' peaches submitted to modified atmosphere packaging

The sensory, physical and chemical characteristics of 'Douradão' peaches cold stored in different modified atmosphere packaging (LDPE bags of 30, 50, 60, 75µm thickness) were studied. After 14, 21 and 28 days of cold storage (1 ± 1 ºC and 90 ± 5% RH), samples were withdrawn from MAP and kept during 4 days in ambient air for ripening. Descriptive terminology and sensory profile of the peaches were developed by methodology based on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). The assessors consensually defined the sensory descriptors, their respective reference materials and the descriptive evaluation ballot. Fourteen individuals were selected as judges based on their discrimination capacity and reproducibility. Seven descriptors were generated showing similarities and differences among the samples. The data were analysed by ANOVA, Tukey test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The atmospheres that developed inside the different packaging materials during cold storage differed significantly. The PCA showed that MA50 and MA60 treatments were more characterized by the fresh peach flavour, fresh appearance, juiciness and flesh firmness, and were effective for keeping good quality of 'Douradão' peaches during 28 d of cold storage. The Control and MA30 treatments were characterized by the mealiness, the MA75 treatment showed lower intensity for all attributes evaluated and they were ineffective to maintain good quality of the fruits during cold storage. Higher correlation coefficients (positive) were found between fresh appearance and flesh firmness (0.95), fresh appearance and juiciness (0.97), ratio and intensity of fresh peach smell (0.81), as well as higher correlation coefficients (negative) between Hue angle and intensity of yellow colour (-0.91), fresh appearance and mealiness (-0.92), juiciness and mealiness (-0.95), firmness and mealiness (-0.94).

Effect of prestorage curing on storage life, internal and external qualities of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)

Orange fruits from two seasons, in April and August 2006 representing late 2005 and early 2006 harvests respectively were cured in hot air at 36-37(0)C to 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% weight loss before storage at 28(0)C and 86% relative humidity (RH). The fruits were observed for incidence of decay, further weight loss, juice content, firmness or softening of the peel, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity, and colour during storage. Curing reduced the incidence of decay. All control fruits were rotten by day 21 in August harvest while 22.5% of the control was rotten by day 56 in the April harvest. Storage life was extended beyond 56 days in fruits cured with 1, 3, 5 and 7% in April harvest as there was no decay throughout, while decay incidence in August harvest was 88.9, 61.1, 22.2 and 31.3% in 1, 3, 5 and 7% respectively. Penicillium digitatum, Phytophthora sp., Alternaria citri and Collectotrichum gloeosporioides were among decay causing moulds detected. Control fruits lost more weight during storage than cured fruits did. Fruit rind hardening was more noticed in the control and those cured to 1% weight loss, especially from the April harvest. It was insignificant in other treatments in both trials. Titratable acidity, pH, juice content and TSS were not affected by the treatment. Colour change to yellow was however retarded by curing. Curing to 5% weight loss was best for decay control and quality retention.

On regeneration and collateral sprouting to hind limb digits after sciatic nerve injury in the rat

This study examines the proportions of regenerative and collateral sprouting to the skin after peripheral nerve injury. Methods: In the first experimental paradigm, primary afferent neurones were pre-labelled with Diamidino Yellow (DY), injected in digit 3, followed by sciatic nerve section and repair. After three months of regeneration, digit 3 was re-injected with Fast Blue (FB) to label regernating cells. Fluoro-Gold (FG) was applied to the femoral (FEM) and musculocutaneous (MC) nervers four days later to quantify their contribution to the innveration. In the second experimental paradigm, sciatic nerve was first sectioned and repaired. Three months later, the sciatic was resected, and digit 3 injected with FB. After four more days, FEM and MC were resected and FG injected in all digits. Results: Neurones in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) L5 had a higher rate of correct reinnervation of digit 3 (44-72%) than neurones in DRG L4 (14-44%). Like in control cases, only occasional axons were traced from the FEM and MC. In the second experiment, only occasional labelled neurones appeared. Conclusions: The results indicate differences in the capacity for correct peripheral sensory reinnvervation between segmental levels and that in this model collateral sprouting was practically non-existent compared to regenerative sprouting.

Gas exchanges in peach palms as a function of the spad chlorophyll meter readings

The close relationship between the chlorophyll-meters readings and the total chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in leaves, has allowed their evaluation both in annual and perennial species. Besides, some physiological events such as the CO2 assimilation have also been estimated by chlorophyll meters. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the gas exchanges of peach palms as a function of the chlorophyll SPAD-Meter readings. Three year-old peach palms from Yurimaguas, Peru were studied in Ubatuba, SP, Brazil, spaced 2 x 1 m in area under a natural gradient of organic matter which allowed four plots to be considered, according to the peach palms leaves colors, from light yellow to dark green. The SPAD readings and the stomatal frequency of leaflets were evaluated. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, μmol m-2 s-1), the leaf temperature (Tleaf, ºC), the CO2 assimilation (A, μmol m-2 s-1), the stomatal conductance (g s, mol m-2 s-1), the transpiration (E, mmol m-2 s-1) and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci, μmol mol-1) were evaluated with a portable infrared gas analyzer (LCA-4, ADC BioScientific Ltd., Great Amwell, U.K.). A linear increase in the CO2 assimilation as a function of the SPAD readings (y = -0.34 + 0.19x, R² = 0.99), indicates that they can be a rapid and cheap complementary method to evaluate in peach palms some important physiological events, such as CO2 assimilation.

Nitrogen and potassium fertilization affecting the plum postharvest quality

The goal of this research was evaluated the effects of potassium and nitrogen fertilization on the plum (Prunus salicina) fresh fruit quality and after cold storage. The experiment was carried out in a five year-old plum orchard 'Reubennel', located at Araucaria County, Parana State, Southern Brazil, in a Haplumbrept Soil. Potassium fertilizer was applied at 55 and 110 kg/ha/year of K2O, as KCl. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg/ha/year of N, as urea. It was used a split-plot design in a factorial scheme (2x5). One hundred plum fruits were harvested from each plot, in the same day, when 25 to 50% of the peel presented yellow-reddish color. At harvest and after 17, 27 and 37 days of storage at 0 ± 0.5 ºC, the flesh firmness, the total soluble solids, and the titratable acidity were assessed. Fresh fruit quality was affected by N application, with the best results obtained by applying 40 kg/ha/year of N. The N and K rate of 40 and 110 kg/ha/year, respectively, kept superior fruit quality during the storage. 'Reubennel' cold storage can not exceed 27 days. Fresh and stored 'Reubennel' plum fruit qualities depend on the N and K fertilizer rates.

Sciatic and femoral nerve sensory neurones occupy different regions of the L4 dorsal root ganglion in the adult rat.

The topographical distribution of sciatic and femoral nerve sensory neuronal somata in the L4 dorsal root ganglion of the adult rat was mapped after retrograde tracing with one or two of the dyes Fast Blue, Fluoro-Gold, or Diamidino Yellow. The tracers were applied to the proximal transected end of either nerve alone, or from both nerves in the same animal using separate tracers. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the distribution of labelled neurones were made from serial sections of the L4 dorsal root ganglion which is the only ganglion that these two nerves share. The results showed that with little overlap, femoral nerve neurones distribute dorsally and rostrally whereas sciatic nerve neurones distribute medially and ventrally. This finding indicates the existence of a somatotopical organisation for the representation of different peripheral nerves in dorsal root ganglia of adult animals.

Jälkikäsitellyn jätevesikirkasteen uusiokäyttö Anjalan paperitehtailla

Työssä tarkasteltiin aktiivilietelaitoksen jätevesikirkasteen uusiokäyttöä Anjalan paperitehtailla. Tavoitteena oli löytää keino jätevesimäärän vähentämiseksi, kierrättämällä jatkokäsiteltyä jätevesikirkastetta. Työssä tehtiin prosessisuunnitelma kirkasteen kierrättämiseksi; suunnitelman vaikutuksia arvioitiin kirjallisuuden, simuloinnin ja arkkikokeiden avulla. Lisäksi arvioitiin kierrätyksen taloudellisia näkökohtia. Prosessisuunnittelussa päädyttiin vaihtoehtoon, jossa tehtaan nykyinen tehdasvesijae korvataan jälkikäsitellyllä jätevesikirkasteella. Esitetty prosessimuutos vähentäisi jokeen laskettavan kirkasteen määrää 20 %. Haitta-ainetason muutoksia selvitettiin simuloimalla prosessisuunnitelman mukainen suolatase. Simuloinnin kohteena oli haitta-ainetason muutokset PK3:lla. Tuloksista pääteltiin, että PK3:lla tapahtuu normaalissa ajotilanteessa suurempia muutoksia suolatasoissa kuin prosessimuutoksen aiheuttama suolatason muutos. Arkkikokeilla selvitettiin kirkasteen ja tehdasveden vaikutuksia PK3:n massan vaaleuteen ja vaaleuden pysyvyyteen. Kirkasteen vaikutus massan vaaleuteen oli suurempi kuin tehdasvedellä, kun kirkastetta oli käsitelty tehdasmittakaavan flotaatiolla ja hiekkasuodatuksella. Pilot-mittakaavan hiekkasuodatuksella ja laboratoriomittakaavassa laskeutetulla kirkasteella oli pienempi vaikutus arkkien vaaleuteen kuin tehdasvedellä. Vaaleuden pysyvyydessä ei havaittu eroa kirkasteen ja tehdasveden välillä. Kirkasteella oli voimakas vaikutus arkkien keltaisuuteen. Tehdasvesi ei vaikuttanut arkkien keltaisuuteen. Mikäli prosessisuunnitelman mukainen kirkastevirtaus jatkokäsiteltäisiin hiekkasuodatuksella, arvioitiin päälaitteista kerroinmenetelmällä tehdasinvestoinniksi 5.20 milj. euroa. Vuosittaisiksi kemikaalikustannuksiksi arvioitiin 0.21 milj. euroa ja teoreettiseksi energiasäästöksi 0.87 milj. euroa.

The kiwifruit in Chile and in the world

The kiwi is a fruit that, has only been in Europe for about 60 years, which signifies a great potential for the development of its consumption and great difficulty in the educational process of the product. Currently there is a growing increase in world production, which to date is above the growth in demand. This means that the kiwi categories are not growing significantly and, on the contrary, the kiwi is at a crossroad that will be resolved in the coming years. The changing global economic scenario affects high-value products such as kiwis, making it hard to predict their commercial results. The worldwide market has clearly indicated through the demand and the prices that it is interested in the sweeter yellow varieties. Asian markets have been and are expected to continue to grow. The increase in world production has also generated overlap in stocks between the hemispheres, which makes it necessary to closely monitor commercial strategies regarding the start and end of the season. In this way, the market entry of the southern hemisphere kiwifruit is conditioned according to the presence of fruit from the Northern Hemisphere. The unique features and uses of the kiwi make it one of the most interesting fruits present in the world. For this reason it is also a fruit with high purchase value. In spite of the described variables and market trends, there is a growing demand for consuming better quality kiwis and willingness to pay a higher price.

Antioxidant compoundsand total antioxidant activity in fruits of acerola from cv. Flor Branca, Florida Sweet and BRS 366

Information on antioxidant properties at different ontological stages may help producers and food technologists to identify which cultivar and/or maturity stage are most adequate for their need, therefore this work aimed to study the changes in the antioxidant metabolism during acerola development. Fruit from cv. Flor Branca, BRS366 and Florida Sweet were harvested at different stages: immature green colored (I), physiologically mature with green color and maximum size (II), breaker (III) and full red ripe (IV). After harvest, fruits were selected, divided into four replications with 500 g each and evaluated regarding their titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, polyphenol, anthocyanin, yellow flavonoid, total antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Anthocyanin and flavonoid were determined through LC-DAD-ESI/MS and all analysis followed a completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 design. Fruits of 'Florida Sweet' presented significantly higher soluble solids (9.46ºBrix). Vitamin C content decreased during ripening, but ripe 'BRS 366' fruits showed the greatest values (1363 mg.100 g-1) and highest TAA with 42.36 µM TEAC.g-1FW. Cyanidin 3-rhamnoside (520.76 mg.100 g-1 DM) and quercetin 3-rhamnoside (33.72 mg.100 g-1 DM) were the most abundant anthocyanin and yellow flavonoids found mainly in 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola, whose antioxidant enzymes activities were also higher. Ripe 'Florida Sweet' fruit presents a great potential for fresh consumption, meanwhile physiologically mature 'BRS 366' fruit seems the best option for the bioactive compounds processing industry. As 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola kept the highest activity levels, it could be an indicative of greater potential for postharvest conservation.

Repeatability, correlation and path analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of peach fruits

This study aimed to determine the number of measurements necessary to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of peach fruits, study the relationships between them and their direct and indirect effects on the content of ascorbic acid and total carotenoids. The characteristics skin and pulp color, fruit weight, suture, equatorial and polar diameters, firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, ascorbic acid and total carotenoids were evaluated in 39 cultivars of peach and 3 cultivars of nectarine from the orchard of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The repeatability coefficient was estimated by ANOVA and CPCOR. Phenotypic correlation coefficients (rf) were estimated and, after the multicollinearity diagnostics, they were unfolded to direct and indirect effects of the explanatory variables on the response variable using path analysis. There was agreement on the magnitude of repeatability coefficients obtained by the two methods; however, they varied among the 14 characteristics. The highest correlations were found between FW, SD, ED and PD. Seven fruits are sufficient to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of peach with a correlation coefficient of 90%. The characteristics considered in the path diagrams (b* skin, hº skin, b* pulp, hº pulp, ED, PD, FIR, SS, SS/AT and TC) are not the main determinants of the ascorbic acid. The yellow hue of the pulp (hº pulp) has the potential to be used in indirect selection for total carotenoids.

No Major Differences Found between the Effects of Microwave-Based and Conventional Heat Treatment Methods on Two Different Liquid Foods

Extension of shelf life and preservation of products are both very important for the food industry. However, just as with other processes, speed and higher manufacturing performance are also beneficial. Although microwave heating is utilized in a number of industrial processes, there are many unanswered questions about its effects on foods. Here we analyze whether the effects of microwave heating with continuous flow are equivalent to those of traditional heat transfer methods. In our study, the effects of heating of liquid foods by conventional and continuous flow microwave heating were studied. Among other properties, we compared the stability of the liquid foods between the two heat treatments. Our goal was to determine whether the continuous flow microwave heating and the conventional heating methods have the same effects on the liquid foods, and, therefore, whether microwave heat treatment can effectively replace conventional heat treatments. We have compared the colour, separation phenomena of the samples treated by different methods. For milk, we also monitored the total viable cell count, for orange juice, vitamin C contents in addition to the taste of the product by sensory analysis. The majority of the results indicate that the circulating coil microwave method used here is equivalent to the conventional heating method based on thermal conduction and convection. However, some results in the analysis of the milk samples show clear differences between heat transfer methods. According to our results, the colour parameters (lightness, red-green and blue-yellow values) of the microwave treated samples differed not only from the untreated control, but also from the traditional heat treated samples. The differences are visually undetectable, however, they become evident through analytical measurement with spectrophotometer. This finding suggests that besides thermal effects, microwave-based food treatment can alter product properties in other ways as well.

La ciutat de les dames i Terra d’elles: dues utopies feministes en català

Elizabeth Russell sosté que les utopies escrites per dones són més transgressores «perquè desconstrueixen el concepte de perfecció» (2007: 21). En aquesta línia de crítica social i necessitat de reformes, quant al gènere femení, neixen, amb cinc segles de diferència, les dues obres estudiades aquí, Le livre de la cité des dames (1405), de Christine de Pisan, i Herland (1915), de Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Amb notables excepcions com La mística de la feminitat (1965), de Betty Friedan, i El segon sexe (1968), de Simone de Beauvoir, a casa nostra els discursos androcèntrics es ben cuidaren de negar l’entrada d’aires subversius que, per raons òbvies, poguessin esverar aquell àngel de la llar amansit i silenciat, per dir-ho a la manera woolfiana. Charlotte Perkins Gilman arribà per primera vegada a Catalunya i a la península ibèrica el 1982 amb la traducció al català de Montserrat Abelló per a l’editorial La Sal d’El paper de paret groc. En els mateixos anys vuitanta i per a la mateixa editorial Helena Valentí traduí al castellà El país de ellas (1987), obra que el 2002 traslladà al català Jordi Vidal Tubau en una edició a cura d’Eulàlia Lledó que porta per títol Terra d’elles. Poc després, el 1990, La ciutat de les dames, de Christine de Pisan, es pogué llegir en llengua catalana amb una edició i traducció de Mercè Otero per a la col·lecció «Espai de Dones» d’Edicions de l’Eixample. Aquest article presenta la recepció a Catalunya de dos clàssics del gènere de les utopies feministes, La ciutat de les dames (1990), de Christine de Pisan, i Terra d’elles (2002), de Charlotte Perkins Gilman, amb notes sobre la seva difusió al castellà i al gallec.

Persistence of tracer in the application site -a potential confounding factor in nerve regeneration studies

Selective reinnervation of peripheral targets after nerve injury might be assessed by injecting a first tracer in a target before nerve injury to label the original neuronal population, and applying a second tracer after the regeneration period to label the regenerated population. However, altered uptake of tracer, fading, and cell death may interfere with the results. Furthermore, if the first tracer injected remains in the target tissue, available for 're-uptake' by misdirected regenerating axons, which originally innervated another region, then the identification of the original population would be confused. With the aim of studying this problem, the sciatic nerve of adult rats was sectioned and sutured. After 3 days, to allow the distal axon to degenerate avoiding immediate retrograde transport, one of the dyes: Fast Blue (FB), Fluoro-Gold (FG) or Diamidino Yellow (DY), was injected into the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve, or in the skin of one of the denervated digits. Rats survived 2-3 months. The results showed labelled dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and motoneurones, indicating that late re-uptake of a first tracer occurs. This phenomenon must be considered when the model of sequential labelling is used for studying the accuracy of peripheral reinnervation.