Microstructure Formation in Dissimilar Metal Welds: Electron Beam Welding of Ti/Ni

We present results for electron beam welding of a binary Ti/Ni dissimilar metal couple. The difference in physical properties of the base metals and metallurgical features (thermodynamics and kinetics) of the system influence both macroscopic transport and microstructure development in the weld. Microstructures near the fusion interfaces are markedly different from those inside the weld region. At the Ti side, Ti2Ni dendrites are observed to grow toward the fusion interface, while in the Ni side, layered growth of gamma-Ni, Ni3Ti, and Ni3Ti + NiTi eutectic is observed. Different morphologies of the latter eutectic constitute the predominant microstructure inside the weld metal region. These results are compared and contrasted with those from laser welding of the same binary couple, and a scheme of solidification is proposed to explain the observations. This highlights notable departures from welding of similar and other dissimilar metals such as a significant asymmetry in heat transport that governs progress of solidification from each side of the couple, and a lack of unique liquidus isotherm characterizing the liquid-solid front.

Potency and pharmacokinetics of broad spectrum and isoform-specific p110 gamma and delta inhibitors in cancers

Emerging data on cancer suggesting that target-based therapy is promising strategy in cancer treatment. PI3K-AKT pathway is extensively studied in many cancers; several inhibitors target this pathway in different levels. Recent finding on this pathway uncovered the therapeutic applications of PI3K-specific inhibitors; PI3K, AKT, and mTORC broad spectrum inhibitors. Noticeably, class I PI3K isoforms, p110 and p110 catalytic subunits have rational therapeutic application than other isoforms. Therefore, three classes of inhibitors: isoform-specific, dual-specific and broad spectrum were selected for molecular docking and dynamics. First, p110 structure was modelled; active site was analyzed. Then, molecular docking of each class of inhibitors were studied; the docked complexes were further used in 1.2ns molecular dynamics simulation to report the potency of each class of inhibitor. Remarkably, both the studies retained the similar kind of protein ligand interactions. GDC-0941, XL-147 (broad spectrum); TG100-115 (dual-specific); and AS-252424, PIK-294 (isoform-specific) were found to be potential inhibitors of p110 and p110, respectively. In addition to that pharmacokinetic properties are within recommended ranges. Finally, molecular phylogeny revealed that p110 and p110 are evolutionarily divergent; they probably need separate strategies for drug development.

Evaluación del efecto de incluir los granos de leguminosas (Canavalia ensiformis, vigna Sinensis y stizolobium deeringianum) en la suplementación concentrada de vacas lecheras

Se realizó un experimento con nueve vacas lecheras raza Brahman Pardo Suizo en diferentes períodos de lactancia superior a los tres meses, diferentes números de partos, con una producción promedio de 2.35 litros/vaca/día y un peso vivo promedio de 350 kg. La duración del experimento fue de 45 días (15 días por periodo) con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de incluir los granos de leguminosas canavalia, terciopelo y caupi sobre la producción de leche y estimar la utilidad económica. Las vacas se establecieron en un solo bloque donde los tres tratamientos se asignaron al azar mediante el modelo esta dístico (Swich back). No se encontró diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) para los tres tratamientos que estaban constituidas por TA (20.13 % de terciopelo v 79.87% por otros ingredientes), el TB (23.66% de canavalia y 76.34 % otros ingredientes) y el TC (25.35 de Caupi y 74.7% otros ingredientes lográndose establecer tres raciones isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas. Los promedios de producción de leche obtenidos fueron de 4.11, 3.29 y 3.5 Kg para el TA. TB y TC respectivamente. El análisis económico evidencia que las mejores utilidades se obtuvieron con el TA con C$290.04 y C$ 320.08. Se concluye que se puede suministrar los granos de leguminosas como ingrediente en la suplementación concentrada a vacas lecheras como una alternativa de alimentación en los meses de verano.

Virulent Salmonella enterica infections can be exacerbated by concomitant infection of the host with a live attenuated S. enterica vaccine via Toll-like receptor 4-dependent interleukin-10 production with the involvement of both TRIF and MyD88.

During systemic disease in mice, Salmonella enterica grows intracellularly within discrete foci of infection in the spleen and liver. In concomitant infections, foci containing different S. enterica strains are spatially separated. We have investigated whether functional interactions between bacterial populations within the same host can occur despite the known spatial separation of the foci and independence of growth of salmonellae residing in different foci. In this study we have demonstrated that bacterial numbers of virulent S. enterica serovar Typhimurium C5 strain in mouse tissues can be increased by the presence of the attenuated aroA S. Typhimurium SL3261 vaccine strain in the same tissue. Disease exacerbation does not require simultaneous coinjection of the attenuated bacteria. SL3261 can be administered up to 48 hr after or 24 hr before the administration of C5 and still determine higher tissue numbers of the virulent bacteria. This indicates that intravenous administration of a S. enterica vaccine strain could potentially exacerbate an established infection with wild-type bacteria. These data also suggest that the severity of an infection with a virulent S. enterica strain can be increased by the prior administration of a live attenuated vaccine strain if infection occurs within 48 hr of vaccination. Exacerbation of the growth of C5 requires Toll-like receptor 4-dependent interleukin-10 production with the involvement of both Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta and myeloid differentiation factor 88.

Establecimiento de plan sanitario y profilactico en la Granja Cunicula Artesanal de Nindiri, departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua

Dado que en Nicaragua la producción cunícula se está convirtiendo en una alternativa de consumo para la población, es necesario que en las granjas cunícula se implementen medidas profilácticas para mejorar las condiciones de salud y por ende la calidad de su carne, por lo cual se propuso este trabajo de investigación que lleva por titulo: Establecimiento de Plan Sanitario y Profiláctico en la Granja Cunícula Artesanal de Nindirí, Departamento de Masaya, Nicaragua. Por lo cual se procedió a establecer los siguientes objetivos: Validar la aplicación de minerales y vitaminas en granjas cuniculas de explotación artesanal, validar la aplicación de Coccidiostáticos en los conejos de diferentes categorías, validar la aplicación de desparasitantes externos e internos en los conejos de diferentes categorías. Este estudio se realizó en un período de seis meses mediante laaplicación de cuatro tipos de tratamiento con frecuencia de aplicación TA (Sulfaprin) mensual, TB (Levamisol) cada tres meses, TC (Ivermectina) cada tres meses, TD (Vitaminas AD3E) semanal, en total se estudiaron 80 animales de diferentes categorías. Los tratamientos aplicados demostraron efectividad en el control de las patologías en la granja. Así el plan sanitario permitió mejorar casi en su totalidad patologías predisponentes. En conclusión se puede decir que la aplicación del plan sanitario acompañado de medidas higiénicas, controló en un 95% la presencia de patologías, disminuyó la tasa de mortalidad y los costos de producción, además se obtuvo mejor calidad de la carne.

Estudios preliminares para determinar las causas que provocan la mancha verde en los tabacos negros (Nicotiana tabacum L.) en la región I

Durante el periodo comprendido entre 1986 y 1990 se realizaron seis trabajos de investigación en el tabaco negro (Nicotiana. ta.ba.cum L.) variedad S-98, con el objetivo de estudiar las causas que provocan la mancha verde. El estudio se inició en el ciclo 1986-1987 con tres trabajos simultáneos ubicados en Esteli y Jalapa, uno a nivel de macetera para determinar el efecto en términos seneralea del suelo, agua y medio ambiente. Otro a nivel de campo realizado en tres fincas de Esteli y tres de Jalapa donde se analizaron loe elementos minerales, lo que incluyó análisis de macro micronutrientea del suelo y hojas, análisis de calidad del agua y agroquimicos. El tercero consistió en un análisis de residuos de plaguicidas en el suelo y agua que descartara la posibilidad de un efecto fitotóxico en las plantas de tabáco. Como resultado de estos trabajos se descartó el suelo y el agua como un factor que incidiera en la mancha verde; pero si se observó una relación entre la cantidad de polvo aplicado, su frecuencia y el porciento de afectación, por lo que se decidió evaluar en el siguiente ciclo (1987-1988) la influencia de tres tratamientos en polvo (zineb, propineb y bentonita) con diferente número de aplicaciones (2, 4, 8 y 12). Los resultados indicaron que las parcelas tratadas con bentonita presentaron los mayores porcentajes de hojas con síntomas de mancha verde y que esto se relacionaba con la cantidad de producto aplicado. No obstante, producto de la disposición, tamaño de las parcelas y dificultades de la aplicación, se pudo apreciar que existió movimiento de producto de una parcela a otra. Por este motivo se programó otro experimento bajo condiciones de aislamiento. El ensayo se estableció a nivel de macetera en el Centro Experimental de Estelí para determinar en condiciones de aplicación controlada el efecto de la bentonita y su número de aplicaciones en polvo (4, 12 y aplicación a hojas individuales) en la incidencia de la mancha verde. Todos los tratamientos presentaron mancha verde, incluyendo el testigo, lo que descarta la posibilidad de que la bentonita sea la causante de la mancha verde, pues ésta aparece o no en hojas tratadas y simultáneamente en hojas no tratadas en una misma planta. Algunas observaciones de técnicos involucrados en la producción de tabaco indican que el porcentaje de afectación aumenta a medida que el período de deshidratación se prolonga, por lo que se planificó en el ciclo 1989-1990 un trabajo de investigación para determinar el efecto del periodo de deshidratación en la incidencia de la mancha verde. Se estudió de 1 a 8 dias de deshidratación. En el corte 3 en dos fincas seleccionadas de Esteli y Jalapa. La severidad de la mancha verde se vió influenciada por el periodo de deshidratación, disminuyendo ésta si reducimos los dias de deshidratación.

Electronic structure and surface properties of SrBi2Ta2O9 and related oxides

The electronic structure of SrBi2Ta2O9 and related oxides such as SrBi2Nb2O9, Bi2WO6 and Bi3Ti4O12 have been calculated by the tight-binding method. In each case, the band gap is about 4.1 eV and the band edge states occur on the Bi-O layers and consist of mixed O p/Bi s states at the top of the valence band and Bi p states at the bottom of the conduction band. The main difference between the compounds is that Nb 5d and Ti 4d states in the Nb and Ti compounds lie lower than the Ta 6d states in the conduction band. The surface pinning levels are found to pin Schottky barriers 0.8 eV below the conduction band edge.

Doping mechanism in tetrahedral amorphous carbon

Doping in hydrogenated amorphous silicon occurs by a process of an ionised donor atom partially compensated by a charged dangling bond. The total energies of various dopant and dopant/bonding combinations are calculated for tetrahedral amorphous carbon. It is found that charged dangling bonds are less favoured because of the stronger Coulombic repulsion in ta-C. Instead the dopants can be compensated by weak bond states in the lower gap associated with odd-membered π-rings or odd-numbered π-chains. The effect is that the doping efficiency is low but there are not charged midgap recombination centres, to reduce photoconductivity or photoluminescence with doping, as occurs in a-Si:H.

Properties of tetrahedral amorphous carbon deposited by a filtered cathodic vacuum arc

The properties of a highly sp3 bonded form of amorphous carbon denoted ta-C deposited from a filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) are described as a function of ion energy and deposition temperature. The sp3 fraction depends strongly on ion energy and reaches 85% at an ion energy of 100 eV. Other properties such as density and band gap vary in a similar fashion, with the optical gap reaching a maximum of 2.3 eV. These films are very smooth with area roughness of order 1 nm. The sp3 fraction falls suddenly to almost zero for deposition above about 200 °C.

Electronic structure of the layered ferroelectric perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9

The band structure of the Bi layered perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) has been calculated by the tight binding method. We find both the valence and conduction band edges to consist of states primarily derived from the Bi-O layer rather than the perovskite Sr-Ta-O block. The valence band maximum arises from O p and some Bi s states, while the conduction band minimum consists of Bi p states, with a band gap of 5.1 eV. It is argued that the Bi-O layers largely control the electronic response of SBT while the ferroelectric response originates from the perovskite Sr-Ta-O block. Bi and Ta centered traps are calculated to be shallow, which may account in part for the excellent fatigue properties of SBT.

Electronic structure of the ferroelectric layered perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9

The band structure of the layered perovskite SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) was calculated by tight binding and the valence band density of states was measured by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. We find both the valence and conduction band edges to consist of states primarily derived from the Bi-O layer rather than the perovskite Sr-Ta-O blocks. The valence band maximum arises from O p and some Bi s states, while the conduction band minimum consists of Bi p states, with a wide band gap of 5.1 eV. It is argued that the Bi-O layers largely control the electronic response whereas the ferroelectric response originates mainly from the perovskite Sr-Ta-O block. Bi and Ta centered traps are calculated to be shallow, which may account in part for its excellent fatigue properties. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Doping mechanism in tetrahedral amorphous carbon

Doping in hydrogenated amorphous silicon occurs by a process of an ionized donor atom partially compensated by a charged dangling bond. The total energies of various dopant and dopant/bonding combinations are calculated for tetrahedral amorphous carbon. It is found that charged dangling bonds are less favored because of the stronger Coulombic repulsion in ta-C. Instead the dopants can be compensated by weak bond states in the lower gap associated with odd-membered π-rings or odd-numbered π-chains. The effect is that the doping efficiency is low but there are not charged midgap recombination centres, to reduce photoconductivity or photoluminescence with doping, as occurs in a-Si:H.

Growth rate of YBCO single grains containing Y-2411(M)

Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) single grains have the potential to generate large trapped magnetic fields for a variety of engineering applications, and research on the processing and properties of this material has attracted world-wide interest. In particular, the introduction of flux pinning centres to the large grain microstructure to improve its current density, Jc, and hence trapped field, has been investigated extensively over the past decade. Y 2Ba4CuMOx [Y-2411(M)], where M = Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ru, Zr, Bi and Ag, has been reported to form particularly effective flux pinning centres in YBCO due primarily to its ability to exist as nano-size inclusions in the superconducting phase matrix. However, the addition of the Y-2411(M) phase to the precursor composition complicates the melt-processing of single grains. We report an investigation of the growth rate of single YBCO grains containing Y-2411(Bi) phase inclusions and Y2O3. The superconducting properties of these large single grains have been measured specifically to investigate the effect of Y2O3 on broadening the growth window of these materials. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Effect of Pb Volatilization on Dielectric Properties of 0.77PbMg1/3(Nb0.9Ta0.1)2/3O3-0.23PbTiO3

Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) is an intriguing candidate for applications in many electronic devices such as multi-layer capacitors, electro-mechanical transducers etc. because of its high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and high strain near the Curie temperature. As an extension of our previous work on Ta-doped PMNT-PT aimed at optimizing the performance and reducing the cost, this paper focuses on the effect of Pb volatilization on the dielectric properties of 0.77Pb(Mg1/3(Nb0.9Ta0.1)2/3)O3-0.23PbTiO3. The dielectric constant and loss of the samples are measured at different frequencies and different temperatures. The phase purity of this compound is determined by X-ray diffraction pattern. It is found that the volatilization during sintering does influence the phase formation and dielectric properties. The best condition is sintering with 0.5 g extra PbO around a 4 g PMNT-PT sample.

Cross-sectional structure of tetrahedral amorphous carbon thin films

A cross-sectional transmission electron microscope study of the low density layers at the surface and at the substrate-film interface of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films grown on (001) silicon substrates is presented. Spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy is used to determine the bonding and composition of a tetrahedral amorphous carbon film with nanometre spatial resolution. For a ta-C film grown with a substrate bias of -300 V, an interfacial region approximately 5 nm wide is present in which the carbon is sp2 bonded and is mixed with silicon and oxygen from the substrate. An sp2 bonded layer observed at the surface of the film is 1.3 ± 0.3 nm thick and contains no detectable impurities. It is argued that the sp2 bonded surface layer is intrinsic to the growth process, but that the sp2 bonding in the interfacial layer at the substrate may be related to the presence of oxygen from the substrate.