Otimização da síntese do AlSBA-15 para produção de biodiesel por transesteri-ficação do óleo de coco

Stimulus encouraging the production and consumption of biodiesel favors the policy of pre-serving the environment, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas reducing climate change. The current trend of research in this field focuses on improving these processes with the use of heterogeneous catalysts, seeing has significant advantages such as: low contamination of products, ease of separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, possibili-ty of reuse of the catalyst, decreased corrosion problems. The objective of this research was to optimize the synthesis of AlSBA-15 for the production of biodiesel through transesterification process via ethyl route. For the optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of type AlSBA-15 catalyst has assembled a 23 factorial experimental matrix with eleven trials. The stoichiometric amounts of starting materials were varied according to different ratios Si / Al which is a factor in the experimental design, in addition to the time and temperature of aging of the synthesis gel. The material showed the best results of characterization (SBET = 591.7 (m2 / g), Vp = 0.83 (cm3 / g), Dp = 5.59 (nm), w = 6.48 (nm) was synthesized at 100 ° C for 24 hours, with a ratio Si / Al = 10.This material was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of ethyl transesterification as raw coconut oil in natura. Coconut oil presented suitable for obtaining biodiesel via ethyl route.The visual aspects and physical-chemical characteristics of the reaction products show that AlSBA-15 catalyst favored the reaction. According to physical-chemical analysis the order of oxidative stability of the product of the transesterification reaction was: catalytic reaction at 1500 ° C> non-catalytic reaction at 100 ° C> 100 ° C catalytic> catalytic reaction at 200 ° C Reaction. The results of oxidative stability and kinematic viscosity shows that the biodiesel produced in the catalytic sandblasting held at 150 ° C which was maintained within the ABNT NBR 7148, ABNT NBR 10441 and EN 14112.

Tratamento superficial de argilas com cera de carnaúba e microemulsão de óleo de coco

Adsorption is a process that has become indispensable due to pollution caused by industrial activity. More economically viable adsorbents are being tested to replace the high cost of materials used. The clays can be used as adsorbents and are low cost materials, natural properties feasible for the application in the adsorption process, structural modifications are performed with ease promoting selective adsorption in these materials. The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize adsorbents used in the adsorption of organic compounds. The adsorbents were characterized by the techniques of XRD, SEM, FTIR and TG. The results show that the studied materials have affinity to organic compounds and can be applied as adsorbents. The materials studied are viable and can be applied in the treatment of effluents contaminated in industrial scale.

Potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja enriquecidas com molibdênio no armazenamento e sua influência na atividade de enzimas do metabolismo do nitrogênio

Molybdenum is one of the essential micronutrients for soybeans, acting directly on nitrogen metabolism as enzyme cofactor of nitrogenase. Usually, this nutrient is supplied to the plants through seed treatment or foliar application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molybdenum effects by foliar in the physiological potential of soybean seeds and verify its interference in the enzyme activities involved in nitrogen metabolism. Soybean seeds of BMX Turbo cultivar were used, produced in Erechim, RS, harvest 2013, from plants treated with the following Mo concentrations: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1, supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) and stored during 0 and 6 months in uncontrolled conditions. The first experiment was conducted in Seedtes Seed Analysis Laboratory in Pato Branco, PR. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 x 2 with four replications each. The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated by the germination test, seedling growth, accelerated aging and emergence on the soil. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the seeds derived from treatments with different concentrations of Mo: 0; 25; 50 and 75 g ha-1 supplied through two commercial products (Biomol and Molybdate) were grown in vases. The used design was completely randomized in a factorial analysis 4 x 2 with four replications. Evaluations were performed when the plants reached the R1 phenological stage concerning the nodulation, dry matter of root and shoot of the plants and the determination of the activity of the enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase and the content of total soluble proteins. The data were submitted to variance analysis and when significant they were assessed by Tukey’s test for comparison of products and seed storage and with regression study to the concentrations at 5% probability. Analyses were performed using SISVAR statistical software. The soybean seed storage under uncontrolled conditions affected the seed vigour produced with Mo, regardless of the commercial product used during production. The application of Mo through foliar positively influences the production of soya beans which presented increasing responses in the germination and vigour with the application of Mo above 25 g ha-1 . The enrichment of Mo through foliar did not affect the nodulation of plants of the next generation, however, the use of Mo above 25 g ha-1 provided an increase in the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism as well as on the total protein content.

Potencial do óleo de Aloysia citriodora Palau no controle de fitopatógenos e na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de feijão, pepino e beterraba

The crops are affected by pests and diseases that decrease productivity. Among them are the damping off of seedlings that can occur in pre and post-emergence. In bean crops, cucumber and beet these diseases occur, being caused by various pathogens, especialy fitopathogenic fungi. Several measures are used for the controle of such diseases, among them, is the chemical seed treatment fungicides. However, society has become increasingly concerned about the quality and food and environmental contamination, generation a growting search for sensitive products to humans and the environment. The use of essential oils to control plant pathogens is an example of alternative tested by science in the search for less aggressive technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of essential oil Aloysia citriodora, in control of pathogens causing damping off in beans, cucumber and beet. This thesis was divided in four chapters, the introductory first, and the other addressing the control of Pythium sp. in beans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on cucumber, and Fusarium sp. on beet. The methodology consisted of four experiments in each pathosystem, with all the work done at the Federal Technological University of Parana, Campus Dois Vizinhos. In the first experiment evaluated the fungistatic and fungicidal effect of the essential oil of A. citriodora on PDA in vitro in mycelial growth of pathogens studied. In the second experiment evaluated the in vitro effect of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in BD medium on microscope slides, on the germination of sporangia Pythium sp. and conidia Fusarium sp., and in Petri dishes with PDA medium, the sclerotia germination speed index of S. sclerotiorum. In the third experiment, we evaluated in germination test in paper roll (PR), the phytotoxic effect or not the use of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in dry bean seed, cucumber and beet. The variables used to assess this experiment were the germination percentage, mediun green mass per plant and average length of seedlings. In the fourth experiment we assessed the effect of treating bean seeds, cucumber and beet with essential oil contents of A. citriodora, seeds in their subsequent substrates contamined with pathogens studied, Pythium sp., S. sclerotiorum and Fusarium sp. In this experiment we used the following variables: percentage of emergence, percentage of post-emergence damping off, green average mass per plant, average length per plant and biochemical analyzes. The biochemistry of plant tissues evaluated were as follows: protein content, enzymatic activities of peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-liase (PAL), chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases. The in vitro results show that the essential oil has fungistatic and fungicidal effect on mycelial growth, on sporangia germination, conidia and sclerotia of the pathogens studied in this work, wich may be related to its major components, citral and limonene. The oil also exhibits low phytotoxicity to seeds of the species studied, only in beans decreases germination in most studied dosage (0,25%), cucumber also in the higher dosage (0,25%) reduce the length of seedlings, and beet there were no negative effects to the seedlings. In the test in substrate contaminated with the pathogens, the use of essential oil: increased germination and decreased post emergence damping off of beans seedlings; at a concentration of 0,0625% decreases post emergence damping off in cucumber. In biochemical analyzes found an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases on beans, and glucanases on cucumber, and increased enzyme activity of peroxidases on beet, showing action in resistance induction at damping off.

Desempenho de fosfitos de potássio no manejo de mofo branco em soja

Soybean plays an important role in the Brazilian agriculture being one of the products most exported by the country. Its yield may be affected by diseases such as white mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. de Bary, which, under favorable field conditions prevents the crop of expressing all its productive potential. The fungus is cosmopolitan and infects more than 400 species of plants. This disease is difficult to control, and the use of chemicals has not been sufficient to avoid significant losses, thus, this products are expensive and may cause environmental damage. Alternative methods, such as foliar fertilizers based on potassium phosphite, can also be used in the management of this disease. In this context, this work aimed to study different sources of potassium phosphite and its effects in the control of white mold in soybeans, as well as the time of application in culture, its action in inducing plants defense responses and/or its influence over the seeds quality. The effect of phosphites, over the pathogen, was evaluated in vitro, on mycelial inhibition, the mass of dry mycelium and germination of sclerotia. In all tests, the following phosphites were utilized: Phosphite A (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite B (P2O5-40%; K2O-28% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite C (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha) e Phosphite D (P2O5-30%; K2O-20% - 2,4 L/ha). At the induction of resistance tests were evaluated the synthesis of phytoalexin in soybean cotyledons and the enzymes FAL and POX evaluated in seedlings in growing chamber, sprayed with phosphites and the fungicide fluazinam. Field experiment was carried out at Coronel Domingos Soares-PR, in the 2012/2013 season, in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen. Soybean cultivar BMX Active was no-till seeded with 0,5m between rows. The experimental was laid out as a factorial 5 x 4 scheme (treatment x application time). Phosphites sources were used, as described above, and water was sprayed in the control treatment. Treatments were applied at four different growth stages: V4, V4 + R1, R1 and R2 at the rates recommended by the manufacturer. Soybean yield components and seeds and health and physiological quality were evaluated after harvesting. None of the tested phosphites affected mycelial growth and sclerotia germination or influenced phytoalexin synthesis. Phosphites C and D stood out due to an increasing in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity 48 hours after its inoculation. These same products also induced the synthesis and peroxidases and phosphite C kept the levels of this enzyme elevated up to 72 hours after inoculation. At the field trials, phosphites C and D stood out in the control of white mold. There was no significant interaction of potassium phosphite on physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds.

Indução de resistência e tratamento de sementes de soja com fosfitos de potássio

The use of inputs containing phosphites have been presenting results in many studies, taking on importance to the control of diseases in some cultures and demonstrating the resistance induction in seedlings, with ability to activate defense mechanisms, conferring protection to plants against microorganisms. The soybean crop is recognized for its importance in providing grains and derivatives for human consumption, animal, production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, among others. Positive results obtained through studies based on resistance inducers in some cultures arouse the interest for further study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potassium phosphites on the resistance induction and treatment of soybean seeds. Therefore were conducted four laboratory studies at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus of Dois Vizinhos. In the first study it was evaluated the quality attributes of the seeds and the resistance induction as seed treatment. Then it was verified that phosphites have action upon the seedlings metabolism in due to seed treatment, having the phosphite Reforce® contributed to seed quality attributes and phosphites FitofosK® and Fitofos K Plus® induced the resistance increasing the activity of β-1,3-glucanase. In the second study it was evaluated the the resistance induction in soybean cotyledons, in which the phosphites demonstrated induction potential of phytoalexin gliceolin. In the third study It was evaluated the soybean seed health treated with potassium phosphites.. it was observed that the phosphites reduced the incidence of many fungi on seeds, especially of storage fungi like Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium semitectum. In the fourth study it was evaluated the in vitro effect of potassium phosphites on pathogenic fungi of the culture. And it was found direct action of phosphites on the mycelial growth of Fusarium semitectum, Pythium sp. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Based on these results, we concluded that potassium phosphites have potential in seeds treatment, as resistance inducer and on in vitro control of phytopathogens.

Síntese e caracterização de biodiesel metílico e etílico a partir de blendas dos óleos de tungue e de soja

No presente trabalho foi investigada a transesterificação de blendas dos óleos de soja e de tungue com metanol ou etanol empregando catalisador alcalino (NaOH ou KOH). Foi investigado o tempo reacional, a proporção da blenda, a concentração e o tipo de catalisador, tipo de álcool e razão molar, temperatura e metodologia empregada no tratamento da reação. Nas reações com metanol obtiveram-se melhores conversões com tempo reacional de 1,5h; temperatura de 60°C; proporção blenda dos óleos de soja e de tungue de 90:10 (m/m); concentração de NaOH de 0,5% em relação a massa da blenda e razão molar metanol:blenda de 6:1. O tratamento dos ésteres metílicos produzidos na reação foi realizado por lavagem com água a 60°C após o processo de decantação das fases, metodologia C. O rendimento de ésteres metílicos foi superior a 96% e, o teor de mono-, di- e triacilglicerídeos, glicerol livre e total ficou abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela ANP, indicando boa conversão (> 96,5%). Nas reações com etanol verificou-se que as melhores condições reacionais foram com uma concentração de catalisador de 0,8% de NaOH em relação a massa da blenda, razão molar etanol:blenda de 9:1, tempo de 1,5h e temperatura de 60°C. O tratamento dos produtos da reação foi realizado por lavagem com água a 60°C após o processo de remoção do etanol e decantação das fases, metodologia D. A concentração do catalisador foi um fator determinante na separação das fases. Uma maior concentração de catalisador favorece a saponificação, dificultando a separação das fases e afetando o rendimento do biodiesel sintetizado, tanto para o metílico quanto o etílico. O índice de acidez, tanto para o biodiesel metílico como o etílico, para qualquer proporção da blenda dos óleos de soja e tungue, ficaram dentro das normas da ANP, com valores abaixo de 0,5 mg.g-1 de KOH.

Efeito do tratamento térmico do titânio sobre a proliferação de células pré-osteoblásticas

Titanium is a biomaterial widely employed in biomedical applications (implants, prostheses, valves, stents). Several heat treatments are usually used in order to obtain physical properties required to different applications. This work studied the influence of the heat treatment on microstructure of commercial pure titanium, and their consequences in growth and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Discs of titanium were treated in different temperatures, and characterized by optical microscopy, image analysis, wettabillity, roughness, hardness and X-ray diffraction. After the heat treatment, significant modifications in these properties were observed. Pattern images of titanium, before and after the cell culture, were compared by overlapping to analyze the influence of microstructure in microstructure and preferences guidance cells. However, in general, titanium discs that showed a higher residual strength also presented an increase of cells numbers on surface

Óleos essenciais e extratos vegetais no controle de fitopatógenos de grãos de soja.

A utilização de sementes sadias é um importante método para diminuir a ocorrência de doenças desde o inicio de seu cultivo. Uma das alternativas ao uso de agrotóxicos é a utilização de óleos essenciais e extratos de plantas que possuam propriedades tóxicas aos fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de óleos essenciais e extratos hidroalcoólicos de plantas medicinais na sanidade e germinação de sementes de soja. Os óleos essenciais e os extratos hidroalcoólicos foram diluídos em água destilada, na concentração de 2 mg/mL para os extratos e 20% para os óleos essenciais. Em seguida, as sementes foram pulverizadas com os tratamentos e secas a sombra durante 4 horas em temperatura ambiente (25ºC). Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1=testemunha (água destilada); T2 = óleo essencial de gengibre; T3 = óleo essencial de limão Taiti; T4 = extrato de pariparoba e T5 = extrato de penicilina. Os testes de germinação e sanidade foram realizados segundo as Regras para Análises de Sementes (RAS). Os resultados obtidos no teste de germinação demonstraram que o percentual de germinação inicial das sementes não tratadas (4%) encontrava-se muito abaixo dos níveis recomendados pelas RAS (80%), não tendo como avaliar a interferência dos tratamentos na germinação. Em função deste resultado, foi realizado o teste de sanidade visando o tratamento de grãos. O óleo essencial de gengibre apresentou uma redução da incidência de 75% de Cladosporium sp; Rhizopus sp.; Fusarium spp. quando comparado à testemunha. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de gengibre na concentração de 20% apresenta atividade positiva no controle de Cladosporium sp, Rhizopus sp e Fusarium spp em grãos de soja.

Efeito de lodo de esgoto sobre patógenos habitantes do solo e severidade de oídio da soja.

O lodo de esgoto, atendendo as exigências ambientais, apresenta potencial para disposição em solos agrícolas. Sua incorporação altera as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo, pois é rico em macro e micronutrientes e matéria orgânica. Estas alterações podem proporcionar benefícios como aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes às culturas, indução de supressividade a fitopatógenos habitantes do solo e de resistência às doenças da par te aérea. Por outro lado, pode influenciar negat ivamente o equilíbrio biológico e químico no solo, devido à presença de contaminantes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da incorporação de lodo de esgoto ao solo sobre a severidade de oídio (Erysiphe diffusa) e na supressividade a Rhizoctonia solani e a Macrophomina phaseolina da soja (Glycine max) . Para tanto, foram ut i l izados solos que receberam quat ro aplicações (1999 a 2001) sucessivas de lodos de esgoto originários das Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto de Barueri e de Franca, SP, nas concent rações de 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 vezes (0N a 8N) a dose de N recomendada para a cultura do milho. Os estudos com oídio foram real izados em casa de vegetação com inoculação natural em dois cultivos sucessivos de soja. Também foi estudado o efeito de substrato produzido com 0%, 2,5%, 5% 10%, 15% e 20% de lodo de Franca sobre a emergência de plântulas e sobre a severidade de oídio da soja em três e dois ciclos, respectivamente. Nos estudos com R. solani e M. phaseol ina, os solos foram ar t i ficialmente infestados com os patógenos e posteriormente cultivados com soja por dois ciclos, sendo avaliado o tombamento e a severidade das doenças. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto no solo aumentou a atividade eliciadora de fitoalexinas em soja e a sever idade do oídio foi inversamente proporcional às concentrações do lodo, tanto no estudo com o solo de campo, como com o subst rato obt ido com o lodo de Franca. A emergência das plântulas de soja, nos três cultivos, foi inversamente proporcional à concent ração do lodo de Franca, sendo totalmente inibida na concent ração de 20%. Nos estudos com R. solani não foram observados efeitos da apl icação do lodo da ETE de Franca sobre o tombamento e a sever idade. No pr imei ro cul t ivo a resposta ao tombamento foi quadrática para o lodo Barueri , sendo que ocorreu aumento nas concentrações de 1N e 2N, e redução na concentração 4N. No segundo cultivo ocorreu aumento nos índices de tombamento de plantas em relação ao primeiro, com resposta quadrática para o lodo Barueri, mas com ponto de inflexão mínimo na concentração de 1N, sendo que para a concentração 8N o tombamento foi semelhante à testemunha. A severidade da doença no colo das plantas manteve a mesma resposta quadrática para o lodo de Barueri nos dois cultivos, com ponto de máximo na dose 4N. Para M. phaseolina a incidência da doença foi inversamente proporcional à concent ração do lodo de Franca. Dessa forma, os resultados não permitem conclusão sobre a indução de supressividade à R. solani e M. phaseolina.

Avaliação dos teores de óleo de algodão colorido BRS Rubi e Safira em relação ao algodão tradicional.

2007

Desempenho de genótipos de soja no município de Capão do Leão na safra 2013/14.

2015

Tratamento eletroquímico de efluente proveniente de caixas separadoras de água e óleo de postos revendedores de combustíveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Tratamento de sementes para manejo do percevejo-barriga-verde na cultura de soja e milho em sucessão.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes com inseticidas sobre o manejo de Dichelops melacanthus e a produtividade da soja e do milho, cultivados em sucessão. O estudo foi realizado em campo, nas safras 2012/2013 (I) e 2013/2014 (II). Avaliaram-se os inseticidas imidacloprido, tiametoxam, tiodicarbe, fipronil e abamectina. Determinaram-se: a densidade populacional do percevejo, a produtividade de soja e milho, e a intensidade da injúria em milho. A densidade do percevejo permaneceu abaixo de um inseto por metro quadrado, na maior parte do ciclo da soja. Os picos populacionais foram observados nas primeiras semanas, após a emergência do milho, e atingiram 2,2 (safra I) e 6,7 (safra II) percevejos por metro quadrado. Na cultura da soja, os inseticidas não reduziram a densidade populacional do percevejo. Na cultura do milho, o imidacloprido reduziu a densidade do percevejo em 23,2% (safra I) e 38,8% (safra II), e a injúria em 61,8% (safra I) e 26,4% (safra II). O tiametoxam reduziu a densidade dos insetos em 27,8% (safra II) e a injúria em 42,7% (safra I). O tratamento de sementes com inseticidas não proporciona aumento de produtividade à soja e ao milho, portanto, não se justifica sua utilização nas condições deste estudo. ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed treatment with insecticides on the management of Dichelops melacanthus on the yield of soybean and corn, grown in succession. The study was carried out in a field, in the 2012/2013 (I) and 2013/2014 (II) crop seasons. The evaluated insecticides were: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, fipronil, and abamectin. The following were determined: stink bug population density, soybean and corn yield, and corn injury. Population density remained below one stink bug per square meter, in most of the soybean cycle. Population peaks were observed in the first weeks, after corn emergence, and they reached 2.2 (crop season I) and 6.7 (crop season II) stink bugs per square meter. In the soybean crop, the insecticides did not reduce the stink bug population density. In the corn crop, imidacloprid reduced the stink bug density in 23.2% (crop season I) and 38.8% (crop season II), and injury in 61.8% (crop season I) and 26.4% (crop season II). Thiamethoxam reduced the insect population density in 27.8% (crop season II) and injury in 42.7% (crop season I). Seed treatment with insecticides does not provide increase for soybean and corn yields, therefore, their use is not justified in this study's conditions.

Óleos essenciais no tratamento de sementes de soja.

2008