A supervised machine learning method for word sense disambiguation of Portuguese nouns

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências da Linguagem, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2010

A produção de conteúdos midiáticos realizada por jovens e suas possibilidades educativas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, 2016.

Quantising contribution effort in online communities

We describe the Joint Effort-Topic (JET) model and the Author Joint Effort-Topic (aJET) model that estimate the effort required for users to contribute on different topics. We propose to learn word-level effort taking into account term preference over time and use it to set the priors of our models. Since there is no gold standard which can be easily built, we evaluate them by measuring their abilities to validate expected behaviours such as correlations between user contributions and the associated effort.

Versioning Concept Schemes for Persistent Retrieval

Things change. Words change, meaning changes and use changes both words and meaning. In information access systems this means concept schemes such as thesauri or clas- sification schemes change. They always have. Concept schemes that have survived have evolved over time, moving from one version, often called an edition, to the next. If we want to manage how words and meanings - and as a conse- quence use - change in an effective manner, and if we want to be able to search across versions of concept schemes, we have to track these changes. This paper explores how we might expand SKOS, a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) draft recommendation in order to do that kind of tracking.The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) Core Guide is sponsored by the Semantic Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group. The second draft, edited by Alistair Miles and Dan Brickley, was issued in November 2005. SKOS is a “model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, folksonomies, other types of controlled vocabulary and also concept schemes embedded in glossaries and terminologies” in RDF. How SKOS handles version in concept schemes is an open issue. The current draft guide suggests using OWL and DCTERMS as mechanisms for concept scheme revision.As it stands an editor of a concept scheme can make notes or declare in OWL that more than one version exists. This paper adds to the SKOS Core by introducing a tracking sys- tem for changes in concept schemes. We call this tracking system vocabulary ontogeny. Ontogeny is a biological term for the development of an organism during its lifetime. Here we use the ontogeny metaphor to describe how vocabularies change over their lifetime. Our purpose here is to create a conceptual mechanism that will track these changes and in so doing enhance information retrieval and prevent document loss through versioning, thereby enabling persistent retrieval.

BM: El comercio electrónico como plataforma de comercio internacional para Colombia

Las relaciones Internacionales hoy, se abordan bajo la óptica de la interdependencia Compleja caracterizada por variados canales de acción, una agenda múltiple no jerarquizada y la relevancia del conocimiento y la información, lo que desarrollará agilidad en los procesos, la consolidación del mundo 7 x 241, y la desaparición de las fronteras geográficas. Surge así una nueva visión de la política mundial que privilegia la interacción entre los distintos segmentos de las sociedades nacionales en función de múltiples intereses específicos, dentro de un mundo totalmente transnacionalizado, en el cual debe predominar el concepto de bienestar y específicamente, trabajar enfocados en políticas en materia de productividad y de competitividad por medio del comercio electrónico, para elevar los índices de comercio exterior. En este sentido, la multipolaridad2 se presenta como una característica que representa al sistema mundial de hoy, cuando los centros de poder luchan por desarrollar una infraestructura que apoye la base económica, política y social para impulsar la modernización. Hoy es un hecho, aceptado como natural, el que aunque el Estado siga ejerciendo un papel importante en el orden político internacional, progresivamente el monopolio y la centralización del poder sea disgregado en beneficio de los actores transnacionales, dando lugar a lo que se denomina el Estado de Competencia.

Representaciones sociales de los estudiantes de la Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad del Rosario sobre las Orientaciones Sexuales Diversas a la heterosexual.

El presente es un estudio de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo de corte cualitativo, que se empleó con la finalidad de conocer las representaciones sociales frente a las orientaciones sexuales diversas a la heterosexual, que tienen 35 estudiantes de la Universidad Del Rosario, sede Quinta de Mutis de los programas de Medicina, Fisioterapia y Psicología. Se realizaron 15 entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas y a profundidad, y dos grupos focales conformados por 10 estudiantes cada uno. La información fue analizada a partir del análisis de narrativas por categorías y con la ayuda del programa Atlas Ti, se organizó en las siguientes categorías generales, que permitieron abordar los objetivos de la investigación: (a) información sobre el objeto representado, (b) actitudes y creencias hacia el objeto representado, (c) prácticas discriminatorias y (d) abordaje UR, cada una de ellas contiene diversas subcategorías que ayudaron a organizar y clasificar la información recolectada. En el estudio se encontró, de acuerdo con los objetivos propuestos, que en primer lugar existe un vacío en el conocimiento acerca de las orientaciones sexuales caracterizado por la presencia de discursos estereotipados. En segundo lugar, una actitud en su mayoría indiferente frente a las personas con orientaciones sexuales diversas a la heterosexual, así como un conjunto amplio de narrativas basadas en creencias lo cual da cuenta de que los discursos nacen del conocimiento del sentido común. Por otro lado, se encuentra que existen prácticas discriminatorias directas e indirectas, así como prejuicios dentro de las narrativas. Los estudiantes perciben que en general este es un tema que no se aborda en la Universidad, llegando al consenso en que esto debería cambiar, sin embargo, las representaciones sociales que se establecen en el desconocimiento, las actitudes indiferentes y las prácticas discriminatorias, permiten ver que aún existe un discurso heteronormativo muy arraigado, que pone barreras expresadas en los prejuicios, los estereotipos y el rechazo.

Monomanias - auto-narrativas e auto-ficções: estudo sobre as manias do eu como sintoma civilizacional e seu reflexo nas artes plásticas : Monomanias - auto narratives and auto-fictions: study on the manias of the self as a civilizational symptom and their reflection in contemporay art

A palavra monomania provém do grego monos que se traduz por "um" e mania que significa "mania". O emprego do termo em psiquiatria deve-se a Esquirol e mais tarde a Pierre Janet. Contudo, o uso da palavra não se circunscreve ao campo da psiquiatria, o conceito de monomania é também usado para definir as denominadas "manias do eu". Nos dias de hoje, a subjectividade, a particularidade de cada indivíduo apartou-se da noção de Homem como um todo objectivo. A massificação gerou a sociedade do narcisismo. A World Wide Web permitiu ao sujeito dar a conhecer ao mundo a sua individualidade. O sujeito é livre de se mostrar, de se fazer ouvir, de contar as suas histórias e principalmente a sua própria. À semelhança do nosso quotidiano, podemos encontrar na arte contemporânea propostas artísticas que se prendem com o conceito de monomania, como o exemplo das mitologias individuais, auto-narrativas e auto-ficções de Sophie Calle: "de vivre sa vie pour faire ceuvre et de faire ceuvre pour vivre sa vie." ABSTRACT: Etymologically, "monomania" originates from the Greek words "monos" and "mania". The former refers to the notion of "one" and the latter to "mania". The term's introduction in the field of psychiatry is attributed first to Esquirol and later Pierre Janet. Usage of the word isn’t, however, exclusive to psychiatric jargon: the concept of monomania is also used to define so called "manias of the self’. Today, the subjectivity and specificity of each individual have distanced themselves from the notion of Man as an objective whole. Massification has led to a society of narcissism. The World Wide Web has allowed the subject to make her individuality known to the world at large. The subject is free to exhibit herself, make herself heard, tell her stories, and especially her own. ln a way similar to daily life, we find agendas in contemporary art that approach the concept of monomania, such as the personal mythologies, self-narratives and selffictions of Sophie Calle: "de vivre sa vie pour faire oeuvre et de faire oeuvre pour vivre sa vie."

Legato: um modelo de avaliação ilustrativo da construção do conhecimento científico

Na unidade curricular de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, lecionada desde 2011 ao 2º ano da licenciatura de Biologia Humana na Universidade de Évora, tem-se aplicado um modelo de avaliação que visa focalizar a aprendizagem através da construção de trabalhos-projeto que são realizados, em duas fases, por dois grupos de alunos. Este modelo de avaliação foi motivado tanto pelo facto do conteúdo desta unidade curricular ser extremamente complexo para uma avaliação mais convencional, como pela oportunidade que dá aos alunos de se aproximarem do contexto profissional de construção do conhecimento científico por interação entre pares. Na primeira fase de avaliação, o tema e a composição do grupo são escolhidos pelos alunos, sendo completada a pouco mais de meio do semestre com a submissão dum resumo (revisão) da informação coligida, bibliografia, e uma breve apresentação para os colegas, que deste modo ficam com uma panorâmica das temáticas a desenvolver no respetivo ano letivo. Na segunda fase essa informação é legada a um novo grupo, que desta vez é sorteado entre a turma, e que deverá seguir um guião preparado pelo docente, com base no trabalho previamente apresentado, para preparar uma apresentação final, em sessão pública. Cada tema tem por isso dois grupos de alunos diretamente envolvidos, que se interligam num elo de responsabilidade mútua que irá desembocar na sessão pública final. O nome proposto para este modelo, Legato, realça esta interligação. As apresentações finais, depois de eventuais correções, ficam disponíveis publicamente na World Wide Web. O papel das aulas é ir introduzindo os alunos à disciplina científica de Biologia do Desenvolvimento, facultando-lhes os conceitos, a linguagem, e sobretudo o raciocínio que lhe são próprios. Em duas sessões práticas apresenta-se aos alunos o mundo das bases de dados biológicas e bibliográficas (respetivamente), para que consigam um levantamento mais eficiente de fontes relevantes. Decorridos 5 anos desta prática de avaliação, com mais de 30 destes trabalhosprojeto já realizados, tem-se verificado um aproveitamento muito satisfatório na generalidade dos temas, mesmo com aqueles (poucos) que sofreram da falta de empenhamento do grupo da 1ª fase. O caráter público da fase final de avaliação, de par com a preparação (por parte do docente) do guião da 2ª fase, contribuem para garantir a qualidade das apresentações finais. Mas o autor acredita que a principal motivação para a qualidade generalizada dos resultados é o elo de responsabilidade mútua referido acima, bem como uma sensação de “pertença” em relação aos temas escolhidos. Este modelo de avaliação pode ser adaptado em qualquer área do conhecimento, pois a construção do conhecimento entre pares, que se pretende ilustrar neste modelo de avaliação, é essencialmente universal; e também em diferentes fases da formação, se bem que seja especialmente adequado a unidades curriculares do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Superior.

Convergência digital de sistemas de aprendizado colaborativo, considerando ambientes da web e da TV digital no Brasil

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação - IBILCE

Business on-line? An empirical study of factors leading to the adoption of Internet technologies by Australian SMEs

E-commerce technologies such as a website, email and the use of web browsers enables access to large amounts of information, facilitates communication and provides niche companies with an effective mechanism for competing with larger organisations world-wide. However recent literature has shown Australian SMEs have been slow in the uptake of these technologies. The aim of this research was to determine which factors were important in impacting on small firms' decision making in respect of information technology and e-commerce adoption. Findings indicate that generally the more a firm was concerned about its competitive position such a firm was likely to develop a web site. Moreover the 'Industry and Skill Demands' dimension suggested that as the formal education of the owner/manager increased, coupled with the likelihood that the firm was in the transport and storage or communication services industries, and realising the cost of IT adoption was in effect an investment, then such a firm would be inclined to develop a web site.

Scientific Journal Publishing – Yearly Volume and Open Access Availability

Introduction. We estimate the total yearly volume of peer-reviewed scientific journal articles published world-wide as well as the share of these articles available openly on the Web either directly or as copies in e-print repositories. Method. We rely on data from two commercial databases (ISI and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory) supplemented by sampling and Google searches. Analysis. A central issue is the finding that ISI-indexed journals publish far more articles per year (111) than non ISI-indexed journals (26), which means that the total figure we obtain is much lower than many earlier estimates. Our method of analysing the number of repository copies (green open access) differs from several earlier studies which have studied the number of copies in identified repositories, since we start from a random sample of articles and then test if copies can be found by a Web search engine. Results. We estimate that in 2006 the total number of articles published was approximately 1,350,000. Of this number 4.6% became immediately openly available and an additional 3.5% after an embargo period of, typically, one year. Furthermore, usable copies of 11.3% could be found in subject-specific or institutional repositories or on the home pages of the authors. Conclusions. We believe our results are the most reliable so far published and, therefore, should be useful in the on-going debate about Open Access among both academics and science policy makers. The method is replicable and also lends itself to longitudinal studies in the future.

A Short Review on Lu-Hf Isotope System in Zircon: Implications for Crustal Evolution

Zircon has been recognized as the unaltered part of the Earth's history which preserves nearly 4 billion year record of earth's evolution. Zircon preserves igneous and metamorphic processes during its formation and remains unaffected by sedimentary processes and crustal recycling. U-Pb and Lu-Hf in zircon work as geochronometer and geochemical tracer respectively. Zircon provide valuable information about the source composition of the rocks and the intrinsic details of an unseen crust-mantle processes. The world wide data of U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope systems in zircon reveal crustal evolution through geological history. Moreover, the U-Pb age pattern of zircons show distinct peaks attributed to preservation of crustal rocks or mountain building during supercontinent assembly. The histogram of continental crust preservation shows that nearly one-third of continental crust was formed during the Archean, almost 20% was formed during Paleoproterozoic and 14% in last 400 Ma.

Can the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) be used to infer sardine diet?

Knowledge on the impact of climate variability in the diet of planktivorous fish is limited by the laborious work involved in stomach content analysis, impractical for large scale studies. Routine measurements of plankton such as the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey provide valuable information of the temporal variation of phyto- and zooplankton prey availability for higher trophic levels. Sardines are a world-wide distributed and commercially important planktivorous fish, at the basis of the pelagic marine food web. Being predominantly non-selective filter-feeders, their diets closely correspond to the water plankton species and a significant relationship was recently found between Sardina pilchardus feeding intensity and remotely sensed chlorophyll alpha . Data of sardine stomach prey composition and CPR were obtained during 2003 for the same location off the west coast of Portugal, an area characterised by strong seasonality of plankton abundance and composition, mainly governed by upwelling events. Phyto- and zooplankton prey in sardine stomachs were identified to the lowest possible taxa and their numerical and volumetric abundance was registered, as well as their contribution to the prey carbon content. The seasonal variation of the abundance and composition of sardine diet was then compared to the abundance and composition of the water plankton obtained with the CPR at the same time and for the same area where the fish were collected, in order to evaluate if CPR data can be used to proxy sardine prey availability and diet composition at large temporal scales.

Mining biomedical information from scientific literature

The rapid evolution and proliferation of a world-wide computerized network, the Internet, resulted in an overwhelming and constantly growing amount of publicly available data and information, a fact that was also verified in biomedicine. However, the lack of structure of textual data inhibits its direct processing by computational solutions. Information extraction is the task of text mining that intends to automatically collect information from unstructured text data sources. The goal of the work described in this thesis was to build innovative solutions for biomedical information extraction from scientific literature, through the development of simple software artifacts for developers and biocurators, delivering more accurate, usable and faster results. We started by tackling named entity recognition - a crucial initial task - with the development of Gimli, a machine-learning-based solution that follows an incremental approach to optimize extracted linguistic characteristics for each concept type. Afterwards, Totum was built to harmonize concept names provided by heterogeneous systems, delivering a robust solution with improved performance results. Such approach takes advantage of heterogenous corpora to deliver cross-corpus harmonization that is not constrained to specific characteristics. Since previous solutions do not provide links to knowledge bases, Neji was built to streamline the development of complex and custom solutions for biomedical concept name recognition and normalization. This was achieved through a modular and flexible framework focused on speed and performance, integrating a large amount of processing modules optimized for the biomedical domain. To offer on-demand heterogenous biomedical concept identification, we developed BeCAS, a web application, service and widget. We also tackled relation mining by developing TrigNER, a machine-learning-based solution for biomedical event trigger recognition, which applies an automatic algorithm to obtain the best linguistic features and model parameters for each event type. Finally, in order to assist biocurators, Egas was developed to support rapid, interactive and real-time collaborative curation of biomedical documents, through manual and automatic in-line annotation of concepts and relations. Overall, the research work presented in this thesis contributed to a more accurate update of current biomedical knowledge bases, towards improved hypothesis generation and knowledge discovery.

Participación política a través de acciones constitucionales. Estudio de caso: matrimonio para personas del mismo sexo en Colombia

El interés de esta investigación se centra en analizar el rol protagónico que han adquirido las acciones constitucionales en la participación política de la comunidad LGTBI, encaminada a la aprobación del matrimonio igualitario en Colombia, a partir de la promulgación de la Constitución Política de 1991. Para este propósito, el estudio presenta un diagnóstico sobre las falencias y limitaciones que ha presentado la representación política y de los mecanismos de participación ciudadana para solventar las reivindicaciones de las parejas del mismo sexo. En consecuencia, la investigación evidencia de qué manera la sub-representación de los intereses de esta comunidad en el Congreso de la República y la sub-utilización de los mecanismos de participación política causadas por las deficiencias en su diseño e implementación, impulsaron a la población LGTBI y los defensores de sus derechos a canalizar su participación política a través de la presentación de acciones constitucionales.