Distribution of Benthic In fauna in the Cochin Backwaters In Relation To Environmental Parameters

The study revealed stress and localized impact of industrial waste on the biota, predominance of stress tolerant species and low diversity in the vicinity of the effluent discharge point. These studies on impact of environmental parameters on the distribution of macrobenthos thus indicate the quantum of endurance warranted by the infauna to tide over the wide range of environmental stress. Low diversity and lower number of benthic fauna near discharge site can be attributed to the stress caused by cumulative toxic effects of effluents. The results of the physico-chemical parameters highlight the effects of pollution. The results of the study indicated the changes due to the large-scale movements of the estuarine water under the influence of tide, monsoon and land runoff coupled with its heterogenous nature owing to the effluent discharge from the industries

Characteristics of near surface crustal deformation associated with shield seismicity

The purpose of the present study is to understand the surface deformation associated with the Killari and Wadakkancheri earthquake and to examine if there are any evidence of occurrence of paleo-earthquakes in this region or its vicinity. The present study is an attempt to characterize active tectonic structures from two areas within penisular India: the sites of 1993 Killari (Latur) (Mb 6.3) and 1994 Wadakkancheri (M 4.3) earthquakes in the Precambrian shield. The main objectives of the study are to isolate structures related to active tectonism, constraint the style of near – surface deformation and identify previous events by interpreting the deformational features. The study indicates the existence of a NW-SE trending pre-existing fault, passing through the epicentral area of the 1993 Killari earthquake. It presents the salient features obtained during the field investigations in and around the rupture zone. Details of mapping of the scrap, trenching, and shallow drilling are discussed here. It presents the geologic and tectonic settings of the Wadakkancheri area and the local seismicity; interpretation of remote sensing data and a detailed geomorphic analysis. Quantitative geomorphic analysis around the epicenter of the Wadakkancheri earthquake indicates suitable neotectonic rejuvenation. Evaluation of remote sensing data shows distinct linear features including the presence of potentially active WNW-ESE trending fault within the Precambrian shear zone. The study concludes that the earthquakes in the shield area are mostly associated with discrete faults that are developed in association with the preexisting shear zones or structurally weak zones

Temporal and spatial evolution of laser ablated plasma from YBa2Cu3O7

YBa2Cu307 target was laser ablated, and the time-of-flight (TOF) distributions of Y, Y+., and YO in the resultant plasma were investigated as functions of distance from the target and laser energy density using emission spectroscopy. Up to a short distance from the target (-1.5 cm), TOF distributions show twin peaks for Y and YO, while only single-peak distribution is observed for Y+. At greater distances (>1.5 cm) all of them exhibit single-peak distribution. The twin peaks are assigned to species corresponding to those generated directly/m the vicinity of target surface and to those generated from collisional/recombination process.

Electron Density Determination of Laser Induced Plasma from Polymethyl Methacrylate Using Phaseshift Detection Technique

Irradiation of a Polymethyl methacrylate target using a pulsed Nd-YAG laser causes plasma formation in the vicinity of the target. The refractive index gradient due to the presence of the plasma is probed using phase-shift detection technique. The phase-shift technique is a simple but sensitive technique for the determination of laser ablation threshold of solids. The number density of laser generated plasma above the ablation threshold from Polymethyl methacrylate is calculated as a function of laser fluence. The number density varies from 2×1016 cm-3 to 2×1017 cm-3 in the fluence interval 2.8-13 J · cm-2.

Temperature and magnetic-field dependence of the elastic constants of Ni-Mn-Al magnetic Heusler alloy

We report on measurements of the adiabatic second-order elastic constants of the off-stoichiometric Ni54Mn23Al23 single-crystalline Heusler alloy. The variation in the temperature dependence of the elastic constants has been investigated across the magnetic transition and over a broad temperature range. Anomalies in the temperature behavior of the elastic constants have been found in the vicinity of the magnetic phase transition. Measurements under applied magnetic field, both isothermal and variable temperature, show that the value of the elastic constants depends on magnetic order, thus giving evidence for magnetoelastic coupling in this alloy system.

Studies on sporulation and propagation in selected agarophytes

Studies on sporulation of four commercially important red (sea-weeds) algae ^(agarophytes) namely Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria corticata, G edulis and Hypnea musciformis growing in the vicinity of’ Mandapam coast were carried out from October 1981 to September 1983. During the two years of study; fruiting behavior in the natural population of these species was also investigated. Laboratory experiments were carried out with the four algae sea weeds to collect information on seasonal aspects of spore production and diurnal variation of spore shedding. Detailed studies were made under laboratory conditions to know the effects of some selected environmental factors such as desiccation, salinity, temperature, light intensity and photoperiod on spore output in Gelidiella acerosa, Gracilaria edulis and kypnea musciformis hydrological data were also collected from the inter-tial region around mandapam area. The result obtained on all the above aspects are presented in this thesis

Mineralogical And Sedimentological Studies Of Innershelf And Beach Sediments Along The Coast Between Paravur And Kovalam, South Kerala, India

Continental shelf is of particular significance in marine geology , because it links the two basically different structural zones in the earth's crust; the continents and ocean basins. The shelf area has much wider importance in many fields of activity such as scientific, economic, social, political and strategic. The pace of development has ultimately put pressure on mankind to look for exploitable resources and accessibility to the continental shelf area and beyond. Added to the above, the developmental activities in the coastal area would readily and directly influence the innershelf sediments. This situation demands a thorough geological knowledge of the continental shelf area. Moreover, a successful management of the continental shelf zone requires an optimum data base on the physico-chemical nature of the shelf sediments. Although sedimentological studies were carried out along the western continental shelf of India, a well documented systematic study of the inner shelf off Trivandrum coast is still found to be lacking. Considering the physiographic settings and the vicinity of two renowned placer deposits at Chavara and Manavalakurichi, such a sedimetological inventory has become all the more vital. In view of the above, a research programme has been drawn up to account the salient sedimentological and mineralogical aspects of the innershelf and beach sediments between Paravur and Kovalam, Trivandrum district, Kerala (latitudes 8° 7'00" to 8° 47'45" and longitudes 76°43'00" to 77° 40'45"). The findings are presented in six chapters formatted to address the aim of this research.

Characteristics of SST over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

Evolution of mini warm pool in the Arabian Sea just before the onset of southwest monsoon and behavior of SST in the vicinity of weather systems formed during the premonsoon, southwest monsoon and post monsoon seasons were studied using TMI SST data. The Arabian Sea mini warm pool is formed about three weeks ahead of onset of southwest monsoon. Maximum SST is found about one week ahead of monsoon onset and then the warm pool gradually dissipated. Generally, a low-pressure system is formed when the SST exceeds a certain threshold value for the formation of the system. Daily SST values are examined both in Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal to bring out the quantity of increase in SST just before the formation of the system, quantity of rapid decrease in SST during the formation of the system and the number of days required for returning to normal SST. Many cases were examined for pre-monsoon, southwest monsoon and post monsoon seasons to understand the behavior of SST pattern. It is found that the SST increases about 3° C just before the formation of the system and decreases about 4° C during the formation within 2 to 3 days and takes about 4 to 6 days to return to normal SST pattern. However, the SST pattern depends on the weather system

Studies On The Dynamics And Water Quality Of The Muvattupuzha River In Relation To Effluent Discharge

The present study aims at the investigation of the 1ysico—chemical features of a tropical tidal river viz. we Muvattupuzha river. This river is expected to receive Jderate to heavy pollution loads in years to come, from we lone industrial unit, already set up on its bank. ilike other rivers, the geographical disposition of this Lver attains unique importance as regards its dynamics for 3) availability of natural runoff water from catchment :eas, which becomes very heavy during the monsoon season 3) regular steady availability of tail race water from a /dro—electric power station throughout the yearThe study also aims at arriving at the balancing forces of inherent self~purification of the river verses pollution loads from the factory effluents. The investigation period falls ahead of actual pollution occurrence and so the ambient conditions for a period of nearly one-and-a—half years were investigated, the analyses of which providflz to formulate the inter-relations of parameters varying with seasons. Tracer experiments were carried out which revealed the dispersion and dilution characteristics of the river in the vicinity of effluent outfall. The studv covers the trial—cum-capacity production periods of the factory during which effluents of various strength and quantity were discharged into the river; a few computed values arQ’cjmpgrQdl ... with the observed values. The base data along with the profiles of Oxygen sag equation have been utilized fb develop a mathematical model of the river with regard to its water quality

Agent Based Simulation of Street Robbery

Routine activity theory introduced by Cohen& Felson in 1979 states that criminal acts are caused due to the presenceof criminals, vic-timsand the absence of guardians in time and place. As the number of collision of these elements in place and time increases, criminal acts will also increase even if the number of criminals or civilians remains the same within the vicinity of a city. Street robbery is a typical example of routine ac-tivity theory and the occurrence of which can be predicted using routine activity theory. Agent-based models allow simulation of diversity among individuals. Therefore agent based simulation of street robbery can be used to visualize how chronological aspects of human activity influence the incidence of street robbery.The conceptual model identifies three classes of people-criminals, civilians and police with certain activity areas for each. Police exist only as agents of formal guardianship. Criminals with a tendency for crime will be in the search for their victims. Civilians without criminal tendencycan be either victims or guardians. In addition to criminal tendency, each civilian in the model has a unique set of characteristicslike wealth, employment status, ability for guardianship etc. These agents are subjected to random walk through a street environment guided by a Q –learning module and the possible outcomes are analyzed

Biohöfe als Ausgangspunkte informeller Lernprozesse

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage nach dem Einfluss von Biohöfen auf die Menschen, die in ihrem Umfeld leben. Sie bietet Einblicke in die Zusammenhänge, in denen Nachbarn, Kollegen, Freunde oder Kunden einen Biohof gezielt oder eher zufällig nutzen, um hier informell Erfahrungen zu sammeln, die zu nachhaltigen Lebennstilen und Wirtschaftsweisen beitragen können. Im Rahmen von sechs Fallstudien wurden hierfür ökologisch wirtschaftende Landwirtschaftsbetriebe in Brandenburg im Hinblick auf die informelle Vermittlung von Wissen und Erfahrungen qualitativ untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory wird die Entstehung von informellen Lernprozessen im sozialen Umfeld der Höfe rekonstruiert. Neben dem empirischen Ausgangsmaterial erwiesen sich die handlungstheoretischen Konstrukte Lebenswelt, Habitus, Lebensstil und Lebensführung als hilfreicher Interpretationshintergrund. Mit diesen theoretischen Ansätzen werden die soziokulturellen Einflussfaktoren für Erfahren, Lernen und Vermitteln betont. Informelles Lernen wird so als ein sozial eingebetteter Prozess verstanden. Aus dieser, weniger subjektorientierten Perspektive treten dann Faktoren wie z.B. die Atmosphäre der Beziehung zwischen einer Person und dem Biohof, die sinnliche Wahrnehmung und die Art der Kommunikation in das Blickfeld der Analyse. In der Untersuchung wird eine Vielzahl von Verhaltensänderungen, Denkanstößen und Anregungen benannt, die im Zusammenhang mit den untersuchten Biohöfen geschildert wurden und die im Hinblick auf eine nachhaltige Entwicklung als förderlich eingeschätzt werden. Sie basieren, so der Ansatz der Arbeit, auf informellen Lernprozessen. Das zentrale Ergebnis der Fallanalysen ist eine strukturierte Zusammenstellung der im Untersuchungskontext relevanten Einflussfaktoren für erfolgreiches informelles Lernen. Als wesentliche erscheinen hierbei insbesondere zwei Variablen: zum einen hat sich das „wohlwollende Interesse“ als förderlich für das Zustandekommen und den Verlauf von informellen Lernprozessen herausgestellt. Mit diesem Begriff wird eine Einstellung dem Biohof gegenüber beschrieben, die ein Wohlgesonnensein, das Vertrauen und die Neugierde am Hof beinhaltet. Zum anderen scheint die „Erlebbarkeit“ der Angebote zur Wissensvermittlung für das informelle, habitus- und lebensstilbezogene Lernen bedeutsam zu sein. Ergänzend zu dem auf die lernenden Subjekte gerichteten Fokus wurden in der Forschungsarbeit auch Beweggründe der Betriebsleiter, für die jeweils praktizierte Wissens- und Erfahrungsvermittlung herausgearbeitet. Die Betrachtung wird durch die Zusammenstellung von Schwierigkeiten und Hindernissen abgerundet, die dem informellen Lernen vom Biohof entgegen stehen können. Ausgehend von den fallbezogenen Ergebnissen liefert die Arbeit damit eine Grundlage, um über die Bedeutung von Lernfeldern, die durch Biolandwirte, aber auch andere Akteursgruppen bereit gestellt werden, nachzudenken und um ihre gesellschaftliche Relevanz zu diskutieren.

Integrated Livelihoods and Landscape Approach for Smallholders in Northern Thailand

This paper examines the strategies and techniques researched and implemented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in villages in the vicinity of Doi Mae Salong in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The strategies revolve around the paradigm linking poverty alleviation, conservation and landscape restoration. IUCN and its partners specifically researched and implemented schemes directed toward diversification of the household economy through alternative and sustainable intensified agriculture techniques based on balancing conservation and livelihood objectives. The projects aimed to reduce poverty and build the resilience of smallholders through decentralised governance arrangements including land use planning schemes and stakeholder negotiation. Considering the agro-ecological system on a catchment-wide scale enhances the conceptual understanding of each component, collectively forming a landscape matrix with requisite benefits for biodiversity, smallholder livelihoods and ecosystem services. In particular, the role of enhancing ecosystem services and functions in building socio-ecological resilience to vulnerabilities such as climate and economic variability is paramount in the process.

Two complementary molecular energy decomposition schemes: the Mayer and Ziegler-Rauk methods in comparison

In the present paper we discuss and compare two different energy decomposition schemes: Mayer's Hartree-Fock energy decomposition into diatomic and monoatomic contributions [Chem. Phys. Lett. 382, 265 (2003)], and the Ziegler-Rauk dissociation energy decomposition [Inorg. Chem. 18, 1558 (1979)]. The Ziegler-Rauk scheme is based on a separation of a molecule into fragments, while Mayer's scheme can be used in the cases where a fragmentation of the system in clearly separable parts is not possible. In the Mayer scheme, the density of a free atom is deformed to give the one-atom Mulliken density that subsequently interacts to give rise to the diatomic interaction energy. We give a detailed analysis of the diatomic energy contributions in the Mayer scheme and a close look onto the one-atom Mulliken densities. The Mulliken density ρA has a single large maximum around the nuclear position of the atom A, but exhibits slightly negative values in the vicinity of neighboring atoms. The main connecting point between both analysis schemes is the electrostatic energy. Both decomposition schemes utilize the same electrostatic energy expression, but differ in how fragment densities are defined. In the Mayer scheme, the electrostatic component originates from the interaction of the Mulliken densities, while in the Ziegler-Rauk scheme, the undisturbed fragment densities interact. The values of the electrostatic energy resulting from the two schemes differ significantly but typically have the same order of magnitude. Both methods are useful and complementary since Mayer's decomposition focuses on the energy of the finally formed molecule, whereas the Ziegler-Rauk scheme describes the bond formation starting from undeformed fragment densities

Funcions densitat i semblança molecular quàntica: nous desenvolupaments i aplicacions

La present tesi, tot i que emmarcada dins de la teoria de les Mesures Semblança Molecular Quántica (MQSM), es deriva en tres àmbits clarament definits: - La creació de Contorns Moleculars de IsoDensitat Electrònica (MIDCOs, de l'anglès Molecular IsoDensity COntours) a partir de densitats electròniques ajustades. - El desenvolupament d'un mètode de sobreposició molecular, alternatiu a la regla de la màxima semblança. - Relacions Quantitatives Estructura-Activitat (QSAR, de l'anglès Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships). L'objectiu en el camp dels MIDCOs és l'aplicació de funcions densitat ajustades, ideades inicialment per a abaratir els càlculs de MQSM, per a l'obtenció de MIDCOs. Així, es realitza un estudi gràfic comparatiu entre diferents funcions densitat ajustades a diferents bases amb densitats obtingudes de càlculs duts a terme a nivells ab initio. D'aquesta manera, l'analogia visual entre les funcions ajustades i les ab initio obtinguda en el ventall de representacions de densitat obtingudes, i juntament amb els valors de les mesures de semblança obtinguts prèviament, totalment comparables, fonamenta l'ús d'aquestes funcions ajustades. Més enllà del propòsit inicial, es van realitzar dos estudis complementaris a la simple representació de densitats, i són l'anàlisi de curvatura i l'extensió a macromolècules. La primera observació correspon a comprovar no només la semblança dels MIDCOs, sinó la coherència del seu comportament a nivell de curvatura, podent-se així observar punts d'inflexió en la representació de densitats i veure gràficament aquelles zones on la densitat és còncava o convexa. Aquest primer estudi revela que tant les densitats ajustades com les calculades a nivell ab initio es comporten de manera totalment anàloga. En la segona part d'aquest treball es va poder estendre el mètode a molècules més grans, de fins uns 2500 àtoms. Finalment, s'aplica part de la filosofia del MEDLA. Sabent que la densitat electrònica decau ràpidament al allunyar-se dels nuclis, el càlcul d'aquesta pot ser obviat a distàncies grans d'aquests. D'aquesta manera es va proposar particionar l'espai, i calcular tan sols les funcions ajustades de cada àtom tan sols en una regió petita, envoltant l'àtom en qüestió. Duent a terme aquest procés, es disminueix el temps de càlcul i el procés esdevé lineal amb nombre d'àtoms presents en la molècula tractada. En el tema dedicat a la sobreposició molecular es tracta la creació d'un algorisme, així com la seva implementació en forma de programa, batejat Topo-Geometrical Superposition Algorithm (TGSA), d'un mètode que proporcionés aquells alineaments que coincideixen amb la intuïció química. El resultat és un programa informàtic, codificat en Fortran 90, el qual alinea les molècules per parelles considerant tan sols nombres i distàncies atòmiques. La total absència de paràmetres teòrics permet desenvolupar un mètode de sobreposició molecular general, que proporcioni una sobreposició intuïtiva, i també de forma rellevant, de manera ràpida i amb poca intervenció de l'usuari. L'ús màxim del TGSA s'ha dedicat a calcular semblances per al seu ús posterior en QSAR, les quals majoritàriament no corresponen al valor que s'obtindria d'emprar la regla de la màxima semblança, sobretot si hi ha àtoms pesats en joc. Finalment, en l'últim tema, dedicat a la Semblança Quàntica en el marc del QSAR, es tracten tres aspectes diferents: - Ús de matrius de semblança. Aquí intervé l'anomenada matriu de semblança, calculada a partir de les semblances per parelles d'entre un conjunt de molècules. Aquesta matriu és emprada posteriorment, degudament tractada, com a font de descriptors moleculars per a estudis QSAR. Dins d'aquest àmbit s'han fet diversos estudis de correlació d'interès farmacològic, toxicològic, així com de diverses propietats físiques. - Aplicació de l'energia d'interacció electró-electró, assimilat com a una forma d'autosemblança. Aquesta modesta contribució consisteix breument en prendre el valor d'aquesta magnitud, i per analogia amb la notació de l'autosemblança molecular quàntica, assimilar-la com a cas particular de d'aquesta mesura. Aquesta energia d'interacció s'obté fàcilment a partir de programari mecanoquàntic, i esdevé ideal per a fer un primer estudi preliminar de correlació, on s'utilitza aquesta magnitud com a únic descriptor. - Càlcul d'autosemblances, on la densitat ha estat modificada per a augmentar el paper d'un substituent. Treballs previs amb densitats de fragments, tot i donar molt bons resultats, manquen de cert rigor conceptual en aïllar un fragment, suposadament responsable de l'activitat molecular, de la totalitat de l'estructura molecular, tot i que les densitats associades a aquest fragment ja difereixen degut a pertànyer a esquelets amb diferents substitucions. Un procediment per a omplir aquest buit que deixa la simple separació del fragment, considerant així la totalitat de la molècula (calcular-ne l'autosemblança), però evitant al mateix temps valors d'autosemblança no desitjats provocats per àtoms pesats, és l'ús de densitats de Forats de fermi, els quals es troben definits al voltant del fragment d'interès. Aquest procediment modifica la densitat de manera que es troba majoritàriament concentrada a la regió d'interès, però alhora permet obtenir una funció densitat, la qual es comporta matemàticament igual que la densitat electrònica regular, podent-se així incorporar dins del marc de la semblança molecular. Les autosemblances calculades amb aquesta metodologia han portat a bones correlacions amb àcids aromàtics substituïts, podent així donar una explicació al seu comportament. Des d'un altre punt de vista, també s'han fet contribucions conceptuals. S'ha implementat una nova mesura de semblança, la d'energia cinètica, la qual consisteix en prendre la recentment desenvolupada funció densitat d'energia cinètica, la qual al comportar-se matemàticament igual a les densitats electròniques regulars, s'ha incorporat en el marc de la semblança. A partir d'aquesta mesura s'han obtingut models QSAR satisfactoris per diferents conjunts moleculars. Dins de l'aspecte del tractament de les matrius de semblança s'ha implementat l'anomenada transformació estocàstica com a alternativa a l'ús de l'índex Carbó. Aquesta transformació de la matriu de semblança permet obtenir una nova matriu no simètrica, la qual pot ser posteriorment tractada per a construir models QSAR.

Análisis y evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de la población de La Fortuna de San Carlos a la actividad volcànica del Volcán Arenal, Costa Rica.

El Volcán Arenal es un joven estratovolcán (7ka) localizado en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Inicio su presente ciclo eruptivo el 29 de Julio de 1968 con una gran explosión lateral que mató alrededor de 90 personas. En el momento inicial de la erupción los alrededores del volcán estaban ocupados principalmente por fincas ganaderas. Hoy día, 40 años después de constante actividad volcánica las tierras dedicadas a la ganadería en los alrededores del volcán han retrocedido como principal actividad económica para dar paso a la creciente infraestructura turística. La población de La Fortuna, la ciudad más cercana al volcán (5 km) ha crecido aceleradamente como producto del desarrollo del turismo y la cercanía al volcán. Considerando los peligros volcánicos presentes, las tendencias de crecimiento de la población, y la extensión de la actividad turística, se propone una zonificación de los usos del suelo en La Fortuna de San Carlos y alrededores del Volcán Arenal. El estudio de percepción del riesgo en la población fue implementado en La Fortuna y alrededores con posee una población de aproximadamente 12000 personas. La población fue dividida en dos segmentos para el análisis. Lo primero fue una muestra (N=32) de la población directamente involucrada en la actividad turística (dueños de hotel, empleados, dueños de restaurante, operadora de tour, etc). La segunda (N=40) fue una muestra de la población residente en la ciudad de La Fortuna y alrededores, relacionados o no con las actividades turísticas. Se diseño una entrevista para cada segmento investigado. Así se investigó la percepción del riesgo de la población directamente beneficiada por el turismo atreves de la actividad volcánica y la población residente. El Volcán Arenal es visto de dos formas diferentes por la población que vive en la zona de La Fortuna. Por un lado, la población que vive directamente de la actividad turística, mencionan que el volcán es la razón del acelerado crecimiento económico en el lugar durante la última década. Además, para este grupo el Arenal es la fuente de cientos de empleos y la fuerza que ha transformado a La Fortuna de un poblado rural a una prospera ciudad con una inusual oferta de servicios para los turistas y residentes. Por otra parte, los residentes que no dependen directamente de la actividad turística creen que el volcán es el más importante peligro natural en la zona, sin embargo han aprendido a convivir con él.