Improving the consensus performance via predictive mechanisms

Considering some predictive mechanisms, we show that ultrafast average-consensus can be achieved in networks of interconnected agents. More specifically, by predicting the dynamics of the network several steps ahead and using this information in the design of the consensus protocol of each agent, drastic improvements can be achieved in terms of the speed of consensus convergence, without changing the topology of the network. Moreover, using these predictive mechanisms, the range of sampling periods leading to consensus convergence is greatly expanded compared with the routine consensus protocol. This study provides a mathematical basis for the idea that some predictive mechanisms exist in widely-spread biological swarms, flocks, and networks. From the industrial engineering point of view, inclusion of an efficient predictive mechanism allows for a significant increase in the speed of consensus convergence and also a reduction of the communication energy required to achieve a predefined consensus performance.

Tracing the Origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by Mitochondrial DNA Analysis

Hakka and Chaoshanese are two unique Han populations residing in southern China but with northern Han (NH) cultural traditions and linguistic influences. Although most of historical records indicate that both populations migrated from northern China in the last two thousand years, no consensus on their origins has been reached so far. To shed more light on the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese, mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 170 Hakka from Meizhou and 102 Chaoshanese from Chaoshan area, Guangdong Province, were analyzed. Our results show that some southern Chinese predominant haplogroups, e.g. B, F, and M7, have relatively high frequencies in both populations. Although median network analyses show that Hakka/Chaoshanese share some haplotypes with NH, interpopulation comparison reveals that both populations show closer affinity with southern Han (SH) populations than with NH. In consideration of previous results from nuclear gene (including Y chromosome) research, it is likely that matrilineal landscapes of both Hakka and Chaoshanese have largely been shaped by the local people during their migration southward and/or later colonization in southern China, and factors such as cultural assimilation, patrilocality, and even sex-bias in the immigrants might have played important roles during the process. Am J Phys Anthropol 141:124-130, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

树鼩内侧隔核-斜角带复合体向腹侧海马的胆碱能和非胆碱能投射

本研究运用JKLMNOP逆行追踪结合胆碱乙酰化酶免疫组织化学法研究了树鼠句内侧隔核M斜角带复合体向腹侧海马 的投射Q结果表明B)R+树鼠句腹侧海马接受内侧隔核M斜角带复合体的投射有三种形式B���来自内侧隔核B���侧隔核M斜角带垂直部 的外侧部和内侧隔核M斜角带垂直部的后部Q)G+腹侧海马来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部的投射主要是非胆碱能的B���非胆碱能 和胆碱能均主要来自内侧隔核Q)I+腹侧海马各亚区)SLRTSLGUSLI和齿状回门区或SLE+都主要接受内侧隔核的纤维传入B��� 胆碱能和非胆碱能比例不同BSLRTSLGUSLI和SLE来自内侧隔核M斜角带垂直部的投射均主要是非胆碱能的B���主要来自内 侧隔核B���胆碱能几乎等量来自内侧隔核和斜角带垂直部Q内侧隔核M斜角带复合体@腹侧海马亚区胆碱能和非胆碱能投射比例 的不同B���认识内侧隔核M斜角带复合体@海马通路对记忆环路中的海马调节机制B���供了新的形态学依据Q

Multiple color reflection in a single unit cell using double-layer electrochromic reaction

Multiple color states have been realized in single unit cell using double electrochromic (EC) reaction. The precise control of bistability in EC compounds which can maintain several colors on the two separated electrodes allows this new type of pixel to be realized. The specific electrical driving gives a way to maintain both sides in the reduced EC states and this colors overlapping in the vertical view direction can achieve the black state. The four color states (G, B, W, BK) in one cell/pixel can make a valuable progress to achieve a high quality color devices such like electronic paper, outdoor billboard, smart window and flexible display using external light source. © 2012 Optical Society of America.

三峡库区浮游生物群落DNA结构与水体理化因子的分析

本文对三峡水库大坝至香溪河段所设A、B���C、D、E、F和G等7个站点浮游生物群落DNA进行了RAPD分子生物学研究,并分析了其与水体理化因子的关系。各站点间RAPD研究表明:D和E首先聚到一组,然后与A聚到一起,最后与C聚成一大类;B���F聚成一大类;站点G独自归于一类。而理化因子聚类结果显示:B���先与C聚为一小类,再与D聚到一起,然后与G、F聚成的小类聚为一类,而E与A分别单独归为一类。比较发现,RAPD聚类结果中相距较近的站点在理化因子聚类中显示为相距较远的站点(如站点A、C、D、E之间),而在RAPD

The giant zooxanthellae-bearing ciliate Maristentor dinoferus (Heterotrichea) is closely related to folliculinidae

The small subunit rDNA sequence of Maristentor dinoferus (Lobban, Schefter, Simpson, Pochon, Pawlowski, and Foissner, 2002) was determined and compared with sequences from other Heterotrichea and Karyorelictea. Maristentor resembles Stentor in basic morphology and had been provisionally assigned to Stentoridae. However, our phylogenetic analyses show that Maristentor is more closely related to Folliculinidae. Our results support the creation of a separate family for Maristentor, Maristentoridae n. fam., and also confirm the phylogenetic grouping of Folliculindae, Stentoridae, Blepharismidae, and Maristentoridae, which we informally call 'stentorids'. Maristentor, rather than Stentor itself, appears to be most significant in understanding the origins of folliculinids from their aloricate ancestors. Our analyses suggest continued uncertainty in the exact placement of the root of heterotrichs with this phylogenetic marker.

Real-time studies on microalgae under microgravity

Using remote sensing technique, we investigated real-time Nostoc sphaeroides Kiltz (Cyanobacterium) in Closed System under microgravity by SHENZHOU-2 spacecraft in January 2001. The experiments had 1g centrifuges in space for control and ground control group experiments were also carried out in the same equipments and under the same controlled condition. The data about the population growth of Nostoc sp. of experiments and temperature changes of system were got from spacecraft every minute. From the data, we can find that population growth of Nostoc sp. in microgravity group was higher than that of other groups in space or on ground, even though both the control I g group in space and I g group on ground indicated same increasing characteristics in experiments. The growth rate of 1.4g group (centrifuged group on ground) was also promoted during experiment. The temperature changes of systems are also affected by gravity and light. Some aspects about those differences were discussed. From the discussion of these results during experiment, it can be found that gravity is the major factor to lead to these changes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

聚烯烃官能化及其反应共混的Monte Carlo

针对马来酸酐(MAH)接枝聚丙烯(PP)和聚乙烯(PE)、不相容共混物的反应增容、聚丙烯共混物在剪切流动过程中形态结构演化等聚烯烃反应加工中典型的化学和物理问题开展了计算机模拟和实验研究。 首先，我们建立和完成了适用于Monte Carlo计算机模拟的MAH接枝PP和PE的反应动力学模型及模拟程序的编写与运行。对于MAH接枝PP，模拟结果表明接枝产物所占比例与MAH初始浓度有关。当MAH浓度较低时(小于2.5 wt%)，MAH主要接枝在由β裂解所产生PP链末端上；而在MAH浓度较大时(大于2.5 wt%)，大部分MAH接枝在PP链上的三级碳上。这一结论很好地解决了多年来存在的关于MAH接枝PP位置的争议。为了进一步验证模拟结果，在实验上我们制备了不同MAH(13C标记)初始浓度下接枝PP的系列样品。核磁共振(NMR)研究结果表明MAH的初始浓度明显影响不同接枝产物所占比例，具体表现为MAH接枝到PP三级碳的MAH的NMR共振峰（δ= 32.0 ppm）随MAH的初始浓度的增加而明显增强，而接枝到由β裂解所产生PP链末端的MAH的NMR共振峰（δ=30.3 ppm）随MAH的初始浓度的增加而明显减弱。这与模拟结果一致。对于MAH接枝线性PE，模拟结果表明MAH接在PE主链上形成枝状结构所占比例随MAH初始浓度的增加而增加，而接在两PE主链中间形成桥状结构所占比例随MAH初始浓度的增加而下降。当MAH浓度非常低的时候，两种结构所占比例相当接近。这一结果改变了人们对这一问题的传统认识，即在任何条件下桥状结构所占比例都远远低于枝状结构。以上结果为MAH接枝聚乙烯、聚丙烯分子结构的调控提供了科学依据。 其次，我们开展了伴有化学反应的不相容共混聚合物的增容，即反应增容的Monte Carlo模拟研究。模拟结果表明官能化聚合物A的加入有效改善了聚合物A与极性聚合物B���相容性。当聚合物A为分散相时，A-B���A-B-A嵌段共聚物的增容效果比B-A-B���段共聚物好。我们发现原位生成的A-B���A-B-A和B-A-B���种嵌段共聚物在共混体系中微观结构各不相同。所生成的A-B���嵌段共聚物分布在A/B���相界面上，其A、B���段分别嵌入A、B���区里；所生成的A-B-A三嵌段共聚物则通过“桥状结构”连接两个被分散的A相区；所生成的B-A-B���嵌段共聚物则以“折叠结构”存在于A/B���相界面。此外，我们还研究了接枝共聚物在A/B/接枝共聚物三元共混体系中的增容效果及其微观结构。模拟结果表明，接枝共聚物的结构和支链长度对其在共混物中的微观结构和分散相粒径影响很大。当添加A-g-B���枝共聚物作为增容剂时，如果其支链较短，部分接枝共聚物将会在连续相中形成胶束；当其支链较长时，它们会通过“桥状结构”连接分散相形成网络结构。当选择B-g-A接枝共聚物作为增容剂，如果其支链长度较短，部分共聚物会在分散相里形成胶束；如果其支链较长，大部分共聚物将存在于A/B���相界面上连接A、B���相。 最后，我们在线跟踪研究了聚丙烯共混物在剪切流动过程中形态结构演化过程，观察到了剪切流动下尼龙6(PA6)液滴在PP连续相中的破裂过程。结果表明PA6液滴同时存在fracture 和tip streaming 两种破裂模式。在该共混体中添加少量的SEBS或SEBS-g-MAH，发现在适当的剪切条件下PA6液滴可通过SEBS粘结形成非常有序的规则结构，即平行排列的线条结构。有趣的是这种平行排列的线条结构垂直于剪切流动方向。进一步研究结果表明该结构是一亚稳态，其最终要聚集成球状结构。有意义的是该亚稳态结构可以保持数十分钟以上，这使得人们有足够的时间降温将该结构“冻结”住。这一结果为通用高分子共混物有序结构的外场调控提供了成功范例。

等离子体平板显示（PDP）用荧光粉的合成及其光谱性质

等离子体平板显示（PDP）是目前高清晰度、大屏幕平板显示中的佼佼者，使挂壁彩电成为现实，但其关键部分之一-PDP荧光粉的发展却存在着相当滞后的问题，因此急需开发出性能更好的PDP荧光粉或对现有荧光粉的性能进行改善。改善PDP荧光粉性能的重要手段之一是选择合适的合成路径，因此本文探索了软化学合成方法-水热法在合成 PDP荧光粉合成中的应用，同时也采用高温固相法、共沉淀法对PDP荧光粉进行了合成，通过对比分析探索合成方法对PDP荧光粉光谱性质的影响。分别采用水热法、高温固相法、共沉淀法对掺杂稀土发光离子的稀土正硼酸盐（Y，Gd）BO_3、正磷酸盐（La，Gd）PO4、矾酸盐（Y，Gd）VO4、矾磷酸盐Y（P，V）O_4和硼硅酸盐LoBSIOS进行了合成，并用XRD、IR、SEM、XPS、TG-DTA等手段对其结构进行了表征，对上述PDP荧光粉的真空紫外（VUV）光谱、紫外可见光谱及发射光谱性质进行了研究，得到了一些新的、有意义的结果。（1）首次采用水热法以稀土氧化物、氢氧化物或硝酸盐与硼酸为原料合成了（Y,Gd）BO_3：RE~(3+)（RE＝Eu，Th）系列荧光粉，并对其VUV光谱特性进行了研究。sEM分析发现水热法以氢氧化物、硝酸盐合成的荧光粉粒度在100-200nm之间。XPS揭示不同基质中带结构具有一定的差异。光谱分析发现（Y,Gd）BO_3：RE~(3+)的VUV光谱中110-175nm范围内存在着基质硼酸根（B3场）的吸收带，该吸收带随基质中G矛"浓度的增大而增强并发生了红移，认为红移是由于基质中B-O反键轨道能量的变化引起的。对能量传递过程进行分析认为G矛十起到能量传递中间体的作用，使基质对激活剂的敏化效率随G矛十浓度的增大而提高。（Y,Gd）BO3:RE3＋中基质敏化效率的提高也可能是由于基质敏化带的红移使Gd3十或RE3＋更容易从基质中获得能量。我们认为作为PDP荧光粉Eu3＋或Th3＋在GdB03基质中的发光性能更好。对水热合成的（Y,Gd）BO3：Eu~(3+)荧光粉进行热处理发现，荧光粉的亮度随热处理温度的提高而明显增强，说明一定温度下热处理有利于提高荧光粉的发光性能，这可能是由于热处理后荧光粉的结晶度提高，内部缺陷减少。比较水热法、高温固相法和共沉淀法对荧光粉性质的影响时发现三种方法制备的荧光粉光谱特性基本一致，但高温固相法和共沉淀法制备的荧光粉粒度较大，形貌不规则。（2）采用水热法制备了不同G矛十浓度的PDP荧光粉（L a，Gd）Po4：RE3＋（RE＝Eu，Tb���，发现以稀土硝酸盐溶液和伽玩）2HPO4为原料，在pH值为5·240oC下反应3天可以合成出结晶度较高的纯相。从SEM照片中观察到水热法制备的荧光粉为晶化很好的棒状晶体。对水热法制备的LaP04：Eu3+和GdPO4：Eu3+进行热处理后发现热处理后晶体的尺寸变小，但形貌没有发生明显的变化，发光性能效果稍有提高。首次对共沉淀法合成的不同Gd3＋浓度的（La，Gd）PO4：KE3＋（RE=Eu，Tb���荧光粉的VUV光谱进行了分析，并研究了Gd3＋在能量传递过程中的作用，发现随基质中Gd3十浓度的增大，基质对发光离子的敏化效率提高，认为Gd3＋起着能量传递中间体的作用。同时观察到（La，Gd）PO4：Eu3+中电荷迁移带随着Gd3＋浓度的增大而发生红移，这也可能会导致基质对Eu3+敏化效率的提高。首次利于xPs分析了LaPO4和GdP04的价带结构，发现LaP04的价带由O2的2P能级构成，而GdPo4的价带则是由O2-的2p能级和Gd3＋的4f能级共同构成，这种价带结构的差异可能对（La，Gd）PO4：RE3＋在VUV区的吸收产生影响。（3）首次对水热法合成的（Y,Gd）VO4：Eu3+的VUV光谱进行了研究，观察到120-170nm范围内存在着vO43一离子团的弱吸收带，200nm处存在着来自2P（O）→4f（Y）或5d（均跃迁的激发带，20onm以后的激发宽带是由Eu3＋的电荷迁移带与VO43-的吸收带重叠而成的。对不同Gd3＋浓度的（Y，Gd）VO4：E矿"的vLJ'v光谱进行研究发现，在一定G矛＋浓度范围内Gd3＋的加入使基质vo43+对Eu3+的敏化效率提高。对（Y,Gd）VO4：Eu3+中的能量传递过程进行分析认为，（Y,Gd）vo4：Eus＋中可能存在着VO_4~(3-)→Eu~(3+)和VO_4~(3-)（vuv）→Gd~(3+)→VO_4~(3-)（UV）→Eu~(3+)等几种能量传递方式，Gd3＋起着能量传递中间体的作用。（4）首次采用水热法合成了Y（P，v）O4：Eu3"红色荧光粉，发现初始体系pH为12.5、在240℃下反应6天可以得到Y（P，V）o4：Eu3＋纯相。结合XRD和SEM分析发现Y（P，V）O4：Eu3＋荧光粉的粒径随VO3-4浓度的增大而增大，YPO4：Eu3+的粒径为100-150nm，而YVO4：Eu3+的粒径则为400-450nm。对水热法合成的Y（P， V）O4:Eu3+的VUV光谱进行研究发现基质对Eu3+的敏化效率随VO3-4户含量的增多而提高。通过比较发射光谱中~5D_0→~7F_2与~5D_0→~7F_1跃迁的强度发现二者强度之比随VO_4~(3-_浓度的增大而增大，说明荧光粉的色纯度随VO4含量的增多而更好。比较水热法和高温固相法合成的Y（P，V）O4：Eus"的VUV光谱发现水热法制备的荧光粉在真空紫外区的吸收较弱，说明水热法制备的荧光粉虽然粒度较小，形貌规则，但发光性能不如高温固相法制备的Y（P,V）O4：Eu3＋荧光粉。（5）分别采用水热法和高温固相法制备了单掺稀土发光离子的LaBSIOS，并对它们的光谱性质进行了研究。通过比较产物的SEM照片发现水热法可以制备出粒度为2-3μm，形状近似于球形的产物，而高温固相法制备的样品形貌不规则，粒度分布范围广。对水热法制备的LaBSiO_5：Eu~(3+)进行红外光谱分析发现1300-400cm~(-1)范围内为BO_4基团和SiO_4基团的振动峰。首次对高温固相法制备的LaBSiO_5:Re~(3+)（RE=Eu，Sm，Th）的vuv光谱性质进行了分析，认为其VUV光谱中125-200nm范围内存在着BO_4基团的吸收带（125-165nm）和SiO4四面体的吸收带（165-183nm）。比较两种方法制备的荧光粉的光谱性质和亮度发现两种方法制备的荧光粉光谱性质基本一致，而水热法制备的LaBSiO_5：RE~(3+)（RE＝Eu，Sm，Tb���在254nm紫外光激发下亮度相对较低。

~(126)Cs的高自旋态能级结构

利用融合蒸发反应 116Cd(14 N ,4n) 12 6Cs布居了 12 6Cs的高自旋态 .观测到了 10 0多条新的γ跃迁和相应的能级 ,建立了双奇核 12 6Cs由 9个转动带构成的能级纲图 .尝试性地指定了大部分能级的自旋和宇称以及各转动带的Nilsson单粒子组态 .极大地丰富了已有的实验结果 .

Two-Step Spin-Transition Iron(III) Compound with a Wide [High Spin-Low Spin] Plateau

A new iron(III) coordination compound exhibiting a two-step spin-transition behavior with a remarkably wide [HS-LS] plateau of about 45 K has been synthesized from a hydrazino Schiff-base ligand with an N,N,O donor set, namely 2-methoxy-6-(pyridine-2-ylhydrazonomethyl) phenol (Hmph). The single-crystal X-ray structure of the coordination compound {[Fe(mph)(2)](ClO4)(MeOH)(0.5)(H2O)(0.5)}(2) (1) determined at 150 K reveals the presence of two slightly different iron(III) centers in pseudo-octahedral environments generated by two deprotonated tridentate mph ligands. The presence of hydrogen bonding interactions, instigated by the well-designed ligand, may justify the occurrence of the abrupt transitions. 1 has been characterized by temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements, EPR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fe-51 Mossbauer spectroscopy, which all confirm the occurrence of a two-step transition. In addition, the iron(III) species in the high-spin state has been trapped and characterized by rapid cooling EPR studies.

Monte Carlo simulation of the compatibility of graft copolymer compatibilized two incompatible homopolymer blends: Effect of graft structure

Compatibility of graft copolymer compatibilized two incompatible homopolymer A and B blends was simulated by using Monte Carlo method in a two-dimensional lattice model. The copolymers with various graft structures were introduced in order to study the effect of graft structure on the compatibility. Simulation results showed that incorporation of both A-g-B (A was backbone) and B-g-A (B was backbone) copolymers could much improve the compatibility of the blends. However, A-g-B copolymer was more effective to compatibilize the blend if homopolymer A formed dispersed phase. Furthermore, simulation results indicated that A-g-B copolymers tended to locate at the interface and anchor two immiscible components when the side chain is relatively long. However, most of A-g-B copolymers were likely to be dispersed into the dispersed homopolymer A phase domains if the side chains were relatively short. On the other hand, B-g-A copolymers tended to be dispersed into the matrix formed by homopolymer B. Moreover, it was found that more and more B-g-A copolymers were likely to form thin layers at the phase interface with decreasing the length of side chain.